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921. Previewing a command from the history list
. You can preview a command from the history list without having to re-run it. To... Do this... Preview the previous command. !!:p Preview command number n ! n :p Preview most recent command starting ! string :p with characters in string Preview most recent command containing !? string :p characters that match string .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/csh_hist4.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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922. Editing a previous command line
. You can edit any previous command from the history list to create a new command. Suppose that command number 23 in the history list is: 23 lpr part[1-4].ps . To change [1-4] to [5-8] use the command: !23:s/[1-4]/[5-8]/ . This will now run the command: lpr part[5-8].ps .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/csh_hist5.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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923. Shell built-in commands
. All shells have a number of built-in commands which are executed in the shell's own process. When you enter a command, the shell checks to see if it is a built-in command, and if so it executes it. If it is not a buit-in the shell forks a new process in which to execute the command. Some shells have more built-in commands than others. Check the manual page for your shell for details.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/fork.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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924. The Shell
. Whenever you login to a Unix system you are placed in a program called the shell. You can see its prompt at the bottom left of your screen. To get your work done, you enter commands at this prompt. The shell acts as a command interpreter; it takes each command and passes it to the operating system kernel to be acted upon. It then displays the results of this operation on your screen. Features provided by the shell . Description of different types of shell . Changing your shell .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/index.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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925. Managing jobs and processes
. When you enter a command it invokes a program. While this program is running it is called a process . Although there is only one copy of a program, any number of processes can be invoked which run this program. There are several commands which allow you to manage the processes that belong to you. You cannot do anything with processes belonging to other users. Running processes in the foreground . Running processes as background jobs . Managing background jobs . Monitoring processes . Killing a process .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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926. Example of cancelling a foreground process
. To cancel the foreground process: find / -name '*.ps' -print ..... ^C pwd /home/jeremy/book find . -name '*.ps' -print . The user enters a command to find files with the extension .ps starting from the root directory ! . Realising that this command will take a long time to run and is not appropriate, they cancel it, check their current directory and re-run the command from there.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz1.1.1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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927. Cancelling a foreground process
. To cancel the process that is currently running enter the key combination: Ctrl-c . Hold down the key marked Ctrl and press the C key. This cancels the current foreground process completely: it no longer exists. Example .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz1.1.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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928. Example of suspending a foreground process
To suspend a foreground process: find / -name *.c -print find: cannot read /dev/diag .. Z [1]+ Stopped find / -name *.c -print ps 22926 p9 S 0:03 -Tcsh (Tcsh) 29857 p9 T 0:00 find / -name *.xdh -print 29859 p9 R 0:00 ps mail tony < memo.txt . ... Realising that this process will take a long time to run they stop it while they do something else. They check to see that the process still exists: it does. ... Now they can restart the process again in the foreground or run it as a background job . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz1.2.1.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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929. Restarting a suspended foreground process
. To restart a foreground process that you have suspended use the fg command. This command is not available if you are using the Bourne shell. For example: lpr -Pps23 bigfile.ps ..... ^Z Stopped date Thu Feb 18 16:11:05 GMT 1993 fg lpr -Pps23 bigfile.ps . This starts a process in the foreground and suspends it. The user then checks the date and restarts the foreground process.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz1.2.2.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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930. Suspending a foreground process
. To suspend a foreground process enter the key combination: Ctrl-z . Hold down the key marked Ctrl and press the Z key. This stops the current foreground process. If you are using the Bourne shell you will then have to kill the process . Other shells provide you with a facility to restart a process in the foreground or as a background job . Example .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz1.2.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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931. Running processes in the foreground
When you enter a command at the shell prompt, your shell forks a child process in which to execute the command. The parent process (your shell) waits for the command to complete and for its child process to die. Until then you are unable to enter another command. Commands entered in this way are known as foreground processes . Once the command completes and the child process dies, the parent process is reactivated, the shellprompt returns, and you can enter another command. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz1.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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932. Running processes as background jobs
To run a process in the background as a job and carry on working add an (ampersand) at the end of the command line. ... The shell forks a child process to run the command and displays the job number ( [ n ] ) and the PID (Process IDentifier) number. ... If the command is likely to produce error messages you will need to redirect standard error. ... Do not run an interactive command that requires you to type something at the terminal as a background job. ... You will then have to kill its process . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz2.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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933. Listing active jobs
. To display the state of any background jobs that you are currently running use the job command. For example: jobs [1] + Running xterm -g 90x55 [2] - Running xterm -g 90x55 . This displays the job number, its state and the command associated with this job. To display the process number use the -l option. For example: jobs -l [1] + 3584 Running xterm -g 90x55 [2] - 3587 Running xterm -g 90x55 .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz3.1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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934. Placing a foreground process in the background
. To run a foreground process as a background job: . 1. Suspend the foreground process. 2. Enter the bg (background) command to move the process into the background. For example: lpr -Pps23 part[1-8].ps ^Z Stopped bg [1] lpr -Pps23 interface.ps jobs [1] Running lpr -Pps7 interface.ps . This starts a foreground process to print several files. The process is then stopped and the job moved into the background. The state of this job is then checked.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz3.2.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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935. Bring a job into the foreground
To bring a specific background job into the foreground: . ... Enter the fg (foreground) command followed by the job number. fg job_number . If there is only one job running in the background just enter the fg command. For example: lpr -Pps23 interface.ps jobs [1] + Running xterm -g 90x55 [2] - Running xterm -g 90x55 [3] Running lpr -Ppsa interface.ps fg 3 lpr -Pps23 interface.ps . This starts a process to print a file as a background job. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz3.3.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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936. Managing background jobs
. Most shells, with the exception of the Bourne shell, provide built-in commands to manage background jobs. Listing active jobs . Placing a foreground process in the background . Bring a job into the foreground . Kill a job .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz3.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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937. Examples of using the ps command
To display information about your processes that are currently running: ps PID TTY TIME COMMAND 13185 ttyAF/ABFd 0:00 rlogind 13187 ttyAF/ABFd 0:01 bash 13218 ttyAF/ABFd 0:00 ps . ... 0:00 bash 3015 ? ... 0:00 bash 18469 ? ... To display information about the processes associated with another user (System V) ps -u rob PID TTY TIME COMMAND 1390 ttyAH/ABHb 0:18 bash 1403 ttyAH/ABHc 0:01 bash 1435 ttyAH/ABHY 0:01 bash 1471 ttyAH/ABHY 5:57 ream 2307 ttyAH/ABHb 0:29 xbiff 2315 ttyAH/ABHb 0:27 xbiff . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz4.2.html -- 3.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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938. Understanding process information
. The information displayed by the ps command varies acccording to which command option(s) you use and the type of UNIX that you are using. These are some of the column headings displayed by the different versions of this command. UID\USER PID PPID SZ TT(Y) TIME COMMAND . Select a heading for a description of its meaning and content.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz4.2b.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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939. Displaying information about other user's processes
. To display information about processes associated with another user use one of the following commands: System V BSD ps -u user_name ps -aux | grep user_name . System V Example .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz4.3.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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940. Monitoring processes
To monitor the state of your processes use the ps command. ps [-option] . Used without options this produces a list of all the processes owned by you and associated with your terminal. Options for this command vary with the type of UNIX system that you are using. ... It may be that you are running more than one terminal session on the system and/or that you have processes which have no controlling terminal associated with them. ... Understanding process information . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz4.html -- 2.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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