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941. Using the shell built-in kill command
. Most shells other than the Bourne shell have a built-in kill command. You can also use this built-in shell command to kill background jobs. kill % job_number . See the man page for your shell for more information.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz5.1.1.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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942. Examples of using the kill command
To kill a single process: ps PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND 9408 p9 S 0:00 ue temp2.xdh 9450 pa S 0:01 -Tcsh (Tcsh) 9501 pa T 0:00 less csh.1 9503 pa R 0:00 ps kill 9501 . This kills process number 9501 . ... This makes a certain kill of process number 9352 . To kill a background job: jobs [1] + Running xterm -g 70x55 kill %1 [1] Done xterm -g 70x55 . This kills job number 1 (one); the only job that is currently running. ... To kill more than one process: kill 8939 9543 . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz5.2.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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943. Killing processes
... Sometimes a background process or a process without a controlling terminal hangs up and you will need to destroy this process by killing it. To kill a process use the kill command. kill [-signal] process_identifier (PID) . ... Always try to kill a process with a simple kill command. kill process_identifier . ... If this does not work use the -1 (one) signal. kill -1 process_identifier . ... As a last resort use the -9 signal: kill -9 process_identifier . ... Using the shell built-in kill command . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/jobz5.html -- 3.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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944. Using command history with the Korn shell
. To display the command history list enter the command: history . This displays a list of commands numbered in the order in which you have used them. By default the previous 128 commands which you have used are saved. Changing the size of the command history . Saving command history between logins . Re-running a command from the history list . Previewing a command from the history list . Editing a previous command line .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/ksh_hist.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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945. Changing the size of the command history
. By default the previous 128 commands are saved in the command history list. Set the environment variable HISTSIZE to save a smaller or larger number of commands. For example: HISTSIZE=50;export HISTSIZE . This will keep a history of the fifty (50) most recent commands that you have used.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/ksh_hist1.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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946. Saving command history between logins
. Whenever you logout or exit from the Korn shell the contents of your command history are saved in the file .sh_history in your home directory. When you next login the contents of the file .sh_history are placed in the history list. You can then re-use commands from your previous login session.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/ksh_hist2.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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947. Examples of running a command from the history list
. To run the previous command: pwd /u/user/eucs/joe r pwd /u/user/eucs/joe . To re-run a command from the history list: r 15 . This re-runs command number fifteen from the history list. To re-run the most recent command that starts with a particular string: r grep grep -n '[dD]on't' tasks \ less . This re-runs the most recent command that starts with the string grep .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/ksh_hist3.1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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948. Re-running a command from the history list
. To run a command from the history list use a command from this table. To... Do this... Run the previous command. r Run command number n r Run most recent command starting r string with characters in string . Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/ksh_hist3.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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949. Previewing a command from the history list
You can preview a command from the history list without having to re-run it. ... Preview previous command in the list ^P M-k Preview next command in the list ^N M-j Preview command starting with string ^R^ string M-/^ string (search forward from previous command) (search backward from command 0) M-?^ string Preview command containing string ^R string M-/ string (search forward from previous command) (search backward from command 0) M-? string . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/ksh_hist4.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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950. Editing a previous command line
. To edit a previous command line use the shell command fc (fix command) command. fc -e editor -lnr first last . This will open the commands from the history list as specified in the range first to last. When you exit from the editor the command(s) will be run. Setting the environment variable FCEDIT to the editor that you prefer will save you specifying it on the command line. For example: FCEDIT=emacs; export FCEDIT . Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/ksh_hist5.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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951. SZ
. The sizes of the process's image in main memory. This is figure is given in K bytes. For example: 252 . This indicates that the process has a size of 252K.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/shell/sz.html -- 1.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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952. Creating commands and programs using the shell
As well as using the shell to run commands you can use its built-in programming language to write your own commands or programs. You can put commands into a file - known as a shell script - and then execute that file as you would a command or program. The use of the Bourne shell (sh) is illustrated as this is available on all UNIX systems. ... The C and TC shells use a programming language which is similar to the C programming language. Creating and executing simple shell scripts . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/index.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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953. Example of using the || operator
. To send a message to a user using the appropriate utility: cat writemail #!/bin/sh # usage: writemail user message echo "$2" |{ write "$1" || mail "$1" ;} . The user types a command such as: writemail sarah 'call me' . The message entered by the user is piped through the command { write "$1" || mail "$1" ; } . If the the message cannot be sent to the user's terminal (they are not logged on) with the command write "$1" then the message is sent to the user by mail .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.4.3.1.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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954. The || operator
. You can use the || operator to execute a command and, if it fails, execute the next command in the command list. For example: cmd1 || cmd2 . cmd1 is executed and its exit status examined. If cmd1 fails then cmd2 is executed. This is a terse notation for: cmd1 if test $? -ne 0 then cmd2 fi . Example .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.4.3.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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955. Conditional statements
. Every Unix command returns a value on exit which the shell can interrogate. This value is held in the read-only shell variable $? . A value of 0 (zero) signifies success; anything other than 0 (zero) signifies failure. The if statement . The operator . The || operator .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.4.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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956. Testing for files and variables with the test command
. The shell uses a command called test to evaluate conditional expressions. Full details of this command can be found in the test manual page. For example: if test ! -f $FILE then if test "$WARN" = "yes" then echo "$FILE does not exist" fi fi . First, we test to see if the filename specified by the variable $FILE exists and is a regular file. If it does not then we test to see if the variable $WARN is assigned the value yes , and if it is a message that the filename does not exist is displayed.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.5.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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957. Example of using the case statement
To specify an action when a word matches the pattern: cat diary #!/bin/sh today=`date +%m/%d` (presents the date in the format 01/31) case $today in 07/18) echo "Aonoch Mhor" ;; 07/21) echo "Ben Wyvis" ;; 08/02) echo "Buicheille Etive Mhor" ;; 08/03) echo "Slioch" ;; *) echo "Wet..low level today" esac date +%m/%d 07/18 diary Aonoch Mhor . ... Note the use of the pattern * , this can be used to specify default patterns as the * character is the shell wildcard character. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.6.1.1.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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958. The case statement
case is a flow control construct that provides for multi-way branching based on patterns. ... This word is compared with each pattern in order until a match is found, at which point the associated command ( s ) are executed. case word in pattern1 ) command(s) ;; pattern2 ) command(s) ;; patternN ) command(s) ;; esac . When all the commands are executed control is passed to the first statement after the esac . ... A command can be associated with more than one pattern. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.6.1.html -- 2.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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959. Examples of using the for statement
... To go through each file in the current directory and compare it with the same filename in another directory: #!/bin/sh # compare files to same file in directory "old" for i in * do echo $i: cmp $i old/$i echo done . ... Some examples of command substitution in for loops: #!/bin/sh # do something for all files in current # directory according to time modified for i in `ls -t` do ... done # do something for all non-fred files. for i in `cat filelist | ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.6.2.1.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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960. The for statement
. The for loop notation has the general form: for var in list-of-words do commands done . commands is a sequence of one or more commands separated by a newline or ; (semicolon). The reserved words do and done must be preceded by a newline or ; (semicolon). Small loops can be written on a single line. For example: for var in list ; do commands ; done . Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/scrpt/scrpt2.6.2.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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