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1181. Shell Startup Tip
Make a copy of your shell start up file before editing it to change environment or shell variables. You can always return to using this copy if you find that the modified file is not working and you are unable to fix the problem. For example: cd cp .profile old_profile ue .profile . The first command changes you to your home directory, where a copy of the file .profile is made in old_profile . ... To revert to using the original .profile you simply copy it back. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/sh_tip.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1182. Setting shell variables
To define a temporary value to a shell variable use the command: set variable_name = value . The value of this variable will remain set until you exit from this shell. The value of this variable is not exported to other C shells when they are invoked. To give a lasting value to a shell variable: . ... Use an editor to open your .cshrc ( .tcshrc ) file and add the line: set variable_name = value . ... This adds the value of the shell variable to your shell's present environment. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/sh_var.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1183. Setting the prompt variable: TC shell
. Select an item for more information. Display current working directory . Display username . Display system name .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/tcsh.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1184. Display current working directory
. To display your current working directory in the prompt: . 1. Use your editor to open your .tcshrc and add the line: set prompt='%. %' . 2. Save the file and leave the editor. 3. Enter the command: source .tcshrc . This adds the new values to your working environment.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/tcsh1.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1185. Display username
. To display your username in the prompt: . 1. Use your editor to open your .tcshrc and add the line: set prompt = "${user} %" . 2. Save the file and leave the editor. 3. Enter the command: source .tcshrc . This adds the new values to your working environment.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/tcsh2.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1186. Display system name
. To display the name of the system in the prompt: . 1. Use your editor to open your .tcshrc file and add the line: set prompt='%m %' . 2. Save the file and leave the editor. 3. Enter the command: source .tcshrc . This adds the new values to your working environment.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/tcsh3.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1187. Examples of using the cp command
. To copy a single file in the current directory: cp notes sect3.txt . This makes a copy of the file notes in the file sect3.txt . To copy a file using the -i option: cp -i notes part2.txt . This makes a copy of the file notes in the file part2.txt . If this file exists, the message part2.txt: File exists . is displayed. The file is not copied.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/cp1.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1188. Examples of using the cp command
To copy a file from your current working directory to a subdirectory: cp fig2 part2/figure2 . This copies the file fig2 from your current working directory to the file figure2 in the subdirectory part2 . ... This copies the file mail.txt to the directory immediately above the current working directory. ... To copy a file from a subdirectory to a directory elsewhere in the file system: cp docs/vi.Z /tmp . ... To copy a file to your home directory: cp /usr/local/doc/ue.txt $HOME . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/cp3.html -- 2.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1189. Examples of using the cp command
To copy a file from a subdirectory to the current working directory: cp notes/note3 sect3.txt . This copies the file note3 from the subdirectory notes to the file sect3 in the current working directory. A relative pathname notes/note3 is used to define the source file. ... This creates a copy of the file more.help in the current working directory. ... To copy a file from another user's directory using a relative pathname: cp ~helper/tmp/for_john tmp/comments . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/cp4.html -- 2.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1190. Examples of using the cp command
. To copy a file from another user's home directory: cp ~helper/file1 file2 . This copies file1 from the home directory of user helper to file2 in your current working directory. To copy a file from a subdirectory in the user's home directory: cp ~helper/book/part2/file1 file2 . This copies file1 from the subdirectory book/part2/ in the home directory of user helper to file2 in your current working directory.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/cp5.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1191. Examples of using cp with special characters
. To copy files that match on several characters: cp *.txt chapt1 . This copies all the files in the current working directory with the extension ".txt" to the sub-directory chapt1 . To copy files that match on a single character: cp sect?b partA . This copies any file with the name sect[1-9]b to the sub-directory partA . To copy all the files within a specified range: cp sect[1-4]c partB . This copies files sect1c , 2c , 3c and sect4c to the sub-directory partB .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/cp_wildcards.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1192. Examples of creating files
. To create a file with the cat command: cat > memo remember to make appointment at opticians get cost of scheduled flight to Athens Ctrl-d . This creates a file called memo in the current directory containing two lines of text. To create a file with the echo command: echo use an editor for large files > tips . This creates a file called tips in the current directory containing a single line of text.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/create.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1193. Examples of using the find command
To find a single file below the current directory: find . name mtg_jan92 -print . This displays the pathname to the file mtg_jan92 starting from the current directory. ... To find a file below your home directory: find ~/ -name README -print . This displays the pathname to every file with the name README in your home directory or its subdirectories. ... name '*.fm' -print . This displays the pathname to any file with the extension .fm which exists below the current directory. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/find.html -- 2.6 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1194. Examples of executing commands with the find command
To remove several files: find . name 'mtg_*' -print -exec rm {} \; . This will search for and remove all files starting with the expression mtg_ from the current directory and its subdirectories. To find and remove specific files: find . ... This removes all files in the current directory and its subdirectories with the filename extension .tmp which have not been changed within the last 30 days. To find and remove files interactively; find ~/Docs -name '*.ps' -print -ok rm {} \; . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/find2.html -- 2.6 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1195. Changing access permissions using the chmod command
To give yourself permission to execute a file that you own: chmod u+x file1 . ... To give members of your group permission to read a file: chmod g+r file2 . This gives the group permission to read the file "file2". To give read permission to everyone for a particular type of file: chmod a+r *.pub . ... To give the group write and execute permission: chmod g+wx $HOME/SCCS . This gives all members of the group permission to place files in the directory SCCS in your home directory. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/index.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1196. Examples of using the ls command
To do a 'long' list of a single file in your current directory: ls -l file1 -rw-r--r-- 2 unixjohn doc 3287 Apr 8 12:10 file1 . ... To do a long list of all the files in your current directory: ls -l -rw------- 1 erpl08 iss 4307 Jun 17 10:00 FAQ.xdh drwx------ 2 erpl08 iss 1024 Jun 17 10:00 SCCS -rw------- 1 erpl08 iss 15119 Jun 17 10:00 commands.xdh -rw------- 1 erpl08 iss 266 Jun 17 10:00 concepts.xdh . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/ls.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1197. Examples of mail addresses
When sending a mail message to a user on the same system: jane . This is the address for the user jane on the same system as the person sending the mail. When sending a mail message to a user on another local system: ezax@frolix . This is the address for the user known as ezax on another local system frolix . When sending a mail message to a user on another system in another domain : helper@ubik.ed . ... This is the address for mail to the user ivan on another system, islay . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/mail1.html -- 2.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1198. Examples of saving mail to folders
To save the current mail message to a folder: s +usability "/home/eucs/john/mrtidy/usability" [Appended] . This saves the current message to the folder usability , which is in the directory defined by the set folder variable. ... To save several messages to the same file: s bob +frombob "/home/eucs/john/mrtidy/frombob" [New file] . This saves all the messages from the user bob to the the folder frombob , which is in the directory defined by the set folder variable. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/mail10.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1199. Examples of deleting mail messages
. To delete the current mail message: d . This deletes the current mail message . To delete a range of messages: d 7-12 . This deletes messages seven to twelve. To delete all the messages that you have read: d :r . This deletes all the messages that you have read since you began this session with the mail program.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/mail11.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1200. Undeleting messages
. To cancel a delete command: u 7 . This cancels a previous command to delete message seven.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/examples/mail12.html -- 1.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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