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1261. Making a temporary change
. To make a temporary change to the value of an environment variable enter the command: $ VARNAME= value_of_variable . This value will remain until you logout from the system or exit from the shell you are working in. To make other programs that use the variable aware of the new value enter the command: $ export VARNAME . Examples .
[ Сохраненная копия ]  Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/env3aa.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1262. Making lasting changes
. To make lasting changes to the value of an environment variable: . 1. Use your editor to open the .profile file and add the line: VARNAME= value_of_variable ;export VARNAME . 2. Save the file and leave the editor. 3. Enter the command: .profile . This adds the new value to your working environment. Examples .
[ Сохраненная копия ]  Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/env3ab.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1263. Changing your environment: C and TC shells
At login the C (and TC shell) reads initialisation files in your home directory . First it reads the file .cshrc ( .tcshrc for TC shell) followed by the file .login . In addition to environmental variables, both these shells have a number of local shell variables which are not exported to the environment. When another shell is created to run a program, it only reads the .cshrc ( .tcshrc ) file, but it inherits any environment variables that were set up at login. more .. ...
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1264. Changing environment variables
To make a temporary change to the value of an environment variable enter the command: setenv VARNAME value_of_variable . ... By convention, the names of environment variables are given in UPPER CASE. To make lasting changes to the value of an environment variable: . ... Use your editor to open the .cshrc ( .tcshrc ) and add the line: setenv VARNAME value_of_variable . ... Enter the command: source .cshrc (.tcshrc) . This adds the new value for the variable to your environment. ...
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1265. Setting environment variables: Korn shell
. To change an environment variable use the command: VARNAME= value of variable . By convention, the variable name is given in upper case. Making a temporary change . Making a lasting change . Tip ... Examples .
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1266. Making a temporary change
. To make a temporary change the value of an environment variable enter the command: VARNAME= value_of_variable . This value will remain until you logout from the system or exit from the shell you are working in. To make other programs that use the variable aware of the new value enter the command: export VARNAME . Examples .
[ Сохраненная копия ]  Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/env3ca.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1267. Setting environment variables: BASH shell
. To change an environment variable use the command: VARNAME= value of variable . By convention, the variable name is given in upper case. Making a temporary change . Making a lasting change . Tip ... Examples .
[ Сохраненная копия ]  Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/environment/env3d.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1268. Making lasting changes
. To make lasting changes to the value of an environment variable: . 1. Use your editor to open the .bash_profile file and add the line: VARNAME= value_of_variable ;export VARNAME . 2. Save the file and leave the editor. 3. Enter the command: source $HOME/.bash_profile . This adds the new value to your working environment. Examples .
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1269. Changing shell variables
The C and TC shells have a number of local shell variables which are not exported to the environment. To make sure that these variables are picked up whenever a new shell is invoked, always define shell variables in your .cshrc ( .tcshrc ) file. By convention, names of shell variables are always given in lower case letters. UNIX is case sensitive, so the environment variable PATH is not the same as the shell variable "path". ... Setting shell variables . ...
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1270. Finding out which shell you are using
. Information about which shell you are using is held in the SHELL environment variable. The command echo $SHELL . displays the value of this variable. You can identify which shell you are presently using from the last part of the pathname . Pathname Shell __________________________________________________________ /.../sh Bourne shell /.../csh C shell /.../tcsh TC shell /.../ksh Korn shell /.../bash Bourne Again SHell __________________________________________________________ .
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1271. The /bin directory
. This directory contains the commands and utilities that you use day to day. These are executable binary files - hence the the directory name bin . Often in modern UNIX systems this directory is simply a link to /usr/bin . Did You Know? .
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1272. Current directory
. When you log on to the system you are always placed in your home directory . At first this is your current directory. If you then change to another directory this becomes your current directory. The command pwd displays the full pathname to your current directory.
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1273. The /dev directory
. This directory contains special files used to represent real physical devices such as printers and terminals. One of these files represents a null (non-existent) device.
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1274. The /etc directory
. This directory contains various commands and files which are used for system administration. One of these files - motd - contains a 'message of the day' which is displayed whenever you login to the system.
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1275. Understanding UNIX files
Files do not actually reside inside directories. ... The directory holds two pieces of information about each file: . ... an inode number which acts as a pointer to where the system can find the information it needs about this file. Filenames are only used by the system to locate a file and its corresponding inode number. ... To the system, the file is the inode number. Multiple filenames can be used to refer to the same file by creating a link between an inode and each of the filenames. ...
[ Сохраненная копия ]  Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/file.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1276. UNIX file system
. A file system is a logical method for organising and storing large amounts of information in a way which makes it easy manage. The file is the smallest unit in which information is stored. The UNIX file system has several important features. Different types of file . Structure of the file system . Your home directory . Your current directory . Pathnames . Access permissions .
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1277. History of the UNIX operating system
The first version of UNIX was created in 1969 by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, system engineers at AT 's Bell Labs. It went through many revisions and gained in popularity until 1977, when it was first made commercially available by Interactive Systems Corporation. At the same time a team from the University of California at Berkeley was working to improve UNIX. ... The 1978 release of Version 7 included the Bourne Shell for the first time. ... Modern variants of UNIX . ...
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1278. The /home directory
. This directory contains a home directory for each user of the system.
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1279. Operating system
. An operating system is the program that controls all the other parts of a computer system - both the hardware and the software. Most importantly, it allows you to make use of the facilities provided by the system. Every computer has an operating system. The UNIX operating system has three important features; a kernel, the shell and a filesystem. The Kernel . The Shell . UNIX file system . More about the UNIX operating system .
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1280. The Kernel
... You do not need to know anything about the kernel in order to use a UNIX system. ... managing the machine's memory and allocating it to each process. scheduling the work done by the CPU so that the work of each user is carried out as efficiently as is possible. organising the transfer of data from one part of the machine to another. accepting instructions from the shell and carrying them out. enforcing the access permissions that are in force on the file system. Did You Know? ...
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