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1281. Location of the kernel file
. The root directory contains both the boot program and the file containing the kernel for the system. The name of this kernel file varies from one manufacturer's machine to another, but will usually include the letters nix so you can search for it with wildcard characters . For example: ls /*nix* -rwxr----- 1 root 1558734 Sep 24 1992 /vmunix . This lists details of any files in the root directory with the characters nix in their name. In this example it lists vmunix - a common name for the kernel file.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/kernel1.1.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1282. More about the UNIX operating system
. Strictly speaking, UNIX is not one single operating system, it is a family of operating systems. Different computer manufacturers produce their own versions of UNIX. Although these are mostly similar, there are small differences which can cause problems. The most obvious examples are the layout of the file system and the exact format of certain commands. History of the UNIX operating system . Modern variants of UNIX .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/kernel1.2.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1283. Did You Know?
. The following topics are related to your present task. Select an item for more information about it. Location of the kernel file . More about the UNIX operating system .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/kernel1.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1284. The /lib directory
. This directory contains libraries that are used by various programs and languages. Often in modern UNIX systems this directory is simply a link to /usr/lib .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/lib.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1285. /dev/null
. There is a special device know as /dev/null to which you can redirect unwanted output. This is a null (non-existent) device represented by the file null in the directory /dev . Example .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/null.html -- 1.9 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1286. Different types of file
. To you, the user, it appears as though there is only one type of file in UNIX - the file which is used to hold your information. In fact, the UNIX filesystem contains several types of file. Ordinary files . Directories . Special files . Pipes .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/opfile.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1287. Ordinary files
. This type of file is used to store your information, such as some text you have written or an image you have drawn. This is the type of file that you usually work with. Files which you create belong to you - you are said to "own" them - and you can set access permissions to control which other users can have access to them. Any file is always contained within a directory . Did You Know? . Working with files .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/opfile1.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1288. Directories
A directory is a file that holds other files and other directories. ... Having your own directory structure gives you a definable place to work from and allows you to structure your information in a way that makes best sense to you. Directories which you create belong to you - you are said to "own" them - and you can set access permissions to control which other users can have access to the information they contain. ... Working with directories . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/opfile2.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1289. Special files
This type of file is used to represent a real physical device such as a printer, tape drive or terminal. ... cat scream.au > /dev/audio . This sends the contents of the sound file scream.au to the file /dev/audio which represents the audio device attached to the system. ... The directory /dev contains the special files which are used to represent devices on a UNIX system. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/opfile3.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1290. Pipes
. UNIX allows you to link commands together using a pipe . The pipe acts a temporary file which only exists to hold data from one command until it is read by another.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/opfile4.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1291. Pathnames
Every file and directory in the file system can be identified by a complete list of the names of the directories that are on the route from the root directory to that file or directory. ... usr/local/bin/ue . This gives the full pathname starting at the root directory and going down through the directories usr , local and bin to the file ue - the program for the MicroEMACS editor. You can picture the full pathname as looking like this: . root) | tmp usr | ... Relative pathnames . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/pathfile.html -- 3.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1292. Examples of using relative pathnames
To give a relative path to a file below your current directory: pwd (prints the current directory) /home/eucs/jane (the full pathname to the current directory) ls -l presentation/docs/oview.html (lists information on the file) . ... To define a file that is in another directory: pwd (prints the current directory) /home/eucs/jane/presentation/docs (the full pathname) cd ../illustrations (use relative pathname) pwd (check the current directory) /home/eucs/jane/presentation/illustrations . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/pathfile2.1.html -- 3.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1293. Relative pathnames
. You can define a file or directory by its location in relation to your current directory . The pathname is given as / (slash) separated list of the directories on the route to the file (or directory) from your current directory. A .. (dot dot) is used to represent the directory immediately above the current directory. In all shells except the Bourne shell, the ~ (tilde) character can be used as shorthand for the full pathname to your home directory. Examples . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/pathfile2.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1294. Processes
When you enter a command it invokes a program. While this program is running it is called a process . It is important to grasp that although there is only one copy of a program held in the file system , any number of processes can be invoked which run this program. When the operating system is started after a boot , a single process is started. ... Any processes that are started from within your shell - such as entering a command - are the children of this process. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/procs.html -- 2.6 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1295. Regular expressions
. A regular expression is a concise way of expressing any pattern of characters. You construct a regular expression by combining ordinary characters with one or more metacharacters: characters that have special meaning for the shell . Regular expressions can be used to: . specify filenames . search file contents . change file contents . Commands differ in the range of the regular expressions that they support. Check the manual page for the command for further details.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/regexp.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1296. Examples of using regular expressions for file names
To list all files with a particular extension: ls *.fm . This will list all the files in the current directory that have the extension .fm . ... This removes all the files in the current directory with a single character extension to their name. Files foo.c and foo.o would be removed as would file foo.3 . To copy all the files containing the same pattern: cp [pP]art[0-9] ../book . ... So the file part1 would be copied to the parent directory book as would the file Part7 . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/regexp1.1.html -- 2.6 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1297. Matching file names with regular expressions
. You can use the following metacharacters within any shell to create regular expressions that match file names. ? matches any single character * matches any number of any characters [nnn] matches any of the enclosed characters [!nnn] matches any character that is not enclosed [n-n] matches any character in this range . Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/regexp1.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1298. Example of removing special meaning from a metacharacter
. To make the shell interpret a metacharacter literally: echo [1] 1463 [1] Done echo echo \\ . The shell interprets the character at the end of a command line to mean that the command is to be run in the background. So the command echo simply runs the echo command in the background and since the command has nothing to echo it immediately exits. When the character is preceded by a \\ (backslash) the echo command interprets this literally and simply echoes (displays) this character on the screen.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/regexp2.1.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1299. Characters with special meaning for the shell
. The characters ; ( ) | ^ < > ~ % { } $ # ' " \ @@ * ? [ ] - ! Newline (a <Return>) Space (a <Space>) Tab (a <Tab>) . are all shell metacharacters . To the shell , they represent something other than the character or symbol that they are. You must quote any command argument or regular expression containing one or more of these, so that it is passed to the command unchanged. Removing special meaning from a metacharacter .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/regexp2.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1300. Structure of the file system
. The UNIX file system is organised as a hierarchy of directories starting from a single directory called root which is represented by a / (slash). Imagine it as being similar to the root system of a plant or as an inverted tree structure. Immediately below the root directory are several system directories that contain information required by the operating system. The file holding the UNIX kernel is also here. UNIX system directories . Home directory . Pathnames .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/concepts/strctfile.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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