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1401. Guidelines for quoting command arguments
. \\ . prevent the shell from expanding any single special character. ' ' . prevent the shell from expanding all special characters enclosed in this string except ! . " " . prevent the shell from expanding any enclosed special character except $ , ` and ! .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd2.2.2.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1402. Quoting command arguments
. Some characters , known as metacharacters , have a special meaning for the shell. Always quote the command argument or regular expression if you want to prevent the shell from interpreting the special characters before passing it to the command. Examples . Guidelines for quoting command arguments .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd2.2.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1403. Entering more than one command
. To enter several commands on the one command line, use a ; (semicolon) to seperate each one from the next. For example: cd ..; ls -l . This command line contains two commands. The first, cd .. changes the current directory to the parent directory. The second, ls -l produces a long listing of the contents of the curent directory. If necessary you can continue the commands onto another line.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd2.3.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1404. Entering commands
To enter a command type its name followed by any options and arguments that you want the command to have. Leave one or more spaces between the command name, its options and arguments. If necessary you can continue the command onto another line. Correct mistakes by using the <Delete> or <BackSpace> key to back up along the command line and correct it. ... Quoting command arguments . Entering more than one command . ... Command name completion . Editing the command line . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd2.html -- 2.6 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1405. Continuing a command onto another line
To continue a command onto another line enter a ' \\ ' (backspace) character and then press <Return> . You can then continue entering the command. For example: rcp ubik:/home/roger/recipe.ps .; Return> lpr -Pps3 #6m recipe.ps . This copies the file recipe.ps from the home directory of the user roger on the remote host ubik to the users current directory. ... If you are using the Bourne, BASH or Korn shell a > character appears as a prompt at the start of the second command line. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd2a.html -- 2.6 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1406. Redirecting standard input
. To redirect the standard input for a command use the < (less than) character followed by the name of the input file. For example: mail tony < memo . This redirects the standard input to the mail command so that it comes from the file memo . The effect of this is to mail the contents of this file to the user tony .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd3.1.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1407. **Caution**
. Redirecting standard output to a file that already exists overwrites its contents with the standard output. You can append output to an existing file.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd3.2.1.html -- 1.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1408. Did You Know?
When a command is carried out successfully, the results are sent to the standard output file. But if the command fails to execute successfully the results are displayed on the standard error file -your terminal. For example: ls -l part1.txt part1.txt not found . The ls command fails because the file part1.txt does not exist in the current directory. A message is sent to the standard error - your terminal - informing you of this. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd3.2.2.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1409. Redirecting standard output
. To redirect the standard output from a command use the > (greater than) symbol followed by the name of the output file. If the file that you redirect standard output to does not already exist it will be created. For example: grep Smith /etc/passwd > popular . This redirects the standard output from the grep command so that it goes to the file popular . This file will contain all occurrences of the string Smith that were found in the /etc/passwd file. **Caution** . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd3.2.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1410. Appending standard output to a file
. To append the standard output from a command to a file use two >> (greater than) symbols followed by the name of the file. If the file does not exist it is created. For example: cat part1 > chapt2 cat part2 >> chapt2 . This creates a file called chapt2 with the same contents as part1 . It then reads the contents of part2 and appends them to the file chapt2 . The file chapt2 now contains the data from part1 followed by the data from part2 .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd3.3.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1411. Redirecting standard input and output
. Unix considers any device attached to the system to be a file. And that includes your terminal! . By default, a command treats your terminal as the standard input file from which to read in information. Your terminal is also treated as the standard output file to which information is sent from the command. This action can be changed by redirecting standard input and standard output from and to any other file. Redirecting standard input . Redirecting standard output . Appending standard output to a file .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd3.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1412. Examples of using pipelines to connect commands
To pipe the output from one command into another command: who | ... The standard output from the who command - a list of all the users currently logged in on the system - is piped into the wc command as its standard input. Used with the -l option this command counts the numbers of lines in the standard input and displays the result on the standard output. To connect several commands together: ps -aux|grep joe|sort +5 -6|less . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd4.1.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1413. Connecting commands together
. Unix allows you to link two or more commands together using a pipe. The pipe takes the standard output from one command and uses it as the standard input to another command. command1 | command2 | command3 . The | (vertical bar) character is used to represent the pipeline connecting the commands. With practise you can use pipes to create complex commands by combining several simpler commands together. Examples .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd4.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1414. Examples of locating commands with the which command
To find out if a command name is located in your command path: which ue /usr/local/bin/ue . This returns the information that the MicroEMACS editor (ue) is available on this system as the file /usr/local/bin/ue . ... To find out which (if any) of several commands are available: which delete talk ps No delete in /usr/local/utils/bin:/bin:/usr/bin: /usr/local/ucb/bin:/usr/local/gnu/bin: /usr/local/public/bin:/usr/bin/X11:. /usr/bin/talk /bin/ps . ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd5.1.html -- 2.8 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1415. Locating a command
. To find out if a command or utility is available on your system enter the command: which command_name . If the command is found its pathname is displayed. The message command_name : Command not found . is displayed when the command cannot be found. Examples . Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd5.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1416. Command substitution
. To include the output from one command within the command line for another command, enclose the command whose output is to be included within ` backquotes ` . For example: echo The date today is `date +%d/%m/%y` The date today is 17/05/95 . The output from the command date +%d/%m/%y is substituted at the appropriate location within a command line that uses the echo command.
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/cmd_sub.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1417. Using UNIX commands
. You interact with the Unix operating system by entering a command at the shell prompt . You can look up the command in the On-line Manual for a complete description of it. About commands . Did You Know? . Where are commands located? . Entering commands . Redirecting standard input and output . Connecting commands together . Creating a command alias . Locating a command . Making other commands available . Writing your own commands .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/index.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1418. Path Lists
A typical value for the PATH variable might be: /bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/utils/bin:$HOME/bin . This is a path list of colon separated pathnames to the directories that contain the executable binary files for each command. The shell will first look for the command that has been entered in the directory /bin . If it is not found there it will then look in the directory /usr/bin and so on until the command is found. ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/path1.1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1419. Where are commands located?
. Unix commands are executable binary files located in directories with the name bin (for binary). Many of the commands that you use are located in the directory /usr/bin . When you enter the name of a command the shell checks to see if it is a built-in command. If it is not, it looks for the the binary file that the command name refers to in each of the directories that are defined in the PATH environment variable . more ...
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/path1.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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1420. Making other commands available
. The value of the PATH variable is set so that you have access to the commands available on your system. You can use commands that are not on your path list by setting a new value for the PATH environment variable. Did You Know? .
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Ссылки http://comet.sai.msu.ru/UNIXhelp/commanz/path2.html -- 2.0 Кб -- 17.01.1997
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