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1541. Sending Signals - kill()
... int kill(int pid, int signal) - send a signal to a process, pid . ... If pid is 0, the signal is sent to all processes, except system processes. kill() returns 0 for a successful call, -1 otherwise and sets errno accordingly. There is also a UNIX command called kill - see man pages. ... Also ctrl-c typed from the command sends a SIGINT to the process currently being. unsigned int alarm(unsigned int seconds) - sends the signal SIGALRM to the invoking process after seconds seconds. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/book/c_marshall/subsubsection2_18_4_3_1.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1542. pipe() - Low level Piping
Next: Interrupts and Signals Up: Piping in a C program Previous: popen() - Formatted Piping . int pipe(int fd[2]) - creates a pipe and returns two file descriptors, fd[0], fd[1] . fd[0] is opened for reading, fd[1] for writing. pipe() returns 0 on success, -1 on failure and sets errno accordingly. ... Pipes opened with pipe() should be closed with close(int fd) . ... An example of piping in a C program is plot.c and subroutines and is detailed in Appendix . ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/book/c_marshall/subsubsection2_18_4_2_2.html -- 2.8 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1543. popen() - Formatted Piping
Next: pipe() - Low level Piping Up: Piping in a C program Previous: Piping in a C program . FILE *popen(char *command, char *type) - opens a pipe for I/O where the command is the process that will be connected to the calling process thus creating the pipe . The type is either ``r'' - for reading, or ``w'' for writing. popen() returns is a stream pointer or NULL for any errors. A pipe opened by popen() should always be closed by pclose(FILE *stream) . ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/book/c_marshall/subsubsection2_18_4_2_1.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1544. exit()
Next: Piping in a C program Up: Running UNIX Commands from C Previous: wait() . int exit(int status) - terminates the process which calls this function and returns the exit status value. Both UNIX and C (forked) programs can read the status value. By convention, a status of 0 means normal termination any other value indicates an error or unusual occurrence. ... A complete example of forking program is in Appendix and is originally titled fork.c . ... Wed Sep 14 10:06:31 BST 1994 ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/book/c_marshall/subsubsection2_18_4_1_4.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1545. wait()
. Next: exit() Up: Running UNIX Commands from C Previous: fork() . int wait (int *status_location) - will force a parent process to wait for a child process to stop or terminate. wait() return the pid of the child or -1 for an error. The exit status of the child is returned to status_location . Dave.Marshall@cm.cf.ac.uk . Wed Sep 14 10:06:31 BST 1994
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/book/c_marshall/subsubsection2_18_4_1_3.html -- 2.1 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1546. fork()
... int fork() turns a single process into 2 identical processes, known as the parent and the child . On success, fork() returns 0 to the child process and returns the process ID of the child process to the parent process. ... NOTE: The child process will have its own unique PID. ... NOTE: The processes have unique ID's which will be different at each run. ... When we spawn 2 processes we can easily detect (in each process) whether it is the child or parent since fork returns 0 to the child. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/book/c_marshall/subsubsection2_18_4_1_2.html -- 3.1 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1547. execl()
Next: fork() Up: Running UNIX Commands from C Previous: Running UNIX Commands from C . ... execl(char *path, char *arg0,...,char *argn, 0); . The last parameter must always be 0. ... The NULL terminator does this job. where path points to the name of a file holding a command that is to be executed, argo points to a string that is the same as path (or at least its last component. arg1 ... argn are pointers to arguments for the command and 0 simply marks the end of the (variable) list of arguments. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/book/c_marshall/subsubsection2_18_4_1_1.html -- 2.8 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1548. comedi_get_n_ranges
. Comedi Documentation . Prev . Next . comedi_get_n_ranges -- number of ranges of channel . #include <comedilib.h> . int comedi_get_n_ranges (comedi_t * device, unsigned int subdevice, unsigned int channel); . The function comedi_get_n_ranges() returns the number of ranges of the channel chan belonging to the subdevice of the comedi device device. This function returns -1 on error. Prev . Home . Next . comedi_get_maxdata . Up . comedi_get_range
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/comedi/doc/func-ref-comedi-get-n-ranges.html -- 3.7 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1549. comedi_dio_bitfield
... comedi_dio_bitfield -- read/write multiple digital channels . ... int comedi_dio_bitfield (comedi_t * device, unsigned int subdevice, unsigned int write_mask, unsigned int * bits); . ... For each bit in write_mask that is set to 1, the cooresponding bit in *bits is written to the digital output channel. After writing all the output channels, each channel is read, and the result placed in the approprate bits in *bits. The result of reading an output channel is undefined. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/comedi/doc/func-ref-comedi-dio-bitfield.html -- 4.2 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1550. comedi_command_test
... Prev . Next . comedi_command_test -- test streaming input/output configuration . ... int comedi_command_test (comedi_t * device, comedi_cmd * command); . The function comedi_command_test() tests the command structure pointed to by the parameter command and returns an integer describing the testing stages that were sucessfully passed. In addition, if elements of the command structure are invalid, they may be modified. Source elements are modified to remove invalid source triggers. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/comedi/doc/func-ref-comedi-command-test.html -- 3.9 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1551. Linux I/O port programming mini-HOWTO: Credits
Next Previous Contents . Too many people have contributed for me to list, but thanks a lot, everyone. I have not replied to all the contributions that I've received; sorry for that, and thanks again for the help. Next Previous Contents
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/doc/io-portprog/IO-Port-Programming-10.html -- 1.8 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1552. comedi_timed_1chan
. Comedi Documentation . Prev . Next . comedi_timed_1chan -- streaming input (deprecated) . #include <comedilib.h> . int comedi_timed_1chan (comedi_t * device, unsigned int subdevice, unsigned int channel, unsigned int range, unsigned int aref, double frequency, unsigned int num_samples, double * data); . deprecated Not documented. Prev . Home . Next . comedi_get_timer . Up . comedi_set_global_oor_behavior
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/comedi/doc/func-ref-comedi-timed-1chan.html -- 3.8 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1553. comedi_get_maxdata
. Comedi Documentation . Prev . Next . comedi_get_maxdata -- maximum sample of channel . #include <comedilib.h> . lsampl_t comedi_get_maxdata (comedi_t * device, unsigned int subdevice, unsigned int channel); . The function comedi_get_maxdata() returns the maximum valid data value for channel chan of subdevice subdevice belonging to the comedi device device This function returns 0 on error. Prev . Home . Next . comedi_maxdata_is_chan_specific . Up . comedi_get_n_ranges
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/comedi/doc/func-ref-comedi-get-maxdata.html -- 3.8 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1554. comedi_do_insnlist
... Next . comedi_do_insnlist -- perform multiple instructions . ... The function comedi_do_insnlist() performs multiple Comedi instructions as part of one system call. In addition, Comedi attempts to perform the instructions atomically, that is, on standard Linux kernels, no process preemption should occur during the instructions. ... This function can be used to avoid the overhead of multiple system calls, or to ensure that multiple instructions occur without significant delay between them. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/comedi/doc/func-ref-comedi-do-insnlist.html -- 4.5 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1555. Precision Club
... Responses and later bidding after a 15-17 1NT Opening . Interference after 1NT opening bids . ... Bids available for inviting game: 2NT, 3 of a previously bid suit: . ... The opponents double an artificial bid: 1NT -- (Pass) -- 2 -- (Double) Redouble = Penalty. good diamond suit; . ... If the opponents use a convention (such as Michaels or the unusual notrump), you can double to show at least 10 points, or you can cuebid one of their shown suit(s) to force to game. 1 -- (2 ) -- 3 = game force. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/dim/bridge/biddings/natural/bridgebsysyellowcard.html -- 38.7 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1556. Linux I/O port programming mini-HOWTO: Example code
... define BASEPORT 0x378 /* lp1 */ int main() { /* Get access to the ports */ if (ioperm(BASEPORT, 3, 1)) {perror("ioperm"); exit(1);} /* Set the data signals (D0-7) of the port to all low (0) */ outb(0, BASEPORT); /* Sleep for a while (100 ms) */ usleep(100000); /* Read from the status port (BASE+1) and display the result */ printf("status: %d\n", inb(BASEPORT + 1)); /* We don't need the ports anymore */ if (ioperm(BASEPORT, 3, 0)) {perror("ioperm"); exit(1);} exit(0); } /* end of example.c */ . ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/doc/io-portprog/IO-Port-Programming-9.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1557. Linux I/O port programming mini-HOWTO: Troubleshooting
... I get segmentation faults when accessing ports. ... Check the return value of ioperm() . Also, check that you're actually accessing the ports that you enabled with ioperm() (see Q3). If you're using the delaying macros ( inb_p() , outb_p() , and so on), remember to call ioperm() to get access to port 0x80 too. ... Check the order of the parameters; it should be outb(value, port) , not outportb(port, value) as is common in MS-DOS. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/doc/io-portprog/IO-Port-Programming-8.html -- 3.3 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1558. Linux I/O port programming mini-HOWTO: Hints
... If you want good analog I/O, you can wire up ADC and/or DAC chips to the parallel port (hint: for power, use the game port connector or a spare disk drive power connector wired to outside the computer case, unless you have a low-power device and can use the parallel port itself for power, or use an external power supply), or buy an AD/DA card (most of the older/slower ones are controlled by I/O ports). ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/doc/io-portprog/IO-Port-Programming-7.html -- 3.1 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1559. Linux I/O port programming mini-HOWTO: Some useful ports
... Here is some programming information for common ports that can be directly used for general-purpose TTL (or CMOS) logic I/O. If you want to use these or other common ports for their intended purpose (e.g., to control a normal printer or modem), you should most likely use existing drivers (which are usually included in the kernel) instead of programming the ports directly as this HOWTO describes. ... The game port has a quad one-shot multivibrator (a 558 chip) connected to the four inputs. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/doc/io-portprog/IO-Port-Programming-6.html -- 10.6 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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1560. Linux I/O port programming mini-HOWTO: Other programming languages
Next Previous Contents . The description above concentrates on the C programming language. It should apply directly to C++ and Objective C. In assembler, you have to call ioperm() or iopl() as in C, but after that you can use the I/O port read/write instructions directly. ... Or use /dev/port as described above. ...
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Ссылки http://jet.sao.ru/hq/sts/linux/doc/io-portprog/IO-Port-Programming-5.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 02.10.2012
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