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1881. Combining Colors
... Colors of Sunlight . S-4A.Color Expts. ... Here is your opportunity to demonstrate the three-color theory by using your computer. I am indebted for this to Joe Burns , on whose color demonstration file it is based. ... You see below two tables with colored fields. ... blue . ... D0FBFF gives the intensity of the three colors which make up the background: D0 is the intensity of red , FB is the intensity of green and the second FF is the intensity of blue , the maximum blue you can get. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Scolors.htm -- 10.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1882. Vectors
... A vector , that's what. ... Graphically, each stretch on the ground or velocity can be represented by an arrow in its direction, its length giving the magnitude--for instance, an arrow AB 200 mm (milimeters) long for the airplane's motion and another one BC 40 mm long, in the same direction, for the wind. ... Just as one can combine two vectors into one--their sum--so it is also possible to move in the opposite direction--given a single vector, find two vectors whose sum it is. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Svector.htm -- 15.4 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1883. The Sundial
... A sundial with a vertical pointer (" gnomon ") will indicate noon correctly when its shadow points north or south. ... Cut the paper along the marked line: one half will serve as base , the other will be used to construct the gnomon . In the gnomon part, cut away the two marked corners. ... With the page folded in its middle, cut out along the curved line , cutting a double thickness of paper in one cut. ... In cut (4), the fin of the gnomon was separated from two pieces with curved outlines. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sundial.htm -- 17.8 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1884. The Magnetic Sun
... For a bmore detailed view of a sunspot, see here .) ... Just as lines of latitude and longitude help us visualize positions on the Earth's globe, so magnetic field lines (originally named by Michael Faraday lines of force ) help visualize the distribution of magnetic forces in 3-dimensional space. ... This was followed 17 hours later by a huge magnetic storm , a world-wide disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field: something apparently was ejected from the Sun, and took that long to reach Earth. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sun3mag.htm -- 19.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1885. Discovery of the Solar System
... 9a. Earth orbits Sun? . ... As noted earlier , Aristarchus of Samos proposed that the Earth revolved around the Sun, but the idea was rejected by later Greek astronomers, in particular by Hipparchus. ... For a discussion of the discovery of the solar system which includes a "moving picture" illustrating retrograde motion, click here . ... The full story of the discovery of the solar system--of Copernicus, Galileo, Tycho and Kepler--is long and would take this discussion too far afield. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Ssolsys.htm -- 17.6 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1886. Mass Measurements aboard Space Station Skylab
... Mass . ... Following several successful moon landings,NASA decided to use its last Saturn V not to fly to the moon but to place in low Earth orbit a large space station, named Skylab. ... It was followed that year by three manned flights using the smaller Saturn IB, each carrying 3 astronauts for a prolonged stay aboard Skylab. ... Mass measurements aboard Skylab were part of the medical experiments conducted there. ... Measuring body mass in the M172 chair (see illustration) was not a simple matter...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sskylab.htm -- 12.1 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1887. Seasons of the Year
... The Seasons . ... Section #1 Stargazers and Skywatchers described the observed motion of the Sun across the sky, in different seasons of the year. ... If the Earth's axis were perpendicular to the ecliptic, as in the drawings here, the Sun's position in the sky would be halfway between the celestial poles, and its daily path, seen from any point on Earth, would stay exactly the same, day after day. Each point on Earth would be carried around the axis AB once a day. ... The Sun and Seasons . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sseason.htm -- 14.7 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1888. The Principle of the Rocket
... Rocket History . Most people have at least an intuitive notion of the center of gravity (CG) of an object: it is the point on which the object can be perfectly balanced. Grab a broom at one end and the other end tries to drop down; grab it at its center of gravity, and it stays balanced, neither end tipping over. ... Suppose we have a rocket of total mass 2M , of which M is payload and M is fuel. ... Total mass . ... Each time the velocity increases by one notch, the mass doubles . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Srocket.htm -- 13.7 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1889. Planetary Swing-by and the Pelton Turbine
... Anonymous The way in which a spacecraft increases or decreases its kinetic energy by swinging around a moving planet is very similar to the way a certain type of water turbine, the Pelton Wheel, extracts energy from a fast jet of water. ... What is the connection with planetary gravity-assist maneuvers ? ... Pelton wheel In particular, if the water overtakes a vane moving at half its speed, then (neglecting friction) it loses all its velocity and just dribbles out of the moving vane. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Spelton.htm -- 14.6 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1890. Far-out Pathways to Space: Solar Sails
... 32a. Early Solar Warning . ... Artist's rendering of solar sail. One such method is the use of a solar sail , relying on the pressure of sunlight. ... When the sail faces the Sun squarely, the pressure of sunlight counteracts the Sun's pull and only enables the satellite to circle the Sun in a slightly larger orbit. ... The starship is propelled by a huge solar sail, pushed by tight beams of light from lasers which are powered by sunlight and orbit the Sun. ... The solar sail home page . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Solsail.htm -- 9.2 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1891. Far-out Pathways to Space: Nuclear Power
... 32a. Solar Early Warning . Heavy elements such as the uranium used in generating nuclear power are extremely concentrated sources of energy. ... Space rockets require not just energy, but also mass , matter ejected backwards, of which nuclear fuel provides very little. ... One possible loophole remains. ... And yet... the "Orion" propulsion method could one day be the only practical way of protecting Earth from asteroid impact. ... Next Stop: #32 Far-out Pathways to Space: Solar Sails . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Snucfly.htm -- 14.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1892. Newton's Laws of Motion - 1. Force and Inertia
... Newton's Laws . ... Three problems intrigued scientists in Newton's time: the laws of motion , the laws of planetary orbits , and the mathematics of continuously varying quantities--a field nowadays known as [differential and integral] calculus. ... Force and Inertia . ... In the absence of forces, ("body") at rest will stay at rest, and a body moving at a constant velocity in a straight line continues doing so indefinitely. ... The force moves an object overcoming external resistance. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Snewton.htm -- 15.5 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1893. How Orbital Motion is Calculated
... 12b. Orbital Motion . ... 1) The semi-major axis a , half the greatest width of the orbital ellipse, which gives the size of the orbit. ... For a circle e = 0, larger values give progressively more flattened circles, up to e = 1 where the ellipse stretches to infinity and becomes a parabola. ... 3) The mean anomaly M , an angle growing at a steady rate, increasing by 360 degrees each orbit . ... In polar coordinates ( r,f ) describing the satellite's motion in its orbital plane, f is the polar angle...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Smotion.htm -- 16.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1894. Momentum
... A cannon weighing 1 ton (metric ton, 1000 kilograms) fires a 10 kg shell at 1000 meters/second. With what velocity does the cannon recoil? ... The quantity "mass times velocity" (or "the product of mass and velocity") is called momentum (plural: momenta) and is often denoted by the letter P. One way of interpreting the last equation (5) is to state that the momentum given to the cannon equals the momentum given to the shell. ... v 1 = 1000 m/s P 1 = m 1 v 1 = 10 kg x 1000 m/s = 10,000 kg-m/s . ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Smoment.htm -- 12.8 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1895. More on Kepler's Second Law
... Kepler's Laws . ... Second Law . 12a. More on 2nd Law . ... Kepler's 2nd law prescribes the way the velocity V of an object orbiting a single center varies around its orbit: . The rate at which the line to the center ("radius vector") covers area does not change around the orbit." As noted in section #12 , this means that the object's velocity V increases when its distance r decreases, and vice versa. ... Because by Kepler's 2nd law, the Earth moves in its orbit a little faster in winter. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Skepl2A.htm -- 11.1 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1896. Inventory
... The gravity-gradient force on the Moon. 4b Craters of the Moon--why round, why middle higher. ... Intuitive concept of 2nd law--planet or satellite slows down when further away, relation to conservation of energy and analogy to motion of thrown stone. 12a Example of non-algebraic equation (Kepler's) . ... Principle of rocket motion. ... Design of house windows, taking advantage of the Sun's motion. 4a Poem by Vachel Lindsay. 4b The story of exploration of the Moon using space vehicles. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sinvent.htm -- 18.4 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1897. Airplane Flight
... Airplanes are held up by the way air pressure rearranges itself when air flows over the wing of an airplane. ... As long as the airplane flies in a straight line with constant velocity, the same laws apply. ... Faster airplanes, however, need propellers with adjustable blades, able to increase the angle (" pitch ") at which they "bite" into the air as the flight speed increases, so that they always face into the combined velocity v due to their own motion and that of the airplane. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Sflight.htm -- 22.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1898. Energy
... 18c. Work . An interesting thing about the final speed of an object descending (with no friction) from some given height h , along a sloping surface: one can change the slope, one can even change the shape of the surface--yet the final speed v with which it reaches the bottom will always be the same. ... Like currencies, different kinds of energy have a certain exchange rate: in the exchange between kinetic or potential energy and heat, for instance, one calorie equals about 4.18 joules. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Senergy.htm -- 21.6 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1899. The Round Earth and Christopher Columbus
... The Round Earth . ... When Christopher Columbus proposed to reach India by sailing west from Spain, he too knew that the Earth was round. ... The Alexandria philosopher Eratosthenes went one step further and actually estimated how large the Earth was. ... Eratosthenes himself lived in Alexandria, near the river's mouth, north of Syene, about 5000 stadia north of Syene (the stadium, the size of a sports arena, was a unit of distance used by the Greeks). ... Questions from Users: Why is the Earth...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Scolumb.htm -- 15.3 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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1900. The Calendar
... months of the Maya Calendar. ... One day" can therefore be conveniently defined as the time from one noon to the next. ... During the year the Sun traces a full circle around the sky, so that if we keep a separate count of "Sirius days" and "Sun days", at the end of the year the numbers will differ by 1. ... The ancient Roman calendar had 355 days but added a month every 2 or 4 years: it wasn't good enough, and by the time Julius Caesar became ruler of Rome, it had slipped by three months. ...
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Ссылки http://www.cosmos.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Scalend.htm -- 22.0 Кб -- 22.12.2007
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