Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://tunka.sinp.msu.ru/en/presentation/Shpiering.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Sun May 22 11:46:00 2011 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Feb 4 18:35:47 2013 Êîäèðîâêà:

A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

The 2011 ASPERA Roadmap

Christian Spiering, DESY
Moscow, May 16, 2011
1.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· ApPEC
· ASPERA
2.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

http://www.aspera-eu.org
Glossy Paper ,,The Magnificent Seven" Actual Status & Extrapolation

Detailed Description of the Field

2007

2008

2011

3.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays: A large array for the detection of charged cosmic rays (Auger North) · Gamma rays: A large array of Cherenkov Telescopes for detection of cosmic high energy gamma-rays (CTA) · High energy neutrinos: A cubic kilometre-scale neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean (KM3NeT)

· Dark matter search: Ton-scale detectors which probe a large part of the parameter space of Minimal Supersymmetric Models (i.e. reach a sensitivity range of 10-44 cm for the spin-independent cross section)
· Neutrino-less double beta decay: A ton-scale detector for the determination of the fundamental nature and mass of neutrinos with the goal to test inverted hierarchy scenarios. · Proton decay and low-energy neutrino astrophysics: A Megatonscale detector for the search for proton decay, for neutrino astrophysics and for the investigation of neutrino properties · Gravitational waves: A third-generation underground gravitational antenna (E.T.)
4.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe



CTA Auger-North KM3NeT Megaton ton DM ton DBD E.T.

We started with a factor 3.5 Scenario (the ,,wishes") Even a factor 2 must be considered the most optimistic scenario !
5.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· We were ­ and continue to be! ­ convinced that the prospects of astroparticle physics merit a factor-2 increase over the next decade. On the other hand we are aware that funding realities in most countries have become more challenging. An aggressive "factor-2 pressure" appears presently beyond realistic expectations. Instead, we propose to proceed with the most advanced projects as fast as possible and to exploit their discovery potential. The expected successes will then hopefully translate into additional momentum for the remaining priority projects. · The SAC is also aware, that research priorities will differ from country to country, depending, e.g., on their local infrastructures, or on their traditions and historically grown strengths in particular fields. The SAC ranks scientific arguments highest but at the same time keeps in mind that there are also historical and political aspects. We are careful not to define priorities in such a way that they might limit the phase space of national funding agencies for substantial, positive funding decisions, once such possibilities for a certain project may appear on a national level.
6.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ AMS detector launched. Hmmm.. Medium energies: Tunka-133 & IceTop completed, Auger LE extensions Anisotropy of TeV CR confirmed by ARGO/YBJ in 2008 and by IceCube in 2009. Auger firmly established the high-energy depression (GZK?) USA committees did not prioritize Auger North, US funding will not give funding to the Colorado site. Auger Collaboration concluded that a new proposal for a next generation observatory with full sky coverage and considerably enlarged area should be envisaged. This requires 3-5 years of preparation.
A huge number of new sources detected by H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS MAGIC-II started stereoscopic operation. CTA collaboration formed, meanwhile including all relevant players in the world. CTA on ESFRI list, the construction of prototype telescopes has started. Construction of wide angle detector HAWC in Mexico (USA/Mexico) has started. China is planning a new high altitude air shower array (LHAASO).

· Gamma rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

· High energy neutrinos:
­ IceCube with its low-energy extension was completed in December 2010 and shows excellent performance. ­ 2 years smooth operation of ANTARES. KM3NeT TDR finalized. ­ Russian CDT for GVD

7.


A p P EC

The knee and beyond
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

KASCADE-Grande re-evaluation IceTop Tunka + SCORE + Radio Yakutsk AMIGA/HEAT HAWC LHHASO

+ SCORE

8.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

9.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ AMS detector launched. Hmmm.. Medium energies: Tunka-133 & IceTop completed, Auger LE extensions Anisotropy of TeV CR confirmed by ARGO/YBJ in 2008 and by IceCube in 2009. Auger firmly established the high-energy depression (GZK?) USA committees did not prioritize Auger North, US funding will not give funding to the Colorado site. Auger Collaboration concluded that a new proposal for a next generation observatory with full sky coverage and considerably enlarged area should be envisaged. This requires 3-5 years of preparation.
A huge number of new sources detected by H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS MAGIC-II started stereoscopic operation. CTA collaboration formed, meanwhile including all relevant players in the world. CTA on ESFRI list, the construction of prototype telescopes has started. Construction of wide angle detector HAWC in Mexico (USA/Mexico) has started. China is planning a new high altitude air shower array (LHAASO).

· Gamma rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

· High energy neutrinos:
­ IceCube with its low-energy extension was completed in December 2010 and shows excellent performance. ­ 2 years smooth operation of ANTARES. KM3NeT TDR finalized. ­ Russian CDT for GVD

10.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ AMS detector launched. Hmmm.. Medium energies: Tunka-133 & IceTop completed, Auger LE extensions Anisotropy of TeV CR confirmed by ARGO/YBJ in 2008 and by IceCube in 2009. Auger firmly established the high-energy depression (GZK?) USA committees did not prioritize Auger North, US funding will not give funding to the Colorado site. Auger Collaboration concluded that a new proposal for a next generation observatory with full sky coverage and considerably enlarged area should be envisaged. This requires 3-5 years of preparation.
A huge number of new sources detected by H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS MAGIC-II started stereoscopic operation. CTA collaboration formed, meanwhile including all relevant players in the world. CTA on ESFRI list, the construction of prototype telescopes has started. Construction of wide angle detector HAWC in Mexico (USA/Mexico) has started. China is planning a new high altitude air shower array (LHAASO).

· Gamma rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

· High energy neutrinos:
­ IceCube with its low-energy extension was completed in December 2010 and shows excellent performance. ­ 2 years smooth operation of ANTARES. KM3NeT TDR finalized. ­ Russian CDT for GVD

11.


A p P EC

The highest energies
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

... 69 Auger-Events with E > 55 EeV compared to density distribution of AGN

Spectral ,,cut-off" - GZK-Effect? -Source limitation? Composition ?
correlation with AGN decreased over years, significance ~constant.

Need higher statistics & better mass determination!
12.


A p P EC

Towards AugerNEXT
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Improve existing technologies · Develop new technologies (radio MHz, GHz) · Hybrid !

· New partners

JEM-EUSO

30,000 km²

Auger

HiRes AGASA

Telescope Array

Fly`s Eye

13.


A p P EC

Towards AugerNEXT
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Improve existing technologies · Develop new technologies (radio MHz, GHz) · Hybrid !

14.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ AMS detector launched. Hmmm.. Medium energies: Tunka-133 & IceTop completed, Auger LE extensions Anisotropy of TeV CR confirmed by ARGO/YBJ in 2008 and by IceCube in 2009. Auger firmly established the high-energy depression (GZK?) USA committees did not prioritize Auger North, US funding will not give funding to the Colorado site. Auger Collaboration concluded that a new proposal for a next generation observatory with full sky coverage and considerably enlarged area should be envisaged. This requires 3-5 years of preparation.
A huge number of new sources detected by H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS MAGIC-II started stereoscopic operation. CTA collaboration formed, meanwhile including all relevant players in the world. CTA on ESFRI list, the construction of prototype telescopes has started. Construction of wide angle detector HAWC in Mexico (USA/Mexico) has started. China is planning a new high altitude air shower array (LHAASO).

· Gamma rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

· High energy neutrinos:
­ IceCube with its low-energy extension was completed in December 2010 and shows excellent performance. ­ 2 years smooth operation of ANTARES. KM3NeT TDR finalized. ­ Russian CDT for GVD

15.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ AMS detector launched. Hmmm.. Medium energies: Tunka-133 & IceTop completed, Auger LE extensions Anisotropy of TeV CR confirmed by ARGO/YBJ in 2008 and by IceCube in 2009. Auger firmly established the high-energy depression (GZK?) USA committees did not prioritize Auger North, US funding will not give funding to the Colorado site. Auger Collaboration concluded that a new proposal for a next generation observatory with full sky coverage and considerably enlarged area should be envisaged. This requires 3-5 years of preparation.
A huge number of new sources detected by H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS MAGIC-II started stereoscopic operation. CTA collaboration formed, meanwhile including all relevant players in the world. CTA on ESFRI list, the construction of prototype telescopes has started. Construction of wide angle detector HAWC in Mexico (USA/Mexico) has started. China is planning a new high altitude air shower array (LHAASO).

· Gamma rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

· High energy neutrinos:
­ IceCube with its low-energy extension was completed in December 2010 and shows excellent performance. ­ 2 years smooth operation of ANTARES. KM3NeT TDR finalized. ­ Russian CDT for GVD

16.


A p P EC

The Cherenkov Telescope Array
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Compared to present telescopes
· · · · 10-times better sensitivity at 1 TeV Energy range extended to smaller and higher energies Better angular resolution Larger field of view ( extended sources)
17.

· Gamma astronomy with ~1000 sources, Search for dark matter, violation of Lorentz invariance, ...


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ AMS detector launched. Hmmm.. Medium energies: Tunka-133 & IceTop completed, Auger LE extensions Anisotropy of TeV CR confirmed by ARGO/YBJ in 2008 and by IceCube in 2009. Auger firmly established the high-energy depression (GZK?) USA committees did not prioritize Auger North, US funding will not give funding to the Colorado site. Auger Collaboration concluded that a new proposal for a next generation observatory with full sky coverage and considerably enlarged area should be envisaged. This requires 3-5 years of preparation.
A huge number of new sources detected by H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS MAGIC-II started stereoscopic operation. CTA collaboration formed, meanwhile including all relevant players in the world. CTA on ESFRI list, the construction of prototype telescopes has started. Construction of wide angle detector HAWC in Mexico (USA/Mexico) has started. China is planning a new high altitude air shower array (LHAASO).

· Gamma rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

· High energy neutrinos:
­ IceCube with its low-energy extension was completed in December 2010 and shows excellent performance. ­ 2 years smooth operation of ANTARES. KM3NeT TDR finalized. ­ Russian CDT for GVD

18.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Cosmic rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ AMS detector launched. Hmmm.. Medium energies: Tunka-133 & IceTop completed, Auger LE extensions Anisotropy of TeV CR confirmed by ARGO/YBJ in 2008 and by IceCube in 2009. Auger firmly established the high-energy depression (GZK?) USA committees did not prioritize Auger North, US funding will not give funding to the Colorado site. Auger Collaboration concluded that a new proposal for a next generation observatory with full sky coverage and considerably enlarged area should be envisaged. This requires 3-5 years of preparation.
A huge number of new sources detected by H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS MAGIC-II started stereoscopic operation. CTA collaboration formed, meanwhile including all relevant players in the world. CTA on ESFRI list, the construction of prototype telescopes has started. Construction of wide angle detector HAWC in Mexico (USA/Mexico) has started. China is planning a new high altitude air shower array (LHAASO).

· Gamma rays:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

· High energy neutrinos:
­ IceCube with its low-energy extension was completed in December 2010 and shows excellent performance. ­ 2 years smooth operation of ANTARES. KM3NeT TDR finalized. ­ Russian CDT for GVD

19.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

IceCube

· 2004: start of construction · 18.12.2010: Completion · Currently investigating: ­ DeepCore,,-I ­ DeepCore,,-II ­ IceCube++ ­ DM @ SP ­ Radio; ARA/RASTA

20.


A p P EC

A factor 1000 in 12 years!
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

IceCube-40 ANTARES

Northern sky Southern sky

2000

southern sky

northern sky

2012
21.


A p P EC

Diffuse Fluxes: a factor 1000 w.r.t. underground detectors
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

22.


A p P EC

Peering into the EeV region
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

23.


A p P EC

A Gigaton Volume Detector at Lake Baikal ?
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

NT200 + GVD prototype

1 km

GVD
24.


Season 2011: cable to shore, prototype detector


Ethernet

& 300


Ethernet 24

PC
SC 4p

30 0 Et he rn et

BS 4p

SC 4p

200+

200+

300

BS 4p



0 30

300



300

Ethernet-DSL 300 .
1 2 2 3

DSL 300 .

3





300
DS L 30 0

300
DS L 30 0



30 0

30 0







300 GROUND 1 GROUND 2

300 GROUND 1 GROUND 2





300 GROUND 1 GROUND 2



Ethernet 1 2 VD C RS485

CM
Ethernet 24



Ethernet 12VDC RS485

30 0

Ethernet 24



1

1
: RS-485

2
: RS-485

3
: RS-485

c
DATA: DSL

c
DATA: DSL

c
DATA: DSL 300

CM



Ethernet 1 2 VD C RS 485

DS L 30 0

CM
Ethernet 24

R7081

1

R 7081

1

XP1807

1

Prototype 2011

R 7081

R 7081

R7081

R8055

R 7081

R 7081

R7081

R 7081

R8055

R8055

R7081

R 7081

R7081

XP1807

XP1807

R7081

R 7081

R 8055

NT200

R7081

R 7081

R 8055

DSL 300

DSL 300

DSL 300


Ethernet 24 Ethernet 24


Ethernet 24


2

2

DSL 300

2

DSL 300

DSL 300


Ethernet 24 Ethernet 24


Ethernet 24


3

3

3


A p P EC

KM3NeT, GVD, IceCube++
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

KM3NeT, 2 km diameter
Threshold



(1TeV)

IceCube++

Lake Baikal

GVD
Threshold

IceCube
26.



(30TeV)


A p P EC

DeepCore extensions
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Phase-I:
~18 new strings, down to 1-2 GeV, matter oscillations

· Phase-II:
- Simulations - PMT & el. - Drilling ...

­ 50-100 new strings ­ SN from distant galaxies ? ­ Proton decay ???
27.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· Dark Matter:
­ XENON100, EDELWEISS and CDMS have improved sensitivity with a gradient which eventually appears to be as steep as optimistic extrapolations ten years ago suggested. ­ Construction of a 1ton XENON detector is under preparation.

· Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay:
­ GERDA-I in commissioning phase. ­ CUORE-0, the first CUORE tower, will be assembled and cooled down in 2011.

· Low energy neutrino astronomy:
­ BOREXINO: excellent performance, solar neutrinos but also geo-neutrinos, ­ The E7 design study LAGUNA is completed and the follow-up study LAGUNALBNO was positively evaluated.

· Gravitational Waves:
­ Advanced VIRGO and Advanced LIGO perform as a single antenna. Their advanced phase has been approved. ­ The E7 Design Study ET has been completed. ­ Worldwide effort to develop an array of ground interferometers (Europe, USA, Asia and Australia) demonstrated by the GWIC roadmap 28.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· There are a few large projects which need immediate and substantial funding,
­ be it that they have an impressing momentum which needs to be maintained; ­ that they enter a region with high discovery potential; that they go hand in hand with LHC physics; ­ that they are technologically ready and have a worldwide community behind them; ­ or, finally, that a delay of decision and funding could jeopardize or even definitely kill the project.

· In this spirit, we prioritize the following projects for immediate funding, and urge the agencies to join their forces for an effective, substantial support:
29.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

·

Advanced detectors for gravitational waves:
­ ­ ­ GW detection would be centennial discovery ­ a really new window to the Universe With advanced VIRGO, advanced LIGO and GEO-HF, a discovery in 5 years is highly probable. We urge the agencies to continue substantially supporting the advanced detectors. VHE gamma ray astronomy is most advanced front of research exploring the HE sky. CTA is the clear worldwide priority project. Proven technological feasibility + high speed towards prototyping. We recommend to design and to prototype CTA, to select site(s), and to proceed vigorously towards start of deployment in 2014. Unique window of opportunity to extend the present underground LSM. New lab with of 60000 m¨ could host EURECA, DARWIN, SuperNEMO... which do not fit in the available space of existing underground labs in Europe. We strongly recommend the timely support for this infrastructure. One of the most fundamental problems in physics and cosmology. Relations to LHC ! SUSY-WIMP dark matter hypothesis will be proven or disproven within the next 5-10 years. Dramatic progress of the liquid-xenon technology over the past 2-3 years defines a high momentum which must be maintained. We support straightly progressing towards the XENON1t (2014/15). We also strongly recommend that DARWIN, a program to further extend the target mass of noble liquids to several tons, is pursued and supported. Bolometric techniques still competitive. We also recommend supporting the development of EURECA (1 ton).

·

CTA:
­ ­ ­ ­

·

Extension of the Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM):
­ ­ ­

·

Dark Matter:
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

30.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

·

Auger:
­ ­ ­ ­

AugerNEXT (or whatever the name will be)

new detection technologies Site search New partners We reiterate the definition of a substantially enlarged ground-based observatory as the priority project of high energy cosmic ray physics. We recommend that European groups play a significant role in preparing a proposal for this Observatory within the next 3-5 years, and, after its approval, make a significant contribution to construction and operation. In this scenario, construction could start in 2016, with a cost scale of 100-150 M and with a substantial contribution from Europe.

·

KM3NeT:
­ ­ ­

technical proposal.

Northern neutrino telescope must have a substantially larger sensitivity than IceCube. It also must include final site and design decisions. The scientific case for a neutrino detector in the Northern hemisphere, with a substantially larger sensitivity than IceCube, remains unchanged, although conditions on the necessary sensitivity tighten with time. Resources should be pooled in a single optimized design for a large research infrastructure, with a start of construction in 2014. Costs, essentially from Europe, are estimated as 250 M (where a staged approach is possible).

·

LAGUNA:
­ ­ ­

Laguna-LBNO

Scientific goals are both broad and ambitious. They combine high-risk research addressing most fundamental questions of physics with exciting "guaranteed physics" and the chance to meet the next galactic supernova and exploit it as a bonanza for new physics and astrophysics. There are possible sites in Europe that could host such experiments. The committee recommends that the study be pursued with LAGUNA-LBNO focusing on detector designs to lead to a better understanding of the costs of the various detector technology options and on the prospects for a new long baseline neutrino beam from CERN. Coming measurements (or upper limits) for 13 at reactors and accelerators will provide a necessary input for any LAGUNA option including accelerator beams. We recommend that programs with and without a new neutrino beam are considered, in order to preserve possible science opportunities. In addition, due to the high cost and long development time necessary to realize this program, the committee recommends that it be pursued in a global context. The LAGUNA cost scale ranges from 350-700 M, depending on site and type of detector. The envisaged start of construction is 2015/16.

31.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· The presently conceived start of construction of all three projects is between 2014 and 2016. · It seems likely that this does not fit into a realistic funding scheme. · From a physics point of view, a LAGUNA detector ranks highest, the project has a high momentum, but it also has by far the highest cost and is pursued also in USA (water and argon) and Japan (water). · We therefore consider a prioritization at the present time problematic. Vice versa, we would support a strategy to search for funding windows for all three projects ­ in Europe and worldwide ­ and push anyone of these projects as soon as such a window appears.
32.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

MEMPHYS
700 kton water

LENA
50 kt scintillator

50 m

GLACIER
100 kton liquid argon 33.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

LENA
· · · · 50 kt liquid scintillator height: 100 m PyhÄsalmi mine, Finland Cost ~ 350 M
White Paper on arXiv
Among authors J. BlÝmer, KIT R. Nahnhauer, C. Spiering, DESY G. Domogatsky, INR Letter of Intent planned for end 2011

· SN in CG: ~ 20,000 · Solar : ~10,000 per year · p-decay, 10 years: p > 41034 yrs

· SN-relic neutrinos cosmology
· Geo-neutrinos: thermal regime crust & mantel · Atmospheric neutrinos + acc. beam: long baseline operation, CP violation in lepton sector

34.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

LENA
· · · · 50 kt liquid scintillator height: 100 m PyhÄsalmi mine, Finland Cost ~ 350 M Can a 5 kt liquid scint. detector in Russia play a competitive role for some of these points?

· SN in CG: ~ 20,000 · Solar : ~10,000 per year · p-decay, 10 years: p > 41034 yrs

· SN-relic neutrinos cosmology
· Geo-neutrinos: thermal regime crust & mantel · Atmospheric neutrinos + acc. beam: long baseline operation, CP violation in lepton sector

35.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· E.T. and LISA:
­ Acknowledge the progress of the E.T. Design Study. ­ Propose an ASPERA call for related R&D. From todays perspective E.T. construction would start at the end of the decade. ­ Look forward to the results of LISA-Pathfinder and renew strong support for LISA.
­

· Emphasize enormous importance of smaller projects and R&D activities for the progress of our field. Astroparticle physics would not be where it is now without the continuous spirit of innovation which is so characteristic for our field. Clearly, the field has reached a phase where concentration of funding to a few huge-scale projects is inevitable, but also clearly, a portion of the order of 25% must be available for small and new projects. In contrast to the Mega-projects, this can often be solved on a national level.

· Support also the intense efforts which are going on to define the strategy for a winning 1-ton-isotope double-beta-decay experiment, capable to explore fully the inverted hierarchy region of the neutrino mass pattern.
· Encouragement to seek the cooperation with communities from applied science, not only for the benefit of the results for applied science, but also to broaden the scientific community behind the huge projects of astroparticle physics.
36.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

·

Galactic Cosmic Rays: We reiterate the suggestion of the 2006 roadmap, that efforts be directed to achieve an overlap between present direct and air shower detection methods in order to get a better understanding on the mass composition and spectral hardening of cosmic rays. This goal may be pursued with large-aperture, long duration flight missions above the atmosphere (balloons/satellites) and by ground detectors with adequate particle identification at the highest altitudes (100 TeV-PeV). The existing experiments IceTop, TUNKA-133 and the low energy Auger extensions (AMIGA/HEAT/AERA) should be exploited. This includes close cooperation with the particle physics community, in particular with respect to LHC results. Cosmic rays at highest energies: We reiterate the definition of a substantially enlarged ground-based observatory as the priority project of high energy cosmic ray physics ­ wherever it will be deployed. We encourage the collaboration to work towards a common path for such a "large observatory" including the development of new detection technologies. We recommend that European groups play a significant role in preparing a proposal for such an observatory, and, after its approval, make a significant contribution to construction and operation. We also support European participation in JEM-EUSO as pathfinder for a novel technology. We encourage cross coordination between the two collaborations.

·

37.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

Gamma Rays:
­ The Cherenkov Telescope Array, CTA, is the clear worldwide priority project of VHE gamma-ray astrophysics. We recommend to design and to prototype CTA, to select site(s), and to proceed vigorously towards start of deployment in 2013. ­ We strongly recommend that the various funding agencies work together to secure the required funds for the construction and operation of CTA. ­ The current IACTs should continue to take data until CTA has superior sensitivity and sky coverage.
38.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

SCORE

· ,,New old" technology
· Testbeds:
­ Tunka valley Siberia *, together with Tunka-133 ­ Argentina, together with Auger

· possible UHE extension for CTA
39.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

·

HAWC (22000 m² area water pool at 4100 m altitude).
­ Will be a real breakthrough ­ it will map the Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission above 1 TeV, will perform an unbiased sky survey with a detection threshold of ~30 mCrab in two years, enabling the monitoring of known sources and the discovery of new classes of diffuse and point-like TeV gamma ray sources. The claim is that HAWC, in one year, will be more sensitive at energies above ~6 TeV in its entire field of view than existing IACTs with 50 hours of observation on a point source. HAWC would also be sensitive to transient phenomena (an AGN flare 5 times the flux of the Crab in 10 minutes). Both HAWC and CTA will profit from a close cooperation..

·

LHAASO(1 km² area, hybrid array ­ IACTs, water pools, scintillation detectors and fluorescence telescopes).
­ Addresses galactic cosmic ray studies up to 1018 eV and wide angle gamma-ray astronomy. It is envisaged to be located at high altitude in Tibet/China. The large area and the high degree of hybridisation promise important contributions for the highest energies. The collaboration is forming, however no Europeans participate as yet. In addition, there are efforts for large-area wide-angle gamma-ray and cosmic-ray detectors sensitive to gamma-rays above 10 TeV and cosmic rays above 100 TeV, e.g. SCORE (Study for a Cosmic ORigin Explorer), which is a proposed project sensitive to gamma-rays above 10 TeV and cosmic rays above 100 TeV.

·

SCORE (1 km² large area PMTs)
­

·

The wide angle-devices are also excellent cosmic-ray detectors in the energy range from 100 TeV to 1 EeV. The corresponding center-of-mass energies (1.7 TeV to 170 TeV) of the interactions of the cosmic-rays with air overlap fully with the LHC energy range and extend well beyond the energies that can be reached by accelerators on Earth.
40.


A p P EC
Astropar ticle Physics for Europe

· May 23/24: finish draft for submission to ASPERA Governing Board · After approval: circulate in community · Finalize Roadmap text until end of summer · Town Meeting in Paris, end of the 2011 Roadmap Process · Input to CERN strategy process (2012)
41.