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. XXIII. .

Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia

2014. N 3
contents

PLENARY LECTURES

HUMANS ARE NOT COOPERATIVE BREEDERS BUT PRACTICE BIOCULTURAL
REPRODUCTION (p. 15)
Bogin Barry1, Bragg Jared2, Kuzawa Christopher2
1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough
University, Loughborough, UK
2Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

Alloparental care and feeding of young is often called 'cooperative
breeding' and humans are increasingly described as being a cooperative
breeding species. We critically evaluate whether the human offspring care
system is best grouped with that of other cooperative breeders. We find
that human reproduction and offspring care are distinct from other species
because alloparental behaviour is defined culturally rather than by genetic
kinship alone. This system allows local flexibility in provisioning
strategies and ensures that care and resources often flow between unrelated
individuals. This study proposes the term "biocultural reproduction" to
describe this unique human reproductive system. Human biocultural
reproduction lowers the lifetime reproductive effort of individual women by
14-29% compared to expectations based upon other mammals. This efficiency
could help explain lifespan extension beyond menopause. There are risks and
trade-offs from the evolution of biocultural reproduction, including
childhood neglect, social brain malfunction, and diseases of aging.
Key words: alloparenting, human life history, childhood, lifetime
reproductive effort, longevity


Global growth charts: new concepts of generating national and regional
references for height, weight, and BMI from 0-18 years (p. 15)
Hermanussen Michael1, Karol Stec2, van Buuren S.3, Meigen C.4
1Aschauhof, Altenhof, Germany
2University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology,
Bioinformatics Group, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
3TNO Prevention and Health, LEIDEN, The Netherlands
4Deutsches Zentrum fr Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn, Germany

Background: The world-wide variation in human growth has long been
documented. The present work was undertaken to re-analyse the between-
population variance in growth, and to provide a globally applicable
technique for generating growth references. Material and methods: We meta-
analyzed 196 female and 197 male growth studies published since 1831 using
Preece-Baines analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Maximum
Likelihood Principle (MLP) for non-linear optimization was used to generate
synthetic growth references for any desired population. Results: PCA
revealed five components that explain 98.4% of the between-study variance
in mean height, 99.2% of this variance in mean weight, and 93% (females)
and 94% (males) of this variance in mean BMI. Combining PCA and MLP
improves generating synthetic growth references, with average residuals for
mean height of 0.92 cm when registering at 2 age groups, and 0.45 cm when
registering at 5 age groups. Conclusion: PCA provides global descriptions
of height, weight and BMI for the full age range (0-18 years). Combining
PCA and MLP can be used for plausibility checks in growth investigations,
and for generating synthetic growth references for any population that
lacks autochthonous growth references, e.g. modern African populations,
migrants, or ethnic minorities.
Key words: auxology, growth studies, meta-analysis, national and
regional references, synthetic growth charts, 0-18 age range

CRANIOMETRY OF THE BRONZE AGE STEPPE POPULATIONS OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA
AND UKRAINE (WITH REFERENCE TO THE INDO-EUROPEAN PROBLEM) (p. 16)
Kozintsev Alexander
Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Archaeological and linguistic data suggest that Chalcolithic and
Bronze Age inhabitants of the Russian and Ukrainian steppes were mostly
Indo-Europeans. Which of the theories concerning the Indo-European (IE)
homeland - "Kurgan", Central/Western European (WE) or Anatolian - shows a
better agreement with the cranial evidence? What can cranial data tell us
about the dispersal of filial IE groups such as Indo-Aryans and Iranians?
My database includes more than 250 male cranial series. Measurements were
processed using canonical variate analysis and Mahalanobis distance.
Most Early and Middle Bronze Age series (all Pit-Grave and 20 of 22
Catacomb as well as Poltavka and Potapovka) are closer to the pooled local
Chalcolithic (Sredni Stog and Khvalynsk) group than to the pooled
Chalcolithic and Bronze Age groups either from CWE or the Near East,
indicating population continuity in the steppes but, in contrast to what
most EU homeland theories predict, few migrations either to or from the
steppes. Exceptions are Maikop, Kemi-Oba, Tamar-Utkul, two early Catacomb,
Babino, and one Sintashta group. They are closer to the pooled Near Eastern
series than to the steppe Chalcolithic. Three early Catacomb groups and
Babino deviate also toward the pooled CWE series.
A more detailed analysis reveals CWE parallels to certain Pit-Grave
and Catacomb series. An especially close analogy is the Ostorf group,
northern Germany, representing the Tiefstichkeramik variant of the Funnel
Beaker Culture, which may be proto-EU. Apart from steppe parallels, this
group has a geographically remote parallel in Central Asia - the Bronze Age
Okunev group from Aimyrlyg, Tuva, which also resembles certain Pit-Grave
and Catacomb people. This might evidence a long-distance eastward migration
of Indo-Iranians along the steppes. The Aimyrlyg skeletons, like the
Xinjiang mummies, possibly mark the easternmost reaches of that migration.
Among the later (Early Iron Age) people, the Aimyrlyg population is very
similar to European steppe Scythians, supporting the archaeological theory
of their Central Asian origin. If this theory is correct, then Scythians
may have acquired their Iranian language not from their predecessors in the
steppes - the Timber-Grave people - but from an early group of Iranian
migrants from Europe to Central Asia.
Key words: Indo-Europeans, indo-european homeland, indo-european
migrations, Indo-Iranians, Aryans, Iranians, Scythians, physical
anthropology, craniometry

GENETICS, GENOMICS AND METABOLOMICS OF HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION (p. 16)
Livshits Gregory
Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and
Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Division of Genetics
and Molecular Medicine, KCL, UK

A chronic degenerative disease is a disease in which irreversible
degenerative changes occur in the affected anatomical structure(s) and/or
physiological function(s) and which progressively deteriorate over time.
This disease may affect virtually any organs' system and function,
including body composition, which will be in the focus of the present talk.
Basically, body composition components include lean, fat and bone body
mass. All three components are highly important for normal physiology and
metabolism, and deviations from normal values are often associated with
various pathological conditions. They include age related loss of muscle
and bone mass (sarcopenia and osteoporosis respectively). However, despite
extremely high incidence of both these conditions in the developed
countries, often considered as new epidemics, and well established major
contribution of the genetic factors, identification of the specific genetic
polymorphisms is far from the completion. Huge effort is now invested in
study of various candidate genes and potential specific polymorphisms
selected from functional genomic data-bases and implementing bioinformatics
tools. Numerous whole genome linkage and currently association studies
identifying hundreds of new suggestive polymorphisms and dozens of new
genes are also waiting for approval from the same sources of functional
genomics. These results if confirmed could be of considerable basic
scientific and clinical significance, in particular for the personalized
medicine. The present talk will illustrate this status of affairs in our
research, focused on bone strength/fragility and sarcopenia related
phenotypes. In particular, this presentation will show the main results of
our research implementing modern "omics" methods including whole genome and
metabolome studies to identify specific genetic factors and endogenous
molecules associated with muscle mass and sarcopenia related phenotypes in
general population. I will present some selected results of the GWAS and
functional genomics analysis of the muscle mass variation obtained in
largest up-to-date international consortium.
Key words: muscle mass, BMD, GWAS, candidate genes, association
analysis

Epidemiological and Nutrition transition: the double burden of
malnutrition (p. 17)
Mascie-Taylor Christopher Guy Nicholas
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge,
UK

The theory of the epidemiological transition focuses on the complex
changes in patterns of nutrition, health and disease and on the
interactions between these patterns and their demographical, economical and
sociological determinants and consequences. The theory was first put
forward by Abdel R. Omran based on his analyses and comparisons of
mortality patterns.
The Epidemiological Transition is obviously linked to demographic and
nutrition transitions. As far as nutrition is concerned changes in dietary
and physical activity patterns are partly responsible for the secular trend
in average stature and alterations in body composition. However many modern
societies have a diet high in saturated fat, sugar, and refined foods and
low in fibre (this diet is often referred to as the "Western diet") and
this diet is associated with high levels of pre-obesity and obesity as well
as increased risk of chronic and degenerative diseases e.g. diabetes.
Many countries are suffering from both undernutrition as well as
overnutrition (i.e. the double burden of malnutrition).
This paper reviews these concepts and considers how aid programmes can
impact on these transitions.
Key words: Epidemiological Transition, demography, malnutrition,
undernutrition, overnutrition


MITOCHONDRIAL PSEUDOGENES, GENE FLOW AMONG AFRICAN HOMININS AND HOMO
HEIDELBERGENSIS (p. 18)
Ovchinnikov Igor
Department of Biology and Forensic Science Program, University of
North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA

Mitochondrial pseudogenes or nuclear DNA sequences of mitochondrial
origin (numts) represent the fossils of vanished mtDNA molecules. Recent
numt sequences have been inserted into the human nuclear genome after the
reproductive separation of the hominin and chimpanzee lineages. In 2010 I
characterized a 5841-bp numt on the human chromosome 1p36.33, called
mtAncestor-1, and made a conclusion that it is likely to be a molecular
relic of the mtDNA of Homo heidelbergensis. MtAncestor-1 was transferred
into the nuclear genome of a common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern
humans approximately 620,000 (440,000-820,000) years ago. In 2010 and 2014
the mtDNA sequences were published from the hominin remains found in
Denisova Cave (Siberia, Russia) and Sima de los Huesos (SH) Cave (northern
Spain). Phylogenetic analysis placed both sequences in the same group as
mtAncestor-1 with a strong statistical support. This group diverged 840,000
(610,000-1,100,000) years ago from another cluster composing of the modern
human and Neanderthal mtDNA sequences. The subsequent divergence of the
human and Neanderthal mtDNAs starting 450,000 (320,000-600,000) years ago
as well as the evolutionary radiation of the heidelbergensis-like
(mtAncestor-1, Denisova and SH) mtDNAs approximately 570,000 (390,000-
790,000) years ago demonstrated a deep division of mtDNA lineages that
existed among African hominins in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene. The
transposition of the heidelbergensis-like mtDNA to the modern human and
Neanderthal nuclear genomes provided for the first time the genetic
evidence of gene flow from one African hominin group to another. This mtDNA
illustrates the evolutionary connections between the African H.
heidelbergensis, the Denisova and SH hominins of Eurasia, and the ancestral
African population of modern humans and Neanderthals. Assuming that the SH
hominins belonged to the Neanderthal lineage, it is plausible to suggest
the broad distribution of the heidelbergensis-like mtDNA outside Africa
among the Eurasian hominins, including the daughter lineages of H.
heidelbergensis and the primitive forms of Neanderthals. Hence, this type
of mtDNA cannot serve as an evolutionary marker identifying new hominins in
Eurasia in the absence of their remains. Instead, the ancient genome data
should be considered in conjunction with paleoanthropological record.
Key words: mitochondrial pseudogenes, mtAncestor-1, Homo
heidelbergensis, mtDNA, gene flow


Section AGEING and SENESCENCE

FINE MOTOR SKILLS OF A HAND IN POLISH AND CZECH FEMALE SENIORS LIVING
DIVERSIFIED LIFESTYLE (p. 19)
Ignasiak Z.2, P?idalov M.3, Skrzek A.1, Sebastjan A.2, Harskov D.3,
Fugiel J.2, S?awi?ska T.2, Ro?ek K.1
1Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in
Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Polan
2Faculty of Physical Education, University School of Physical
Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
3Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack University in Olomouc, Olomouc,
Czech Republic

Involution as physiological and multi aspect changes in human body,
can worsen the functioning of the elderly. Those changes concern not only
the deterioration of motor performance, but influence also other body parts
and by that they may cause self-care problems. Weakening of hand
performance may be a result of a sarcopenia, the decline of strength and
endurance or changes in the peripheral nervous system, such as a reduction
in nerve conduction velocity, sensory perception or excitation coupling and
contraction of motor units. Involution changes also cause minor
disturbances of movement, handling and the eye-hand coordination. These
factors may affect elder people daily activities, self-care, and thus
result in considerable independence loss. The aim of this study was to
analyze the involutional changes in the field of precise motor skills of a
hand in older women living in different environmental conditions. There
were 486 women included in the study, aged over 60 years recruited in
Poland and Czech Republic. Research in Poland was part of the research
project # N N404 MNiSzW 075337 at the Academy of Physical Education in
Wroclaw, study in the Czech Republic was a part of the research project MSM
6198959221 at University in Olomouc. Both projects were approved by the
Ethics Committee for Scientific Research. The measurement was conducted,
using the Vienna test system. Aim, hands shaking, precision and speed of
movements of arms and hands, dexterity of hands and fingers, the speed of
the wrist and fingers were investigated The best results in coordination
and movement of hands has been observed in women from Universities of the
Third Age in Poland. It is very probable that it is effect of physical
activity programs realised by these institutions. The study confirmed
involutional changes in the analyzed precise motor movements of the upper
limbs in all groups of older women. These changes were the greatest in the
group of seniors presenting non active lifestyle, which indicates the
important role of prevention programs in gerontology.
Key words: fine motor skills, involution, seniors, Vienna test system

VARIABILITY OF BODY CONTENT PARAMETERS AS AN INDICATOR OF BIOLOGICAL
AGE IN HUMANS: INTRA- AND INTER-GROUP ASPECTS (p. 20)
Lapshina Natalia, Negasheva Marina
Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Biological age assessment is a commonly used method for investigation
of ageing processes in contemporary populations. In our study, we have used
the method suggested by Gorelkin A.G. and Pinkhasov B.B. (2008) based on
parameters of the stature, with the help of which, using the multiple
regression equation, individual determination of the biological age and
ageing rates in men and women can be performed. Anthropometric examination
(total body sizes and body mass components) of 423 people (239 men and 184
women) at the age from 52 to 104 years old has been carried out in the
three cities (Moscow, Barnaul, Tiraspol) with different ecological and
socioeconomic conditions. Moscow is a megalopolis with population density
maximal for Russia (more than 11.5 mln people). Barnaul is an
administrative and scientific (research, medical, educational) center of
Altai Region, one of the largest Siberian cities (633,000 people). Tiraspol
is a capital of Trans-Dniester Moldavian Republic (in the south-east of
Europe) with the population about 156,000 people. When biological age
parameters (BA) were compared with the calendar age (CA), groups with
slowed (BA < CA - 7 years), medium (BA = CA 7) and accelerated (BA > CA +
7) ageing rates have been detected in the examined subjects. In women and
men with the slowed ageing rates, lower values of body mass index (BMI),
decreased amount of total body mass and higher level of specific metabolism
(kcal/m) have been seen. Fat accumulation in the area of hips is more
characteristic for women (based on the ratio of waist/hips circumferences),
and for men - on the trunk. All long-livers (36 women) appeared in the
group with slowed ageing rates in accordance with their stature and based
on biological age. In the group with accelerated ageing rates, disharmonic
variants of fat topography have been observed: for women - android, for men
- gynoid. Regional differences in the distribution of prevalence of
different versions of ageing rates have been revealed: in Moscow, a slowed
variant of development of involution age-specific changes is the most
common (both in men and women). The study has been performed at financial
support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant #12-06-00265.
Key words: stature, body composition, biological age, ageing rates,
long-livers

ALLOSTATIC LOAD AND FRAILTY MEASURES AMONG POLISH URBAN AND RURAL 55+
SUBJECTS (p. 20)
Nowaczyk Paulina Malgorzata1, Wozniewicz Malgorzata1, Jeszka Jan1,
Crews Douglas E.2, Sone Yoshiaki3
1Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life
Sciences, Poznan, Poland
2Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
3Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka,
Japan

During life span human body is exposed to numerous stressors, which
force changes in internal environment, in order to adapt to present
conditions. Allostatic load concept was created to measure the cumulative
effect of those stressors on the body. The aim of the study was to compare
allostatic load (AL) and indicators of frailty between urban and rural
elderly from Greater Poland province. In all 216 female and male
individuals aged 55 years were enrolled into the study. To determine AL
following variables were measured: WHR, diastolic and systolic blood
pressure, ratio of total to LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glycated
hemoglobin, serum dihydroepiandosterone-sulfate, overnight urinary
cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Measures of frailty included time
to walk 15 feet and maximal grip strength. Results were analyzed and
compared between eight groups according to: place of residence, gender and
age subgroups. In general, rural elderly were characterized by higher AL
values compared to their urban peers, and males had greater AL values
compared to females. Significant gender-related differences were noted
among rural individuals (55-69 years: 3.43 males vs 2.18 females; 70
years: 2.88 males vs 2.52 females). It was observed that younger urban and
rural females had lower AL values compared to their older peers, opposite
relation was noted in case of male participants. It was noted that rural
females in both age subgroups had significantly stronger hand grip then
urban peers. However, rural females needed more time to walk 15 feet
compared to urban females. No age- or place of residence-differences in
grip strength and time to walk 15 feet were found in case of males. To
conclude, conditions of life and exposure to external stressors seemed to
vary in a great extent between females and males from rural area, but not
urban area. Differences in physical performance due to the place of
residence were pronounced only in studied females.
Key words: allostatic load, frailty, Polish elderly, urban, rural
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS BY USING SENIOR FITNESS TEST AND THE
ANALYSIS OF BODY COMPOSITION IN SENIOR WOMEN OF U3V (p. 21)
Podzimkov Tereza, P?idalov Miroslava, Sbrov Lucie
Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical
Culture, Palack University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Optimal physical fitness is an important factor which limits the
progression of senior fragility and contributes to the prevention of falls.
Body composition, together with the optimal growth of muscle strength and
bone density, contribute to the prophylaxis of senior fragility and
accident prevention for seniors. The research group consisted of senior
women attending University of the Third Age at the Faculty of Physical
Culture of Palacky University in Olomouc. The research sample was divided
into groups according to age ( 60 years; > 60 years). Physical fitness was
assessed by a set of "Senior Fitness Test", which includes six tests: chair
and stand test, arm curl test, step test, chair sit and reach test, back
scratch test and walk test. Muscle strength was evaluated in the flexors of
the arm, forearm and hand by digital pinch grip (MIE Medical Research).
Body composition was determined according to the method of bioelectrical
impedance by InBody 720. Out of the characteristics of body composition,
the health indicators of obesity will primarily be used for evaluation of
the health risks - Body Fat Mass (kg), Body Fat Mass Index (kg/m2), Fat
Free Mass (kg), Fat Free Mass Index (kg/m2), Skeletal Muscle Mass (kg),
Body Cell Mass (kg) and the amount of visceral fat (cm2) indicative of the
risk of abdominal obesity. Bone density was determined at the heel and
wrist area by local densitometer (EXA 3000). Visceral fat in the younger
group of women was on average lower than in the older women, but both
groups exceeded the value of risk (100 cm2). Values in amount of Body Fat
and Fat Free Mass between the groups did not differ significantly. In
Senior Fitness Test, both groups of women achieved similar results, the
difference was significant only in step test (better results in the older
group), and in walk test (better results in the younger one).
Key words: senior population over 60 years, body fat mass, fat free
mass, senior fitness test, bone mineral density, maximum muscle strength,
risk of falls
CHANGES OF THE GENERAL BONE STATUS IN THE MENOPAUSE TRANSITION (p. 22)
Utczas Katinka, Zskai Annamria, Bodzsr va
Department of Biological Anthropology, Etvs Lornd University,
Budapest, Hungary

The purpose of the research was to study the relationship between the
menopausal status (estimated by the reproductive and menstrual history as
well as the level of female sex hormones) and the general bone status
(characterized by bone structure and bone mass) in Hungarian women. A
random sample of 2602 Hungarian women (aged 40-65 years) was to be enrolled
in the study between 2011 and 2013. By considering the reproductive and
menstrual history subjects were divided into premenopausal, early
perimenopausal, late perimenopausal and postmenopausal subgroups. In a
subsample of 150 subjects salivary estrogen and progesterone levels were
determined by 17 beta-Estradiol Saliva Elisa and Progesterone ELISA
immunoassays. Bone mass was estimated by Drinkwater-Ross four-component
method. The bone SOS and BUA bone structural parameters were assessed by
using the DTU-one osteometer. Hypotheses were tested at the 5% level of
random error. By comparing the menopausal status estimation methods in the
studied subsample, the reproductive and menstrual history was found to be a
more reliable estimator of the menopausal status than the sex hormone
levels (that are having considerable daily fluctuation also in a normal
menstrual cycle) determination. Former epidemiological studies suggest that
the menopause transition is associated with significant changes in bone
structure. Our results evidenced these significant changes in body
structure by reproductive ageing in women, but an important shift between
the changes in bone mass and the bone structural parameters (SOS and BUA)
was found. This could imply that (1) bone system changes not only in its
absolute mass, but also in its structure in the perimenopausal period, and
(2) the onset of these bone structural changes in the skeletal system and
the intensity of these changes differ in the menopause transition. In
general, the earlier onset of menopause the more pronounced changes were
found in these trends of bone structure by reproductive ageing. The study
was supported by the Hungarian National Foundation for Science (OTKA grant
K83966).
Key words: menopause, body structure, bone mass; Hungarian women

PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATION ASSOCIATED WITH FRAILTY AMONG OLDER RESIDENTS
OF HIGHER ALTITUDE VILLAGES OF THE SEL?KA VALLEY (p. 22)
Vidovi? Maru?ka1, Sharron Genevieve2, Crews Douglas2
1National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
2The Ohio State University, Department of Anthropology, Columbus,
Ohio, USA

Frailty is the multi-system dysregulation following multiple life
stressors that is associated with age and increases an individual's
vulnerability to negative health effects (Fried et al 2001). One of the
most critical questions frailty research seeks to answer is to what extent
biocultural variables predict frailty. In the model employed in this paper,
endogenous variables that individuals cannot control, such as age and sex,
affect exogenous variables that are a result of individuals' lifestyles
(Fried et al., 2001). These variables then affect frailty, as assessed by a
five-factor frailty index developed by Fried et al. (2001) and Walston
(2005). Previous research that also employed this index studied mostly
North American populations and found associations between education level,
age, sex, prevalence of certain diseases and levels of frailty (Fried et
al., 2001, Walston, 2005). This paper broadens the range of variables
studied, and expands the demographic and cultural scope of frailty research
by applying the frailty index to a geographically isolated Slovenian
population. Data were obtained from 40 participants aged 55 years and older
during fieldwork in 2008 and 2009 in the Selska Valley, Slovenia. Of
participants, 26 were women (ages 59-86) and 14 men (ages 57-82). Self-
report data and physical assessments were recorded for each individual. We
used linear regression to explore associations between frailty and these
variables. Significant associations (p=0.05) were found between frailty and
age, being female, height, length of residence in the village, self-reports
of negative health effects including poor overall health, feeling tired,
and negative future health expectations. When effects of age and sex were
controlled, significant associations were again found between frailty and
multiple self-reports of poor health and painful or reduced activity level.
In conclusion, this paper explores possible interactions of lifestyle
factors and frailty across cultures and calls for further cross-cultural
frailty research.
Key words: physiological variation, frailty, old people, Sel?ka
valley, Slovenia
REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY IN RELATION TO FATNESS IN THE MENOPAUSE
TRANSITION (p. 23)
Zskai Annamria, Bodzsr va
Department of Biological Anthropology, Etvs Lornd University,
Budapest, Hungary

The occurrence and the timing of the reproduction-related events, as
menarche and menopause, as well as the characteristics of menstrual cycles
and reproductive life, as gestations, lactation, child-caring behaviour,
etc. are mainly controlled by the neuroendocrine system. The progressive
and regressive changes of the neuroendocrine system through the female life
cycle contribute not only to the age-changes of the reproductive system and
reproductive behaviour but also to considerable changes of the female body
structure. The importance of studying the relationship between the
reproductive variables (age at menopause, characteristics of menstrual
cycles, fertility) is increasing nowadays, since (1) many diseases (e.g.,
obesity, cardiovascular disorders, breast, ovarian and uterine cancers,
etc.) seem to be related to the characteristics of reproductive life and
(2) the increasing knowledge about this complex relationship could help to
improve the effectiveness of the health prevention programs. The main
purpose of the present analysis was to analyze (1) the relationship among
some indicators of reproductive history in women (aged 40-65 ys), and (2)
the reproductive variables in relation to the characteristics of fatness
indicators (fat mass and its distribution) in the menopause transition.
Data on the age at menarche and menopause, the pattern and regularity of
menstrual cycles before and during menopause, the number and timing of
pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, the
regularity of menstruation, gynaecological or obstetric problems and
contraceptive usage were collected by questionnaires. Salivary progesterone
and estrogen (as 17beta-estradiol) levels were assayed using IBL ELISA
kits. Subjects were divided into premenopausal, early and late
perimenopausal as well as postmenopausal subgroups on the basis of the
menstrual cycle characteristics and sexual hormone levels. The main results
of the present analysis of the relationship between the reproductive
factors and fatness indicators during the menopause transition revealed
that (1) age at menarche did not show any association with subsequent
fatness, nor did age at menopause; and (2) parity, menopausal status and
the age at menopause were associated with the fatness indicators. The study
was supported by the Hungarian National Foundation for Science (OTKA grant
K83966).
Key word: menopause, menarche, body fatness, Hungarian women

Section APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPATIAL POSITION OF THE TORSO, PELVIS AND FOOT
IN THE MALE ELITE ATHLETES OF DIFFERENT SPORTS (p. 24)
Abramova Tamara1, Nikitina Tatjana1, Kochetkova Natalja1, Giljarova
Olga1,2
1Federal Scientific Centre of Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow,
Russia
2Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Characteristics of the musculoskeletal system in 231 elite male
athletes from 11 Olympic sports, age of 19-36 were investigated. The
purpose of research is to study type-specific traits of the spatial
position of torso, pelvis and foot in elite athletes men specializing in
different kinds of sport with the use of modern quantitative methods. The
methods included computer optical topography (1994, Novosibirsk). Disorders
of orientation and shape of the body sagittal, front and horizontal planes,
the frequency of local deviations in posture from the norm were determined.
Characteristics of the position and arch of the foot were determined by a
computer complex "Diasled-Scan". The type-specific risks of incorrect
posture and foot related to sports specialization were identified. It was
shown that the deviation of the spatial orientation and shape of the body,
the position of the foot setting were correlated under the intense muscular
activity; they have an influence on the increase of the evolutionarily
formed functional asymmetry in humans, aggravated by strenuous physical
activity. Main motor stereotype, in a long-accented training process, forms
a specific muscle profile with the imbalance of the paired torso muscle
groups, and the agonists-antagonists muscles of the lower limbs and trunk.
Most general and essential posture indicators in the total subpopulation of
athletes are the round or round-shouldered back, a left-side curvature of
the spine in chest department and a right-hand twisting of a trunk towards
pelvis. Common positions of violations are supplemented with the type-
specific changes, particularly in sports, both "symmetric", and
"asymmetric" in terms of biomechanics of the competitive exercise: archery,
cross-country skiing, biathlon, curling. Positional settings stop athletes
characterized mainly by valgus-varus of the left-right asymmetry from a
greater support on the left foot that is a direct projection of the left-
hand shift of the spinal processes with right-to-torso twisting.
Key words: musculoskeletal system, posture, foot, elite athletes
THE CHALLENGES OF THE EXCAVATION PROCESS OF WELLS USED AS BURIAL
FEATURES IN CYPRUS. DEALING WITH THE RECOVERY OF HUMAN REMAINS (p. 24)
Baranhan Gulseren, Hartsioti Sophia
Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus, "Bi-Communal Forensic Team",
Cyprus

The principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate the challenges
of locating, excavating and recovering human remains from wells, one of the
most common burial features that the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus
(CMP) is dealing with. The frequency of burials in wells can be explained
by the little amount of time and effort needed in burying the bodies since
they already exist and are not distinguishable from the surrounding
environment. For our purpose, wells are divided in two main categories,
those that are open and the filled ones. While the open wells are visible
and easy to find, special methods need to be applied in order to locate the
filled ones. In both situations, the scientists have to deal with the depth
of the wells. That is why an access ramp is constructed by the excavator to
reach the undefined level where the human remains, which are situated in
the well, are located. During the removal of the deposit of the wells
different challenges, either caused by nature or humans, can be
encountered. For example, during the years these abandoned wells were used
as "trash pits" (garbage, dead animals, discarded materials) or were
altered (e.g., collapsed, water existence) by natural forces. The same
reasons can be present during the exhumation process. Once these
difficulties are confronted, with the use of several techniques the
scientists have to concentrate on the exhumation process, which is mainly
followed manually. The procedure depends primarily on the type of burial
(single or multiple/commingled), the existence of water or not, whether it
was disturbed, and the decomposition of human remains inside the well.
Key words: forensic anthropology, wells, Cyprus, CMP, human remains,
excavation, exhumation
COMPARATIVE ANALYZIS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES OF ATHLETES
SPECIALIZING IN SHORT-TRACK AND MOSCOW SCHOOLCHILDREN AT THE AGE FROM 7 TO
16 YEARS (p. 25)
Bobarykin Nikita
Department of Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Russian State
University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russia

The aim of the paper is to study and compare variability of individual
anthropometric indices in short-track athletes with the control group of
Moscow schoolchildren from 7 to 16 years of age. Anthropometric
measurements were conducted in conformity with classical methods, accepted
at the Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University.
Conducted research has allowed to establish that the basic differences
between athletes and schoolchildren of both gender groups have been
observed at the age of 7-12. Schoolchildren have conceded athletes in all
measured parameters. The 13-16-year-old schoolchildren are significantly
smaller in all circumferences, but exceed in hand grip strength in both
gender groups.
The obtained anthropometric characteristics might be used in sport
selection as well as for conducting a medico-biological monitoring.
Key words: anthropometric indices, short-track athletes, Moscow
schoolchildren

T/A POLYMORPHISM OF THE FTO GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PREDISPOSITION
TO FAT ACCUMULATION IN THE KALMYKIAN MALES (p. 25)
Bondareva Elvira1, Anisimova Anna1, Khomyakova Irina1, Zadorozhnaya
Ludmila1, Burlykov Vladimir2, Godina Elena1
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2Kalmykian State University, Elista, Russia

The problem of human fatness is one of the most urgent in the modern
world. Studies in the field of anthropogenetics revealed some genetic
determinants of increased fat accumulation and, as a consequence, of
obesity development. The T/A polymorphism (rs9939609) in the fat mass and
obesity associated (FTO) gene, is a strong candidate to explain how the
disease modifier polymorphisms may contribute to a lower risk for obesity
among trained individuals (Kilpelainen et al., 2011). It has been shown
that adults who are homozygous for the A-allele weigh on average 1.5 to 3
kg more than those homozygous for the T allele. This finding has now been
replicated in multiple obese cohorts (Fawcett and Barroso, 2010).The aim of
the study was to examine possible relationships between T/A polymorphism of
FTO with fat accumulation among 101 Kalmykian males (46 wrestlers aged from
14 to 26 years and 52 sedentary controls aged from 17 to 28 years). The
program included standard anthropometric measurements (Bunak, 1941). For
molecular genetic analysis buccal smears were collected. Genome DNA was
extracted with the technique of alkaline extraction. Genotypes were
determined with the minisequencing technique followed by MALDI-TOF
detection (Ross et al., 1998). Statistical analysis, performed with the
software Statistica 8.0, included descriptive statistics, normalization
procedure, one-way ANOVA with Scheffe's test for multiple comparisons.
Statistical analysis has revealed the tendency to significant difference in
genotype frequencies between wrestlers (FTO*TT 52.5% FTO*AT 32.5% FTO*AA
15.0%) and sedentary controls (FTO*TT 48.9% FTO*AT 32.5% FTO*AA 18.6%), ?2
= 5.52, p=.06 There is a certain increase of T-allele frequency in the
wrestlers' group (69% vs 65%). In general, the athletes demonstrate lower
fat accumulation matching with the controls. ANOVA results revealed a lot
of associations between FTO genotype and anthropometrical characteristics,
describing fat accumulation both in the wrestlers' group (weight, fat mass,
chest, waist and hips circumferences, trunk and leg skinfold thicknesses)
and in the sedentary controls (trunk skinfold thickness). The carriers of
two mutant alleles (AA genotype) demonstrate increased parameters of fat
accumulation in both groups. Thus, the presence of two rare alleles of the
FTO gene polymorphic system in the genotypes of the investigated Kalmykian
males could be considered as a risk-factor of increased fat accumulation.
This research is supported by the RFBR grants # 13-06-00702.
Key words: FTO gene, fat accumulation, wrestlers, Kalmyk males

ANTHROPOMETRIC NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EGYPTIAN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
(p. 26)
El-Nofely Aly, Kandeel Wafaa, El-Wakeel Khaled, Abdelmaguid Nagwa
National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Autism is the fastest rising developmental disorder in the world
today. Studies denote aberrations in conduct during meals, selectivity of
food as well as problems in timing of meals. The aim of this study is to
assess the nutritional status of children suffering from autism using
anthropometric criteria. 100 Egyptian children diagnosed with autism of the
age range 3-10 years and of whom 71 males and 29 females were studied. Body
weight, height, body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference and triceps
skinfold thickness had been assessed in view of the relevant measurements,
by age and sex, of normal healthy Egyptian children. The mean Z score of
all measurements attempted, calculated BMI and its standard deviations as
well as the range are presented. Using single sample t-test, it was found
that all measurements are significantly higher than normal with the
exception of body height and mid-upper arm circumference. Probably the
increase in fat component in our autistic children is due to increased
carbohydrate and fat intake as well as sedentary life style, thus
suggesting introduction of a feeding program for such children to overcome
the unfavorable consequences of the disease.
Key words: autism, anthropometry, nutrition, children, Egypt
ACE, FTO AND VDR POLYMORPHISMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELITE ROCK-CLIMBERS (p. 27)
Gaydamakina Alina1, Bondareva Elvira2, Baykovskiy Uriy1, Godina Elena1
1Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia
2Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

The aim of the study was to examine possible relationships between I/D
polymorphism of ACE, T/A polymorphism of FTO and G/A polymorphism of VDR
genes with selected anthropometrical characteristics among 12 (6 males and
6 females) elite rock-climbers, aged from 20 to 30 years. Polymorphisms of
these genes are associated with physical capacities (ACE), increased risk
of fat accumulation (FTO) and decreased bone mineral density (VDR).
Detailed anthropological characteristics of this investigated group are
presented in our previous article (Gaydamakina et al., 2013). The program
included standard anthropometric measurements (Bunak, 1941). For molecular
genetic analysis buccal smears were collected. Genome DNA was extracted
with the technique of alkaline extraction. Genotypes were determined with
the minisequencing technique followed by MALDI-TOF detection (Ross et al.,
1998). Statistical analysis was performed with the software Statistica
8.0. Results: the distribution of the genotype frequencies of all examined
genes are not in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Each
person in the investigated sample carries at least one insertion (I) allele
of the ACE gene, which could reveal increased aerobic capacities of the
elite rock-climbers. There are no AA genotype carriers of the FTO gene
among the investigated athletes. Thus, elite rock-climbers do not have
genetically determined risk of an increased fat accumulation. Previously it
was shown that peak mineral density is decreasing in the rock-climbers
compared with other athletes (Sherk et al., 2010). In the total sample only
two persons have GG genotype of the VDR gene, which determines normal bone
mineral density. Most of the participants (83%) carry at least one mutant
(A) allele, which determines a decreased bone mineral density. The
investigation of three molecular-genetic makers ACE, FTO and VDR among the
elite rock-climbers has shown the following tendencies: the occurrence of I-
allele of the ACE gene, T-allele of the FTO gene and A-allele of the VDR
gene. Our results correspond with the investigations by other authors
(Djarova et al., 2013; Sherk et al., 2010) and with our previous study of
morphological characteristics of the elite rock-climbers (Gaydamakina et
al., 2013). This research is supported by the RFBR grants #13-06-00702.
Key words: ACE, VDR, FTO, elite climbers, anthropology

THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STORY OF VU?EDOL CULTURE (EARLY BRONZE AGE,
VU?EDOL, EAST CROATIA) (p. 28)
Hincak Zdravka1, Jele? Vjekoslav2, Gr?kovi? Branka3,4, ?poljari?
Igor3, Mr?i? Gordan3,4, Juki?-Krmek Silvana5
1Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb,
Zagreb, Croatia
2Department of Neurosurgery, Zagreb University Medical Center
"Dubrava", Zagreb, Croatia
3Forensic Science Centre "Ivan Vu?eti?", Ministry of the Interior,
Zagreb, Croatia
4University Center for Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Split,
Croatia
5Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental
Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Vu?edol is a culture's eponymous settlement of the first half of the
third millennium Before Christ (BC). The aim of this study was to complete
the knowledge about life of Vu?edol culture inhabitants with the help of
biological anthropology, the wide unknown field which is still there after
decades of archaeological excavation and research. The evidences are
provided by well preserved skeleton remains of a few individuals, seven
children and fourteen adult persons. From single to multiple grave funerary
practices, through classic anthropological analysis of sex and age at death
to usage of different forensic methods, unique details were revealed.
Special attention has been given to musculoskeletal stress markers,
possible conditions and a manner of life, its rhythm and difficulties, and
pathological changes which all left their traces on bone remains. We were
following the asymptote of the Vu?edol inhabitants life and death.
Key words: anthropological analysis, musculoskeletal stress markers,
pathological changes, Vu?edol culture, Early Bronze Age

WHEN BALISTICS MEETS ANTHROPOLOGY: A CASE STUDY FROM THE MEDIEVAL
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF OUR LADY OF MOUNTAIN CHURCH IN LOBOR (CROATIA) (p.
28)
Hincak Zdravka1, Kre?imir Filipec1, ?poljari? Igor2, Gr?kovi? Branka2,
Mr?i? Gordan2, Popovi? Maja3, Mikulka Ana1
1Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb,
Zagreb, Croatia
2Forensic Science Centre "Ivan Vu?eti?", Ministry of the Interior,
Zagreb, Croatia
3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

During the summer archaeological excavation in 2012, on the site of
Our Lady of the Mountain church in Lobor, the grave number 888 was
revealed, with skeletal remains of a young male person. The very position
of the grave in a gothic church, along the apsidal area, accentuates the
status of this person in the society. The apse as a remain of the gothic
church elements is part of multi-stratified layers, maybe of a vertical
complex where it is possible to separate structures from the 3rd to the
17th century, with the church Our Lady of the Mountain in Lobor as the last
layer. It was a primary burial, with a position of the grave following the
church's East-West orientation. The anthropological analysis was performed:
determination of sex and age at death, body height, description of
pathological conditions and eventual musculo-skeletal stress markers. On
the skeletal remains circular defects were detected, in forms of a
penetrating trauma due to a spherical or spheroid body or object activity.
These fragments of uneven dimensions were embedded in the bones: right
tibial bone, left and right femoral bone. With application of a scanning
electron microscopy (Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy method, SEM/EDX) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (Micro X-
ray fluorescence method, XRF) a chemical analysis of the elements,
together with morphological 2D and 3D characterization of samples were
obtained.
Key words: anthropological analysis, skeletal remains, balistics,
SEM/EXD method, XRF method, Lobor, Croatia

CORPORAL IMAGE SATISFACTION IN RELATION TO BODY COMPOSITION IN A YOUNG
POPULATION FROM THE BASQUE COUNTRY (SPAIN) (p. 29)
Ibez Mara Eugenia1, Buffa Roberto2, Mereu Elena2, Marini
Elisabetta2, Rebato Esther1
1Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), Spain
2Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of
Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy

The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition variations
among different states of body image satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The
sample was composed of 932 individuals from the Basque Country, Spain (306
men, 626 women aged 18-30). Williamson silhouettes collection (2000) was
used to assess satisfaction degree. Four anthropometric measures (height,
arm, waist and calf circumferences) and two bioelectrical measurements
(resistance and reactance; 50 kHz) were taken. Specific Bioelectrical
Impedance Vector Analysis (spBIVA) was used to evaluate body composition.
Bioelectrical values were projected on the specific tolerance ellipses from
an Italo-Spanish reference population. Comparison between groups was
performed using Hotelling's T2 and Student's t-tests. In men, the specific
bioelectrical vector mean of the group with moderate dissatisfaction by
excess was situated in the right quadrant of the ellipses (indicative of
low cell mass) and toward the upper pole (indicative of high FM%). There
were no significant differences in body composition between satisfaction
and dissatisfaction by defect, and these groups are located near the median
value of the ellipsis. In women, the specific vectors of groups with severe
and moderate dissatisfaction by excess were in the left quadrant
(indicative of high cell mass) and toward the upper pole. The group
corresponding to body image satisfaction was in the lower left quadrant,
which indicates a tendency to low FM%. The group with a slight
dissatisfaction by defect was characterized by a smaller phase angle,
indicative of less cell mass. There is a trend toward increasing FM% with
increasing dissatisfaction by excess. Men and women differ in body
composition characteristics associated to their body image satisfaction,
women being more satisfied with a lower FM%. Body image dissatisfaction by
excess tends to be related to FM% excess in men, while in women it seems to
be more related to cell mass excess.
Keywords: Specific BIVA; Body Composition; Body Image Satisfaction;
Fat Mass Percentage

VARIATION IN FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PONTICULUS POSTICUS AMONG
MODERN HUMANS: GENERAL OBSERVATIONS (p. 29)
Karapetian Marina
Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Ponticulus posticus is a non-metric feature located on the first
cervical vertebra posterior to the lateral masses (other names: Kimmerle's
anomaly, dorsal ponticle of the atlas). It is found in humans with a
frequency of approximately 25% and is more common among non-human primates.
The feature has attracted some attention, mainly because the presence of
ponticulus posticus was thought to have an adverse effect on blood flow
through the vertebral artery. Most of previous works focused on estimating
frequencies of the feature within a study population, and little is known
about factors affecting its variation in humans. We went through literature
on this topic and analyzed frequency distribution of ponticulus posticus in
modern humans. In addition we used our own data on 449 atlas vertebrae from
3 Russian and 3 North American osteological series. According to the
results, complete ponticulus posticus is more common in males than in
females and this pattern is repeatedly seen in most of the samples studied.
As we can judge from available data, groups of African ancestry have higher
frequencies of the feature compared to Caucasians, this is especially true
of female groups. Asian populations show the lowest frequencies. In the
Caucasian groups that we studied ponticulus posticus is positively
associated with cranial shift at cervico-thoracic border (?2-test, p<0.05),
and negatively - with lumbalization of S1 (p<0.01). In summary, if the
frequency of ponticulus posticus is used in inter-group comparisons it
should be analyzed separately for each sex. The feature shows mild racial
differences. It is somehow associated with cranial shift in spine
morphology described by Khne (1932), the nature of this association is a
matter of future studies.
Key words: ponticulus posticus, human anatomy, non-metric feature,
intra-species variability

INHERITANCE OF DERMATOGLYPHIC ASYMMETRY AND DIVERSITY TRAITS IN TWINS
BASED ON FACTOR: VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS (p. 30)
Karmakar Bibha1, Malkin Ida2, Kobyliansky Eugene2
1Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata,
India
2Human Population Biology Unit, Department of Anatomy and
Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv,
Israel

Background: It is well known that twin data have played a central role
to sort out genetic from environmental variation. The increased
dermatoglyphic asymmetry corresponds to a higher inter pair variability in
a number of behavioral tests have prominent from earlier twin studies.
Relatively few studies have attempted towards the extent and relative
contributions of genetic and environmental effects on twin pedigrees
through genetic model fitting statistical procedures. Aim: Dermatoglyphic
asymmetry and diversity traits from a large number of twins were analyzed
based on principal factors to evaluate genetic effects and common familial
environmental influences by the use of maximum likelihood based Variance
decomposition analysis. Sample: Data consists of monozygotic (MZ) twins of
two sexes (102 male pairs and 138 female pairs) and 120 pairs of dizygotic
(DZ) female twins. Results: All asymmetry (DA and FA) and diversity (Div)
traits were clearly separated into factors and are perfectly corroborated
with earlier studies (Micle and Kobyliansky, 1986, 1991, Karmakar et al.,
2001) in different ethnic populations, which indicate a common biological
validity perhaps exists of the underlying component structures of
dermatoglyphic characters. Heritability results of twins clearly showed
that DA_F2 is inherited mostly in dominant type (28.0%) and FA_F1 is
additive (60.7%), but no significant difference in sexes were observed for
these factors. Inheritance is also very prominent in diversity Factor 10,
which is exactly corroborated with our previous findings (Karmakar et al.,
2006). The present results are similar with the earlier results of finger
ridge count diversity in twins (Holt, 1960), which suggested, finger ridge
count diversity is under genetic control. Conclusion: The relationship
between MZ and DZ twins is due to common genes that affect dermatoglyphic
asymmetry and diversity traits (factors), suggests is under genetic control
of which DA is inherited mostly in dominant type and FA is additive.
Key words: dermatoglyphic asymmetry and diversity, segregation
analysis, variance decomposition analysis, twins

MODEL CHARACTERISTICS OF ATHLETES IN WATER POLO AND HANDBALL (p. 31)
Komissarova Elena1, Panasyuk Tatyana2
1Department of Anatomy, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical
University, St. Petersburg, Russia
2Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia

Game activity of athletes is characterized by richness of the contents
and a variety of actions. In water polo teams three game roles are
distinguished: center forwards, mobile forwards and defenders. In handball
there are two main game roles: players specializing on throws from far
distances (central) and those who ends the "fast breaks" (extreme). The aim
of the paper is to reveal model characteristics of the athletes depending
on their game roles. Anthopometrical, bioergometrical and
psychophysiological indicators were studied in 50 male water polo players,
20-25 years of age. Center forwards and defenders possess more massive body
build, while mobile forwards have more gracile structure. Factor analysis
isolated five factors, the 1st having the greatest loadings in total,
length and girths traits. Longitudinal study of 46 boys, of 10-16 years of
age, engaged in handball for 7 years, has been conducted. Players of the
central zone possess macrosomatic type (MAS) at 10-13 years (74-82%), and
at the age of 14-16 years they have mesosomatic type (MES) (43-62%).
Extreme players represent three types: MAS, MES and micromesosomatic
(IMES) at the age of 10-13 years, with almost equal proportion of these
somatotypes. At the 14-16-years period players of MIMES (53.8--85%) and MES
type (15.4-46%) prevails, thus showing their instability in the pubertal
period. It may be concluded that at the very first stage of training in
handball it is possible to differentiate young athletes of macrosomatic
type as the future players of the central line, and those of
micromesosomatic type as extreme players. Thus, the morphological component
should take a leading position in the system of training of players.
Key words: sports anthropology, game role of athletes, model
characteristics, body types

SENSATION SEEKING AND HEALTH-PROTECTING AND REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
(p. 31)
Kornienko Dmitrii, Derish Fedor
Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Psychological
Institute, Perm, Russia

Sensation seeking (Zuckerman, 1971) can be seen as personality trait
representing the psychological basis of adaptation strategies, formed in
evolution. Higher sensation seeking (SS) is associated with reproductive
behavior (Farthing, 2005; Cooping et al., 2013). SS correlates with status
and reputation, higher SS is associated with short-term relationship
(Egorova et al., 2013). The study sample was 280 students, 18-20 years of
age. The following characteristics are assessed: sensation seeking (thrill
and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, boredom
susceptibility, intelligence seeking, novelty avoidance) psychological well-
being (Ryff, 1989) and health protecting behavior (leisure time, drinking
and smoking). Higher level of SS was found in the male sample. This allows
us to consider SS as the trait contributing to reproductive behavior. Men
with higher levels of SS tend to be more preferred partners. SS is
negatively associated with a preference for sports as leisure time,
regardless of gender. "Intelligence seeking", "novelty avoidance" are
positively correlated with a tendency to consume high spirits and with
smoking. Psychological well-being scales traits, such as "positive
relations with others" and "personal growth", have negative correlations
with the "general sensation seeking", "experience seeking" and "thrill and
adventure seeking". These results suggest that high SS acts in the opposite
manner to different adaptive strategies. High SS leads to a focus on short-
term relationship and simultaneously to low health-protecting behavior.
This situation can be regarded as a preference for the traditional strategy
of adaptation in terms of evolutionary psychology. Low SS on the contrary
would lead to a preference strategy aimed at preserving themselves and at
long-term relationship. The study was supported by Program of Strategic
development of Perm state humanitarian-pedagogical university, project No.
26-F.
Key words: sensation seeking, health-protecting behavior, reproductive
strategies

INTERDAILY VARIATIONS OF BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS IN YOUNG WOMEN
(p. 32)
Kut? Petr, Fusikov Kristina, Va?kov Romana
Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech
Republic

The objective of the study is to determine the size of the changes of
the selected body composition parameters during one week. The research was
executed with a group of 40 women with the average age of 21.291.45 years.
The measured parameters were: total body weight (BW), body fat
representation (BF) and total body water (TBW). The monitored parameters
were measured using the Tanita BC 418 MA tetrapolar bioimpedance scale. The
measurements took place during one week (Monday - Friday). The error of the
device was expressed with the typical error of measurement (TE) by Hopkins
from three repeated measurements in one day (Monday). Only one measurement
was taken on the remaining days. To evaluate the size of changes during the
week, we used the ANOVA repeated measures. The practical significance was
verified using Eta-squared. To express the size of the error of measurement
in the weekly analysis, we used typical error of measurements (TE). The TE
values expressing the accuracy of the device measurements were the
following: BW 0.06 kg, BF representation 0.22 kg and 0.39%, TBW
representation 0.17 kg and 0.29%. The differences found between the mean
values of the monitored parameters during the week ranged from 0.00 - 0.15
kg in BW, 0.03 - 0.29 kg and 0.01 - 0.48% in BF, 0.00 - 0.21 kg and 0.00 -
0.35% in TBW. The practical significance was not established despite the
fact that statistically significant differences were determined. The
changes in the monitored body composition parameters during the week were
very small, which was confirmed by the low practical significance values.
When interpreting the results of repeated measurements, the values
exceeding the level of the TE weekly analysis are considered to be a
change. In BW, the value was 0.33 kg, in BF 0.41 kg and 0.70% and in TBW
0.41 kg and 0.51%.
Key words: body weight, body fat, total body water, typical error of
measurement, statistical significance, practical significance
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN MONGOLIAN MALE
ATHLETES (p. 32)
Lkhagvasuren Gundegmaa1,2, Shagdar Bat-Erdene2, Lkhagvasuren
Altantsetseg1,2
1Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia
2Mongolian National Institute of Physical Education, Ulaanabaatar,
Mongolia

Sports training is the process which requires years of hard work and
can not accomplish its main goal without considering human growth and body
development characteristics, level of physical preparation. Anthropometric
and morphologic examination of Mongolian athletes has not been conducted.
Therefore, the results are of great value to theory and practice of sports
science. Anthropometric examination and data collecting have been carried
out at Sport Center of Mongolian Olympic team of the city Ulaanbaatar. The
study comprised 581 athletes aged 17-25 years. Each athlete has been
involved in 45 measurements and 20-questions survey. As a result of this
study we come to the conclusion that sports activity strongly influences on
physical growth and development. Training for different kinds of sports is
different. The basketball players and field athletes (runners) were the
tallest (average height 179 cm). Wrestlers were the shortest in height
(average 166.5 cm). Compared to people who do not go in for sport, the
athletes were taller by 4.5 cm. Mean height of Mongolian male sportsman is
172.6 cm. Geographical zones from where the athletes originate also
influence on physical development. Sportsmen from steppe zone have bigger
body, and those from Goby desert zone are smaller but have bigger fat mass.
Basing on these results, it can be suggested that marathon runners can be
selected from Gobi inhabitants, wrestlers - from steppe population, and
players - from mountain-taiga people.
Key words: physical growth and development, anthropometry, physical
training, athletes

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE ADOLESCENTS FROM REPUBLIC
ALTAI, PRACTICING SAMBO WRESTLING (p. 33)
Makhalin Adu
Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia

The purpose of this research is to determine and compare
morphofunctional characteristics and body traits of male juvenile sambo
wrestlers, who live in the southern and northern areas of Republic Altai,
Russia. The sample included 65 males, practicing sambo wrestling on a
regular basis. The research protocol included anthropometric examinations
(height, weight, and chest circumference) using a standard anthropometric
measurement methods. Collected data of somatic characteristics were
converted into Quetelet Index for BMI; the somatotypes were identified by
using Chernorutskiy's classification. Evaluation of constitutional type was
based on the ratio of height, weight, and thoracic circumference. Sambo
athletes from the northern part of Republic Altai are taller and have more
body mass and larger chest circumference in comparison to those from the
southern part of Republic Altai. The height of athletes from the north is
6.1 cm higher than of those from the south (174.41.66 cm vs 168.31.12 cm,
<0,001). Body mass of sambo athletes from the north is 6.2 kg bigger than
of those from the south (67.81.97 kg vs 61.61.12 kg, <0.05). The chest
circumference of athletes from the north is 3.7 cm larger (88.51.33 cm vs
82.40.98 cm). Values of Pignet Index show that the participants from the
north have predominantly hypersthenic body type, while normosthenic and
"average" body type is mostly represented among sportsmen from the south
(p<0.05) Thus, the sambo athletes from the north are characterized by
significantly higher anthropometric features - height, weight, and chest
circumference. Northern participants have predominantly hypersthenic body
type while asthenic and normosthenic types are more often observed among
the participants from the southern area.
Key words: Republic Altai, male sambo athletes, somatotypes,
anthropometry, Quetelet Index, Pignet Index

STRESSING OUT IN TRANSITION - THE CASE OF UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STUDENTS FROM ZAGREB, CROATIA (p. 34)
Martinovi? Klari? Irena1, Peternel Lana1, Malnar Ana2
1Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
2Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb, Croatia

This anthropological account explores manifestations of psychosocial
stress in youth as a response to cultural changes in the transitional
(postsocialist and postconflict and now the European Union) context of
contemporary Croatia. For youth a successful transition to independent
adulthood requires competences in dealing with various agespecific
developmental tasks, each of which might represent a specific stressor.
Youth maturation and social integration are even more uncertain and
stressful in the transitional society that itself is undergoing drastic and
multiple transformations of institutions, cultural values and norms.
Analytical approaches based on the cultural consensus and cultural
consonance theories are used to assess the associations of various cultural
domains of everyday life to the stress outcome measurements of salivary
biomarkers. Saliva is useful for population studies of psychosocial stress
because it allows noninvasive collection of samples in nonclinical
settings. Two salivary biomarkers of stress physiology are selected for
laboratory testing: cortisol (the central hormone in the physiology of
stress, a biomarker of the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis) and
alphaamylase (a surrogate marker of the sympathetic nervous system activity
that parallels stressrelated increase in norepinephrine). The results are
presented from a recent pilot study using cultural consensus and cultural
consonance analyses on salivary cortisol and alpha amylase levels in the
group of the upper secondary school students from Zagreb, Croatia. This
pilot study illustrates the usefulness of complementing recent developments
in cognitive and cultural anthropology with research in biological
anthropology.
Key words: stress, salivary biomarkers, youth, cultural consensus and
cultural consonance

MORPHOGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED WOMEN FREESTYLE
WRESTLERS (p. 34)
Martirosova Karina
Department of biomedical support MGFSO, Moscow Sport Committee,
Moscow, Russia

The fingerprint dermatoglyphics of 75 top Russian female freestyle
wrestlers of three conditional weight categories (light, medium and heavy)
was studied with the use of hardware-software complex "Malachite". The
athletes' age ranged from 20 to 33 years. It is established that for the
whole sample (irrespective of weight categories) the typical phenotypes are
LW and ALW. For the wrestlers of a light weight category in 48% of cases
the occurrence of the pattern arch (A) was observed and in 32% - the
pattern whorl (W). There are also athletes of this weight category with the
phenotype of ALW. The prevailing patterns in athletes of a middle weight
category are the loop (L - 62%), the whorl (W - 24%) and a complex pattern
(S - 12%). They are relating primarily to the phenotype of LW. For athletes
of a heavy weight category, the typical patterns are: the loop (L-74%), the
whorl (W - 14.4%) and complex pattern (S - 7.8%). The main phenotype is LW.
The obtained results may be used for the selection of the most prospective
athletes in women's freestyle wrestling.
Key words: morphogenetic traits, female freestyle wrestlers,
fingerprint dermatoglyphics

NEW COMPUTER PROGRAM "FACE-ON-FACE" AS A NEW PRACTICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL
VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT (p. 35)
Maurer Andrey1, Savinetsky Alexandr2, Syroezhkin German2
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2National Research Nuclear University (NRNU MEPHI), Moscow, Russia

The program Face-on-Face was developed for optimization of creating of
composite portraits (CP) (of the face and body) according to F. Galton by
means of new digital images. Composite portrait is a kind of cognitive tool
that allows visualizing the integrated variability of morphological
characteristics of the human face - in sex, age, race (ethno-territorial)
aspects. An algorithm of creating portraits consists of the following:
first, the average interpupillary distance for the entire sample (in
pixels) is calculated, then all of the individual images are restricted
(reduced or increased, respectively) to found the average interpupillary
distance and simultaneously stretch or shorten in height, reaching the
average distance between an oral point and a horizontal line passing
through the pupils. These transformed images are sequentially superimposed
on each other. Color of a pixel at each point is the average of all pixels
of the points with all the images. The sequence of the overlay does not
affect the final image. Due to the transformation of each image into a
mathematical model the combining process is fast enough. Therefore, CP
could be created for 10-15 minutes depending on the image resolution. A
tool "ruler" allows to take measurements relying on the bar existing in the
frame scale. The distance in pixels is converted to millimeters. Tool
"symmetry" allows to slice an image of the face ( or of the body) by
sagittal line and then to "glue" the halves - left with left, right with
right. The experience of creating of CP relying on three points in the
three classic standards - "full face", "3/4", and "profile", yielded unique
CPs of Russian Altai children, some of the peoples of northern Eurasia,
Negroid of East Africa, etc. We received an interesting result of CP
generated with 27 base points. The developed model can be used by
researchers, museum staff, forensic experts and other specialists.
Key words: anthropological photography, composite portrait, computer
software, appearance features, visualization

IDENTIFICATION FROM HUMAN BITE MARKS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY (p. 35)
Me?e Cansev1, Gngr Kahraman2, zer Ba?ak Koca1
1Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Turkey
2Gazi University, Faculty Dentistry, Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology, Turkey

Identification from human bite marks is one of the major issues which
forensic sciences - forensic anthropology and forensic dentistry - are
interested in. According to the American Board of Forensic Odontology
(ABFO), standard studies include: tooth structure of suspects, collecting
information if there is any possibility to reach DNA, taking photo of bite
marks, creation of dental model of the suspect and applying methods for the
bite marks analysis. The purpose of the present experimental study is to
investigate the bite marks on various materials created by adult
volunteers, stating if the elimination or the prevision of suspects can be
made or not. A total of 20 adult volunteers (10 from each sex, aged between
20-45 years) were asked to bite styrofoam, apple, cucumber, cheddar cheese,
transparency, and their upper arm (biceps). According to the ABFO
standards, the photographs were taken showing the intraoral structure and
bite marks from various materials, and the dental plaster models were
created and scanned. Transparent coating was applied using Adobe Photoshop
CS4 Extended software, and comparisons were made. According to the results,
comparison between transparent coatings obtained from dental plaster models
and bite mark materials of styrofoam (75% of accuracy/true match on the
both upper and lower jaws), cheddar cheese (85% of accuracy/true match on
the upper jaw) and the upper arm (65% of accuracy/true match on the upper
jaw and 70% of accuracy/true match on the lower jaw) bite marks are much
more accurate than the bites marks on apple, cucumber and acetate material.
We are in the opinion that experimental studies on bite marks have an
important contribution to the forensic sciences and crime investigations,
and future studies are needed.
Key words: forensic anthropology, forensic dentistry, bite marks,
Turkey
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN CHILDHOOD WITH
FATHER'S SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY (p. 36)
Mora-Urda Ana Isabel, Montero Pilar
Physical Anthropology, Biology Department, Universidad Autnoma de
Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Studies about children health have historically considered aspects
related to mothers' health and mothers' behaviors as determinants of
optimal fetal development and subsequent health of children, however, there
is little information about the influence of the fathers behaviors. The aim
of this study is to analyze the relationship between father's smoking
during pregnancy with obesity and arterial stiffness in children. The
sample consisted of 300 children (8 to 12 years old) and their fathers and
mothers. Data were collected in public schools in the Community of Madrid.
Following the collection of data from children their families were
interviewed about the smoking patterns of both fathers and mothers during
pregnancy. At the beginning of the pregnancy 16.7% of smoking mothers
stopped smoking. Women who maintained smoking during pregnancy
significantly decreased the number of cigarettes/day (14.23 cigarettes/day
before pregnancy and 7.07 cigarettes/day during pregnancy). However, the
percentage of fathers who stopped smoking was very small (5.3%). Fathers'
smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher body mass index (p =
0.031), greater waist circumference (p = 0.012) and higher waist/ height
index (0.001) in daughters but not necessarily in sons. Likewise the number
of cigarettes consumed per day by the father during pregnancy affects the
pulse wave velocity (PWV), an indicator of arterial wall stiffness (p =
0.028). Daughters of nonsmoking mothers during pregnancy but who were
exposed during fetal life to paternal smoking, presented highest values of
visceral obesity and arterial stiffness (PWV) in childhood. The results
obtained in this study highlight the importance of fathers' behavior on the
health of children.
Key words: father's smoking, obesity, arterial stiffness, children

FILIPPOVKA: SKULLS AND FACES. NOMADS OF THE SOUTH URALS IN THE EARLY
IRON AGE ACCORDING TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS (p. 36)
Nechvaloda Alexey
Institute of History, Language and Literature, Ufa Scientific Centre
of Russian Academy Sciences, Ufa, Russia

Early Iron Age is one of the spectacular periods in the ancient
history of the Eurasian Steppe. Just in the center of the nomadic world,
there is Filippovka kurgan cemetery, situated between Volga and Ural
Rivers. Twenty-five kurgans are located on the left bank of the Ural River,
100 km to the west of the city of Orenburg. As a result of the 1986-1990
excavations, the expedition of the Institute of History, Language and
Literature, Ufa Scientific Centre, RAS, under the guidance of .Kh.
Pshenichnyuk, investigated burial complexes of the nomadic elite
accompanied by unique sculptures of the gold-plated deer and other pieces
of jewelry. The excavations also gave craniological material consisted of
five skulls (including 3 male and 2 female skulls) of varying integrity.
Craniometric investigations along with morphological and total analyses of
the male skulls from Filippovka showed a mixed origin of their
anthropological type. The male skulls are characterized with large size,
brachycrania, well-developed macrorelief, high face, slightly weakened
profiling at the level of the orbit and small or medium projection of nasal
bones above the facial plane. This combination of craniological features
observed in paleoanthropological materials of the 5th and 4th centuries AD
from the East European steppe region has been determined as "eastern
Europoid type". Two male skulls and one female skull from Filippovka formed
the craniological basis for plastic facial reconstructions. Typologically,
the basis for the racial type of the buried men from Kurgans 5 and 12 of
the Filippovka kurgan cemetery is represented by a complex of Protoeuropoid
traits with a slight addition of Mongoloid peculiar features in the facial
architecture. Weakened profiling of the facial skeleton at the horizontal
level can be explained by preservation of the archaic features in the
Protoeuropoid-type morphological complex. The female skull from Kurgan 12
is characterized with a more pronounced Mongoloid appearance that is
reflected in the facial reconstruction sculpture. In the process of
restoring the appearance, M.M.Gerasimov's method was employed with further
modifications proposed by G.V. Lebedinskaya and S.A. Nikitin.
Key words: Nomads of the South Urals, Filippovka, craniology, plastic
facial anthropological reconstruction

ESTIMATION OF WATER SECTORS IN HUMAN ORGANISM BY BIOIMPEDANCE METHOD
(p. 37)
Nikitjuk Dmitry, Nikolenko Vladimir, Klochkova Svetlana
First State Moscow Medical University by name of Setchenov, Moscow,
Russia

Diagnostic possibilities of a method of multifrequency segmentary
bioimpedance analysis were studied in 125 practically health patients. It
is shown that in the age range from 25 till 75 years and BMI (Body Mass
Index) in the range from < 20 kg/m2 up to >35 kg/m2 the decrease in
impedance parameters occurs, more significant at arms and legs regions.
Ranges of normal bioimpedance values are established at low frequency (LF)
and high frequency (HF) for body regions at various BMI values and for
different age groups. The degree of correlation of the revealed changes of
impedance values at LF and HF varies for different body parts and is most
ly expressed on upper extremities. As the degree of changes of impedance
parameters varies, their analysis for separate body regions is necessary.
The suggested values can be used as references for individual and
estimation of human body mass parameters in adults.
Key words: organism, water balance, anthropometry, bioimpedance
analysis

HEALTH PROTECTING BEHAVIORS AND MORBIDITY IN STUDENTS (p. 38)
Otavina Marina
Perm State Humanitarian-Pedagogical University, Perm, Russia

The factors, which can influence the health status and the quality of
life, were studied, and the analysis of the morbidity of the students was
held. MOS-SF 36 Questionnaire, and the questionnaire for estimating living
conditions and self-evaluated health status were used, as well as the data
of applications to the polyclinics. 343 students of the average age
19.60.1 years were examined. In the morbidity structure the leading
diseases among males are those of respiratory system (J00-J99), eye/adnexal
(H00-H59), nervous system (G00-G99), and among females - diseases of
respiratory system, genitourinary system (N00-N99), and eye diseases.
Analysis of the lifestyle showed significant differences between duration
of sleep and the diseases of respiratory system. They were noticed in the
13% of the interviewed students with average duration of sleep not more
than 6 hours, and in 6% of those with average duration of sleep 7-9 hours a
day. The same tendency was found for the diseases of nervous system, and
allergic diseases. Allergic diseases were recorded among 30% of smokers and
13% of non-smokers. The scores on the "general health perceptions" and
"physical role functioning" scales were reliable at the presence of
diseases of respiratory system, nervous system, and allergic diseases.
Among those having a low incidence rate of upper respiratory tract
infections there were 60% of active athletes, and among those having a high
incidence rate - 48% of athletes. Persons with the high level of physical
activity have higher scores of "physical role functioning", "vitality" and
"general health perceptions" according to the MOS-SF 36 Questionnaire.
Supported by 026-F grant of the Perm State Pedagogical University.
Key words: students, morbidity, quality of life, health evaluation
PALEOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL DATA DATING FROM
THE MIDDLE AGE PERIOD FROM THE BURIAL GROUND STARITSA (p. 38)
Pererva Evgeni
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public
Administration, Volgograd, Russia

This paper is devoted to the study of bone material dating back to the
Golden Horde from the burial mound in the neighborhoods of Staritsa village
in Chernoyarsky rural area of the Astrakhan region. The Staritsa burial
ground is unique in some way as it represents a projection of one period in
the region's history. The complex became operating at Yamna culture period
when the first burial grounds cemeteries serving as generic crypts
appeared. The present paleoanthropological research examined bones of
twenty-six people: 12 female, 9 male, and 4 immature individual skeletons.
Despite the fact that the studied Staritsa burial ground was chosen at
random, its examination provides an opportunity to expand our understanding
of the population inhabiting the Volga Delta and the Lower Volga region in
the Golden Horde period. This is especially important due to the fact that
our understanding of the lifestyle and physical conditions of the people of
that period is mainly based on the study of mass burial grounds of the
settled populations such as the Golden Horde cities of Khan-Tube,
Selitrennoe and Krasnoyarskoe. The study revealed that men were the most
active part of the population; it follows from the observed increased
number of low temperature makers. The studied group of nomads is
characterized by widespread dentition pathologies. Low frequency of caries,
high occurrence of periodontal disease, tartar and intravital tooth loss
are also common for nomadic groups from the barrows in the Early Iron Age
burials. There is also a striking feature of the studied material. Unlike
the synchronous complexes and nomadic series of the Early Iron Age, in
medieval populations of the Staritsa burial ground no injuries resulting
from violent actions either on the bones of the cranial vault, of the
facial part, or on the bones of the postcranial skeleton were found.
Key words: paleopathology, Golden Horde, kurgan burials, traumatic
injuries, cranial deformation

HOW ETHNOGRAPHY MAY INSTRUCT BIOCULTURAL RESEARCH? (p. 39)
Peternel Lana1, Malnar Ana2, Martinovi? Klari? Irena1
1Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
2Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb, Croatia

Conducting biocultural research in anthropology remains to be one of
biggest challenges in our discipline. To implement a biocultural synthesis
in anthropology it is necessary to select an appropriate theoretical
framework for understanding culture that is both ethnographically valid and
adequate for operationalization in complex biocultural models. The solution
to connecting the culture as an aggregate and collective phenomenon with
individual beliefs, behaviour and health outcomes became more feasible with
the theoretical and methodological breakthroughs in cognitive anthropology,
and in particular, after the development of the theory of cultural
consensus. By using the example of the recent pilot study conducted within
the framework of the project "Modernity stress, youth and migration" we
demonstrate how ethnographic research may be used to direct, optimize and
complement the quantitative research based on the integration of
demographic, psychological and biomedical data (including anthropometric,
physiologic and salivary biomarkers). In this project individual subjective
and objective stress outcomes are researched in relation to culture changes
associated with modernity in the postsocialist transitional society. We
demonstrate the analytical usefulness of using interviewing and freelisting
as ethnographic techniques for defining variables of interest in domains of
everyday life of Croatian youth and the results of the cultural consensus
analyses in various everyday lifedomains such as education, employment,
family, material goods, leisure time, social support and participation,
premigratory potential.
Key words: biocultural synthesis, ethnography of stress, cognitive
anthropology, youth, Croatia

MOTOR SKILLS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN (p. 39)
Popova Elena1, Simonova Olga1, Makhalin Adu2, Zabolotnaya Irina2
1Gorno-Altaisk State University, Gorno-Altaisk, Altai Republic, Russia

2Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia

The purpose of the research is to determine a development of motor
skills of 6-7 year old children who attend elementary schools. The
participants were divided into an experimental group with 22 children (12
males and 10 females) and a control group with 21 children (10 males and 11
females). None of the participants has any restriction for physical
education classes. In the experimental group, the physical education
classes were conducted by the instructor using methods and techniques of an
advanced motor skill training. In the control group the physical education
classes were conducted by an elementary school teacher. Methods of research
included an evaluation of motor skills which were measured by a calculation
of the gross and fine motor skills consistency. The results of the study
show that the level of fine motor skills in the experimental and control
groups differs. The corresponding indicator is 81% among 6 year old
children and 89% among 7 year old children in the experimental group. In
the control group the average indicator of fine motor skills is not above
65% among 6 year old children and 75% among 7 year old children. It may be
concluded that the level of gross and fine motor skills in the control
group is lower than in the experimental one, and physical exercises without
stimulating the physiological functions and without training are not
effective.
Key words: motor skills, fine and gross motor skills, preschool
children
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION AND NEIGHBORHOOD WALKABILITY
IN OBESE AND OVERWEIGHT WOMEN (p. 40)
P?idalov Miroslav, Sofkov Tereza
Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical
Culture, Palack University Olomouc, Czech Republic

A neighborhood environment allows defining typical features for
physically active or inactive lifestyle. An accelerated pace of life and
higher availability of an unhealthy lifestyle increase obesity rates. An
analysis of body composition can be used as a predictor for assessment of
current somatic conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the
dependence of selected body composition parameters on neighborhood
walkability in 167 women aged 20-60 years attending weight-loss program, so
called STOB-courses. A multifrequency bioimpedance analysis InBody 720 was
used to determine body composition of respondents. Further, ANEWS
questionnaire was used to determine the level of neighborhood walkability.
We divided the sample into two age groups (<40 years; 40 years) and into
partial subgroups according to the neighborhood "level of walkability"
(lower and higher level). Based on the assessment of body composition, it
can be assumed that more walkable neighborhood opportunities positively
affect body composition. Body composition in older women is positively
influenced if they lived in high walkable areas. In younger women we found
only one indicator of body composition (body fat mass) influenced by
neighborhood walkability. The relationship between health indicators of
body composition and residential infrastructure might be useful in the
strategies aimed at maintaining and developing a healthy lifestyle within
the community.
Key words: questionnaire ANEWS, environmental conditions, bioimpedance
analysis, InBody 720, weight-loss program

SENSATION SEEKING AND ANTHROPOMETRY OF SUCCESSFUL FEMALE WRESTLERS (p.
40)
Prosikova Ekaterina, Butovskaya Marina, Veselovskaya Elizaveta
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

In this study a hypothesis was tested about increased level of
masculinity in successful female wrestlers. We were looking for significant
behavioral and morphological differences between female wrestlers of high
achievements compared to the control group of females from the same
population. This study is conducted in line with our main project of
general evolutionary processes in different test samples from modern
populations (Butovskaya et al., 2009, 2010, 2011; Prosikova et al., 2013).
The goal of this research was to compare female wrestlers (100 individuals)
with a control group (200 individuals) on risk-taking, and to analyze the
association between risk-taking and morphological parameters. Zuckerman
sensation seeking scale was applied (Zuckerman, 2007). It was found that
successful female wrestles scored significantly lower on all four sensation
seeking subscales. These differences were in the same direction as those
earlier revealed for male wrestlers. At the same time, female wrestlers
were more masculine by their face proportions, body circumferences, as well
as 2D:4D ratios on both hands. Supported by RFBR, grant N. 13-06-00393.
Key words: female wrestlers, risk-taking, masculinity, 2D:4D ratio,
face proportions
HERITABILITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, DIETARY HABITS AND SLEEP PATTERNS
IN A FAMILY-BASED SAMPLE OF SPANISH ROMA INDIVIDUALS (p. 41)
Rebato Esther1, Ibaez Maria Eugenia1, Poveda Alaitz1,2
1Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal
Physiology.Faculty of Science and Technology.University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
2Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes
Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skne University Hospital, Lund
University, Malm, Sweden

The influence of genetic factors on the variation of self-reported
physical in/activity, dietary habits and sleep patterns was evaluated in 50
large and extended pedigrees, including 372 Roma individuals (147 males and
225 females) living in the Greater Bilbao (Spain). Information
characterizing environmental variables (physical in/activity, dietary
habits and sleep patterns) was obtained by personal interview using a
standardized questionnaire. Univariate quantitative genetic analyses were
conducted employing the SOLAR computer program.After accounting for
significant covariates effects, heritability estimates were, in general,
significant (p< 0.01), with moderate values ranging from 0.20-0.39.
Practice of sports, walking activity and time spent eating the main meal of
the day were the variables most influenced by additive genetic effects,
showing heritability estimates of 0.39, 0.37 and 0.35, respectively. In
conclusion, evidence of a slight but significant genetic contribution on
variation of physical in/activity, sleep patterns and dietary habits has
been found in this Spanish Roma population.
Key words: family, heritability, genetics, environment, exercise

ADOLESCENCE NOW AND BEFORE: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL
AND THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CHANGED CONDITIONS OF GROWING UP (p.
41)
Rudan Vlasta
Faculty of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Clinic for Psychological
Medicine, Croatia

The research of and observations related to adolescence often lead to
partly contradictory results. It may at times seem that adolescence has
changed in the recent decades, and at other times that it has remained the
same (Briggs, 2008). Research however indicates to the fact that particular
parameters in relation to adolescence have indeed changed: e.g. adolescence
lasts longer and is by far more diverse than described in the earlier
theories of adolescence. The socio-cultural changes have most probably made
the term "identity" - as defined by the earlier theoreticians, for instance
Erik Erikson - questionable. Identity seems to be a multi-fold and complex
concept, rather difficult to comprehend; hence, some authors (e.g. Cahn
1998; Briggs 2008) suggest it is necessary to tackle the idea of
"subjectivism" or "subjectivation" (or "becoming subject") more thoroughly.
Since the "post-traditional" identity is more open and changeable, it seems
as if an individual becomes a continued project of oneself (Thomson et al.,
2004). The tension between the more narcissistic goals and those directed
toward interrelation indicate to conflicts that potentially occur in more
markedly individualised societies - unlike, if compared with, the situation
in the earlier, more traditional societies, such as were present for a long
time in technologically less developed countries (e.g. many former
socialist countries of the Eastern Europe). A revision of the concept of
narcissism might lead to a better understanding of growing up and
development in and under changed socio-cultural conditions that strengthen
the inclination towards the occurrence of more destructive and self-
destructive behaviour (Waddell, 2006).
Key words: adolescence, growth and development, psychobiological and
the socio-cultural factors
BODY COMPOSITION IN RUSSIANS AS ASSESSED BY BIOIMPEDANCE ANALYSIS: THE
POPULATION REFERENCE DATA AND SOME COMPARISONS (p. 42)
Rudnev Sergey1,2, Soboleva Nadezhda2, Sterlikov Sergey2, Chernykh
Svetlana3, Starunova Olga4, Nikolaev Dmitry4
1Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Federal Research Institute for Health Care Organization and
Informatics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
4Scientific Research Centre Medas, Moscow, Russia

819,808 Russian males and females aged 5-97 years, who represented
nearly 0.6% of the total Russian population, were assessed cross-
sectionally in 2010-2012 by the same type of bioimpedance meter, ABC-01
'Medas'. The measurements were done in 220 Health Centers from 52 out of 83
federal subjects of Russia. The smoothed reference centile curves for
anthropometric and BIA variables, such as height, weight, BMI, body fat
(BF), fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body cell mass (BCM)
and other (33 variables in total) were provided based on extensions of the
Cole and Green LMS method realized in the software package GAMLSS. At the
age interval 5-25 years, our data on median weight and height showed good
agreement with the updated 2002 data on the ICRP reference man. As compared
to the IOTF reference population, the BMI distributions in children were
shifted towards excess weight, with the average BMI z-score +0.41 for boys
(29.1% of them being overweight and 12.5% obese) and +0.19 for girls (23.3%
overweight and 8.0% obese). 2.9% of male and 3.0% female children were
undernourished. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity in adults
according to the conventional WHO criteria was 22.5% in men, and 31.9% in
women. Our data indicated an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, with the
maximum in women aged 55-65 years and the likelihood of developing the
disease in this group being 4-5 times higher than in the age range 18-25
years. In male adults aged 50 years and elder, the metabolic syndrome risk
was 1.5-2 times less than those in the females. In contrast, the age-
standardized prevalence of high disability risk in Russian males aged 50-85
years was more than twice as much as the corresponding value in the females
(12.7% vs 5.4%). Generally, our data show a significant interregional
variation suggesting the presence of varying health conditions and
epidemiological risks.
Key words: body composition, bioimpedance analysis, large database,
Russian population, reference data
MASTOIDITIS: A CASE FROM LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD SKELETAL REMAINS (p. 42)
Sa??r Mehmet1, zer ?smail1, Sa??r Seil2, zer Ba?ak Koca1
1Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Ankara, Turkey
2Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of
Anthropology, Ba?ba?? Campus, K?r?ehir, Turkey

Mastoiditis is an inflammation of the cells in the mastoid region of
the temporal bone, and may occur nearly after two weeks of the beginning of
acute otitis media. Otitis media is one of the frequently encountered
complications, and can lead to deafness when it spread to the surrounding
areas. Distribution of the inflammation may cause complications over large
endocranial sinuses, lead to meningitis and extradural or the brain
abscess, as well. Corruption of drainage of the mastoid cells is the basic
pathophysiological mechanisms leading to mastoiditis. Characteristic
clinical findings are auricular proptosis, retroauricular erythema and
others where the most common symptoms are persistent otalgia, fever, and
poor nutrition. Acute mastoiditis is a disease more common in children. The
present study identifies pathological changes in the pneumatised cells of
the mastoid process based on macroscopic, light microscopic, radiological
and x-ray computed tomography investigations in human skeletal remains from
the Late Ottoman Empire Period in Karacaahmet Cemetery, ?stanbul, Turkey.
During the examinations from Karacaahmet Skeletal Collection, a mastoiditis
case was diagnosed, which is so far the first known from Ottoman
collections. The skull belongs to an adult female subject. It is suggested
that further paleopathological investigations are needed in the incidence
of the infectious ear diseases to reflect living and health conditions of
ancient Anatolian populations.
Key words: Mastoiditis, infection, skull, paleopathology, Anatolia
STATURE ESTIMATION FROM THE RADIOGRAPHS OF METATARSALS IN TURKISH
POPULATION (p. 43)
Sa??r Seil1, Sa??r Mehmet2
1Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of
Anthropology, Ba?ba?? Campus, K?r?ehir, Turkey
2Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Ankara, Turkey

To determine stature is as important as the determination of sex and
age when analyzing and identifying the remains of skeleton. Stature, in an
approximate and widespread manner, is being determined on the femur and
tibia lengths, which are the long bones that directly affect the stature.
However, when long bones are not available or they are found in a very bad
state of preservation that does not permit any estimation of stature, then
other bones of the body are also being used for this purpose. The aim of
this study is to determine stature with the help of metatarsals in Turkish
population. In this study, by using the x-ray films for the metatarsals
bones of 100 women and 100 men, the Bayesian regression equations have been
produced for 5 metatarsal bones. The coefficients of correlation existing
between the metatarsal bones and stature, together with the standard errors
of these equations, have been examined at length throughout this study. The
results of the studies conducted by other researchers (Byers, Akoshima and
Curran, 1989) have been compared with the results of our study.
Key words: metatarsal, stature, regression, forensic anthropology

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN HIGHLY QUALIFIED
FREESTYLE WRESTLERS (p. 43)
Semenov Muradin
Department of Biomedical Support MGFSO, Moscow Sport Committee,
Moscow, Russia

For the analysis of sex differences in the morphology of freestyle
wrestlers data of 133 women and 88 men were used. The program included 69
absolute and relative indicators of total body size, body proportions,
girths, body mass components. The degree (%) and direction of sexual
differentiation of each characteristic in women athletes compared to male
athletes and their variability (s, u) were analyzed. The direction of the
gender difference was determined by the dominance of the average values (X)
of the traits and their variability (s, u) in one sex group over the other.
The coefficient of sexual dimorphism (CSD) by E.G. Martirosov (1976) and S.
Bailey (1981) was determined for each individual trait. While the
prevalence in men was designated by the sign "+", the predominance of
values characteristic for women had the sign "-".
The results are as follows: 1. According to the calculated CSDs, men
in 53 measurements substantially exceed women athletes, mostly in lengths
dimensions and diameters. At the same time they are inferior in indicators
of subcutaneous fat and the circumferences of the hips and buttocks. 2. The
analysis of the CSDs for body mass components shows the large values of
indicators of fat mass in women's bodies and, vice versa, active cell, bone
and skeletal muscle mass in men, which is confirmed by the results of
bioimpedance examination.
Key words: freestyle wrestlers, body dimensions, body mass components,
coefficient of sexual dimorphism

BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MODERN HIGH PERFORMANCE SPORT (p. 44)
Shestakov Mikhail
Federal State Training Center of the Russian National Teams, Moscow,
Russia

Till now development of physical and psychological abilities in
athletes was mainly provided by intensification of training process aimed
at reaching maximal capacity in various body systems, in particular by
maintaining high work capacity by means of doping accompanied by the out-of-
limit expenditures of vitally important reserves of the organism. The
difficult situation that we currently observe in sport science is formed by
more and more evident contradictions between the already existing and the
required knowledge about human organism on the one hand, and ways of
achieving sport goals in young and adult athletes by means of physical work
capacity stimulation pushing the limits of human capacities, on the other
hand. This situation can be solved on the base of setting a new task in
sport scientific researches. This task should be focused on "creating
conditions for realization of near-maximal natural capacities of a human
organism", rather than on "achieving a top result". The problem is to
determine interdependency of joint development of the cellular, organismic,
and social levels organized in a hierarchy. We think simulation modeling
based on the informational approach to be a key method permitting to reveal
time aspects of the evolution of joint work at those levels, provided
mathematical means are adequate to biological laws. In this context special
attention should be paid to the use of molecular computers, development of
special complexes fitted with an interface for on-line control of
processes, which take place in the athlete's organism at the cellular
level. Hybrid systems of artificial intelligence permit to create models of
voluntary movements control in athletes. The priorities of forming sport
culture of an athlete can shift in three directions even today: firstly,
enhancing nature-consistent character of pedagogical influence, that means
bringing to conformity the content of physical and sport activity with
natural laws of age development of motor functions of athletes; secondly,
mastering high technologies of sport training from first steps to
harmonious sport perfection of humans; thirdly, maximal approximation of
the content and form of realization of sport training to those being
individually acceptable for each athlete.
Key words: sport, top athlete, models, sport training

THE EFFECT OF COURSES IN WEIGHT REDUCTION TO THE SELECTED SOMATIC
CHARACTERISTICS (p. 45)
Sofkov Tereza, P?idalov Miroslava
Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical
Culture, Palack University Olomouc, Czech Republic

Accelerated pace of life and consumerism leads to increase in obesity.
Key element in programs to reduce overweight and obesity is the regular
physical activity (PA) by means of healthy lifestyle. Appropriate PA that
is accessible to everyone, regardless of age and gender, is walking, which
can be simply assessed by pedometers. The aim of our work was to analyse
the effect of courses in weight reduction to the selected body composition
(BC) parameters in the obese and overweight women with various age and the
level of PA. 124 women with existing sedentary lifestyle, which were
differentiated by age (< 40 years: and 40 years) participated in the
study. We divided the monitored sample into sub-groups according to the
level of their PA. To determine the average daily number of footsteps
during the PA the Yamax pedometer was used. InBody 720 device using the
Direct Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Method (DSM-BIA
Method) was used to measure and analyse the BC. Based on the monitoring of
the PA and BC health risk indicators, the effect of the exercise program,
which included cognitive behavioural therapy, showed decline in the body
mass index (BMI) and body fat expressed in percentages (PBF) and in the
decrease of the visceral fat area (VFA). The amount of fat-free mass (FFM)
remained the same. Following the three months therapy we observed in women
with a higher level of PA shift to the overweight group. Therapy
contributed to a reduction in PBF from 2.4% to 3.9% even though the women's
groups were still classified as obese (> 35%). Research studies have shown
positive relationship between the increase in PA and changes in health risk
indicators. Observance of the recommended number of 10,000 footsteps per
day primarily prevents the increase in body fat mass (BFM) and maintains
FFM.
Key words: body composition health risk indicators, obesity, walking,
healthy lifestyle, weight loss program
MODERN TENDENCIES IN THE PHENOTYPE CHANGES OF HIGH-QUALIFIED ATHLETES
(p. 45)
Timakova Tatiana
Federal Scientific Centre of Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow,
Russia

Existing range of phenotypic diversity is considered as a result of
human adaptation to complex civilization processes (V.A. Geodakjan etc.).
Dynamics of modern population shifts is characterized with such trends as
asthenization and juvenilization of body structure by increasing the
duration of the growth processes and biological maturation. At the same
time an increase in the sensitivity of the nervous system occurs, the
growth of intellectual abilities with the expansion of human cognitive
skills is observed, creativity manifestation of consciousness is shown
(L.A.Rudkevich et al.). Our long-term cohort study of highly qualified
swimmers showed significant differences between the winners in their age
groups and elite athletes (T.S.Timakova). Comparative analysis between
young athletes and elite swimmers showed that body structure of the elite
swimmers has a trend to greater leptosomy, as well as higher electrodermal
sensitivity and hypersensitivity toward vibratactile stimulation. Greater
complications in the somatotype are accompanied with more signs of
heteromorphism by lengthening the period of biological maturation in
general. Our retrospective analyses of the three years observation data of
elite racing skiers is of particular interest. Data processing was carried
with the method of factor - typological description of the athletes. The
analysis included anthropological characteristics, the results of
functional testing till total exhaustion, as well as 16-PF questionnaire of
R.Cattell. Results of the study revealed the advantages of athletes with
more complex somatotype characteristics, which manifest a tendency towards
wonderful activity economization of energy supply. A comparison of the
selected groups of athletes of different classes of professional success
with the structural features of their personality showed the advantages of
those with severe manifestations of reflection and action mechanism of the
unconscious (intuition and fast-action).
Key words: high-qualified athletes, factor-typological description,
different classes of professional success, more complicated somatotype
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AS RISK FACTORS FOR FALLEN ARCHES (p. 46)
Tomnkov Kristna, P?idalov Miroslava, Gba Ale?
Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical
Culture, Palack University Olomouc, Czech Republic

Overweight and obesity are associated with structural and functional
limitations, mainly in terms of fallen arches or other foot deformities.
Static flat foot of the adults might appear at each age if an unbalance
occurs in the rate of the applied load to load bearing capacity of the
foot, for a long time. The most common external factor is an excessive body
weight. The main aim of this study was to confirm that the foot arch
significantly falls with increasing BMI values. The measurements were
performed in a sample, which consisted of 139 adult women of average age
56.674.80 years. Body mass index (BMI [kg/m2]) was calculated for each
person. We measured the foot dimensions in the widest and narrowest place
of a plantogram to calculate the Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI). CSI values
from 0% to 45% indicate normal healthy feet, over 45% - flat feet.
Footprints were taken from both feet by the standard static plantography
method. Data was statistically analyzed with the non-parametric tests
(Spearman correlation coefficient (r) and Kruskal-Wallis test (H)) with
calculating of the effect size (?2).On the base of the increasing average
CSI values in BMI categories (normal weight: n = 52, sin. = 37.27%, dex. =
35.82%; overweight: n = 51, sin. = 41.18%, dex. = 42.48; obesity: n = 36,
sin. = 45.92 %, dex. = 44.94%), we showed a significant increase of the CSI
values (sin. H = 27.17, p < 0.01,?2 = 0.2;dex. H = 24.32, p < 0.01, ?2 =
0.18). CSI values showed medium positive linear relation with BMI values
(sin. r = 0.42; dex. r = 0.40; p < 0.05), which confirmed that a foot arch
significantly falls with increasing BMI values. Overweight and obesity have
significant impact on the fall of the foot arch.
Key words: flat foot, BMI, excessive body weight

MODERN RUSSIAN FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION SCHOOL (p. 47)
Veselovskaya Elizaveta1, Grigoryeva Olga1, Rasskazova Anna1,2
1Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Mikhail Gerasimov was the first who invented scientifically
substantiated method of individual facial reconstruction based on subjacent
cranial structures analysis. Nowadays, the Laboratory of Anthropological
Reconstruction of Russian Academy of Science is proceeding with his
research concerning the problem of correspondence between facial structures
and cranial elements. A large database containing information on facial
soft tissues thickness of different ethnic groups (Mongoloids and
Caucasians) has been created. The craniofacial correspondence program was
also created, being an algorithm of transition from cranium dimensions and
characteristics determined to corresponding facial dimensions and
characteristics. A system of regression equations has been produced to
calculate such characteristics as ear height and physiognomic facial
height, nose and mouth width. Regression equations are also used to
estimate such characteristics as nasal labial fold width and eye fissure
dimensions. High correlation coefficient rates between mouth and dental
arch width, orbit and eye fissure dimensions, nose width and juga
alveolaria are demonstrated both for Mongoloids and Caucasians.
Anthropological reconstruction today is successfully used in many fields of
research, particularly in the historical persons' identification. For
example, craniofacial reconstruction was used to identify the skull found
in Ermolov's crypt. Alexey Ermolov was a Russian military leader, who took
part in many great wars. According to historical records, the crypt
contained the remains of A.P. Ermolov, his father and his son.
Unfortunately, only one skull was found there. Another case was the
identification of the skull found in Novoierusalimsky monastery, which
presumably belonged to Arkadiy Suvorov, the son of the famous commander
Alexander Suvorov. The method of craniofacial reconstruction is used to
visualize anthropological data. A number of sculptural portraits of the
ancient city of Palmira inhabitants was produced and matched to sepulchral
images. The Laboratory also completed a number of early hominids'
reconstructions, such as Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis OH24,
Homo rudolfensis 1470. The above-mentioned method is widely used in
forensic science (undefined remains identification). Special procedures
have been worked out to reconstruct the appearance basing on mummified
materials. The method makes it possible not only to reproduce main facial
features, but to make a precise facial reconstruction, showing persons'
individual characteristics.
Key words: facial reconstruction, craniofacial identification,
forensic science
THE AURICLE AS AN OBJECT OF MEDICAL-ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONALITY (p. 48)
Zvyagin Victor1, Negasheva Marina2, Snegiryova Evgenia2, Fomina Elena1
1Department of Medical Forensic Identification, Russian Center of
Forensic Medical Examination, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
2Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia

Up to the present, very few studies have been devoted to the
investigation of the auricle as an object of medical-anthropological
reconstruction and identification of personality. The objective of our
study was to investigate intra-group, racial, secular and constitutional
variability of sizes of the auricle and to establish biometrical criteria
for quantitative assessment. 284 women and 173 men of Russian nationality
at the age from 20 to 25 years old were examined. The program included 6
measurements of the auricle (4 supplementary indicators were calculated)
along with somatic and cephalometric characteristics (more than 30
dimensions of the head and body). Using standardized photos of the auricle,
with the help of special software "Database for auricle parameters
registration", values of 12 additional parameters were received for each
person, with 9 calculated indicators based on these parameters. Elements of
the auricle were described using R.A. Reiss' method: a form of the auricle
was evaluated, forms of the contours of tragus and antitragus were
determined, and the type of adherence of the ear lobule to the cheek was
assessed. For the first time in Russian anthropology, secular changes in
the auricle sizes have been analyzed. For the comparison, archival
materials of the Department of Medical Forensic Identification were used:
namely, the results of measurement of auricle sizes of 231 men and 100
women in Ryazan province (Vorobyov, 1901). For the past 100 years an
increase in all sizes of the external ear has been observed in both sexes.
Literary data on general sizes of the auricle (length and width of the ear,
physiognomic index) in the representatives of three big races were analyzed
and borders of variability of these parameters were detected. For sex
determination based on the complex of auricle sizes, linear equations of
discriminant functions were developed (classification precision 85%). The
following parameters appeared to have the highest significance level at sex
determination: the length of cartilaginous part of the ear, the length and
width of the ear, the length of base and real height of the ear, the length
of the ear lobule. The results of factor analysis stable trends of combined
variability of sizes of the body, head and auricle: the most informative
one was the variability of sizes of the auricle on the scale of micro/
macrocephaly and micro/ macrosomia. The second vector (in terms of its
significance) was a scale of lepto/ brachycephalia: brachycephalic people
are characterized with relatively small auricles. Multiple regression
equations for the prediction of auricle sizes on some somatic and
cephalometric parameters were elaborated. Five categories in the
variability of auricle sizes were chosen: very small, small, medium, big,
very big. This will allow avoiding subjective assessments at description of
the auricle and can be used in human morphology, medical forensic
examination and criminalistics.
Key words: sizes and form of the auricle, methods of multivariate
statistics, medical-anthropological reconstruction


Section GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

EVALUATION OF FOOT ANTHROPOMETRY AND SECULAR CHANGES IN TURKISH
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS (p. 49)
Akca Duygu Hilal, zer Ba?ak Koca
Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Ankara, Turkey

Evaluation of foot development is important for growth and development
as well ergonomics studies. The purpose of the present paper is to
investigate age and sex dependent foot anthropometry and secular changes in
Turkish children and adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on
1427 (709 boys and 718 girls) healthy school children aged between 6-17
years from Ankara. Height, foot length and foot breadth were measured
according to the standard anthropometric protocols and foot index was
calculated. To reveal secular changes on foot growth, the data were
compared with Bostanc?'s study of 1950, which included 1679 healthy school
children from Ankara. The results show rapid increment in foot length at 11-
13-year-olds for the boys and 9-10-year-olds for the girls. Similar growth
pattern in foot breadth was also recorded which followed by a steady
increase. Although during early childhood the boys have larger foot
dimensions, just before the puberty girls catch up and sexual dimorphism
disappear. After the age of 13 years significant difference between the two
sexes have been recorded (p<0.01). Positive secular increase was prominent
for the foot length and breadth measurements for both sexes but this
increment was greater for boys, which can be linked with the different
degree of response to the improved environmental conditions. Positive
secular changes documented in the present study appear to be a logical
outcome of gradual social changes. As a developing country, Turkish
population still tends to be diverse, and by taking into account potential
social improvement, we might predict a further positive secular trend in
growth.
Key words: Foot anthropometry, secular changes, children and
adolescents, Turkey

TERRITORIAL VARIATIONS OF THE MATURATION RATES OF HAND AND WRIST BONES
IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS (p. 49)
Batsevich Valery, Mansurov Fayzali, Yasina Oksana
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

This research aims at studying the influence of ecological factors on
the maturation rates of hand and wrist bones in children and adolescents.
It is based on the radiographs of the left hands, collected in the course
of the expeditions of the Institute and Museum of Anthropology through 1964-
2013 periods in 19 ethno-territorial child groups, aged 8-17 years, with
the total number of 6456 individuals. The Tanner-Whitehouse method (TW-2)
was used to determine skeletal maturation. As to the European part of the
former USSR the highest rates of skeletal maturation belong to the rural
school children of Arkhangelsk region and Karelians of Olonetski region
with the exceeding of skeletal age compared to chronological almost through
the whole age interval. In the groups of Russians of the Yaroslavl region
and Byelorussians the skeletal age falls behind chronological, which is
stronger manifested in Byelorussian girls from longevity population (over
0.5 years). Maturation rates of hand skeleton of Chuvashs and Bashkirs are
close to each other and 0.25 years lower than British standards.
Significant changes of maturation rates of the hand and wrist bones through
25 years occurred in Abkhazia. The results of skeletal age of Abkhazian
children in 2004 showed significant acceleration of maturation rates in the
long-lived population of the Abkhazians. The changes are more evident in
the population of the Ochamchiry region as compared to Gudauta region. The
differences between longevity population of Chlow with the delayed rates of
physical development and the control group from Duripsh, revealed in the
1970 - 1980 study, almost disappeared. Child groups of Central Asia,
Khalkha-Mongolians and Tuvinians had the slowest maturation rate of hand
skeleton, 0.8 years less than British standards. Altaians and Stolypin's
migrants descendants are characterized by the accelerated rate of physical
development and high maturation rates of hand skeleton (0.4 years above the
standard). In the Middle Asian region the highest maturation rates belong
to the Turkmen urban school children from Chardzhev, the lowest maturation
rate in this region is seen in the rural Tajik children from Varukh. Growth
and maturation rates depend on various environmental factor: climatic,
geographic and social. Differences of skeletal maturation in the observed
groups may be interpreted in the context of maintaining (Khalkha-Mongols,
Tuvinians, and Tajiks) or transformation (Turkmen, Chuvashs, Bashkirs,
Altaians, Russians) of the traditional way of life. Social stress,
connected with the military actions, caused the acceleration of maturation
rates in the longevity group of the Abkhazians. Longevity populations were
traditionally characterized by the low rates of growth and development
(Abkhazians till 1991, Belorussians).
Key words: skeletal age, TW-2, maturation rates, human ecology

CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH TRENDS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE BASED ON CT DATA
(p. 50)
Evteev Andrej1, Anikin Anatoliy2, Satanin Leonid3, Sakharov Alexandr3
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2Scientific Centre of Children Health, Moscow, Russia
3Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery (Burdenko), Moscow,
Russia

The first year of life is a crucial period of craniofacial growth
during which most of the main individual and racial features of the facial
skeleton are formed. But these important growth changes are still
relatively poorly described due to bad preservation of skulls of children
of this age in archeological skeletal samples, absence of this age cohort
in X-ray longitudinal studies as well as rarity of appropriate CT data.
Importantly, quantitative description of growth trends expressed as "normal
values" of craniofacial measurements in 3D is lacking. In the present study
more than one hundred CT scans of boys and girls of the first year of life
were digitized to produce numerical values and growth curves for 30 linear
measurements of the mid-face. The children are skeletally normal patients
of several hospitals in Moscow, Kaluga and Lipetsk, most of the subjects
are ethnically Russians. Slice thickness of the scans ranges from 0.3 to
1.5 mm. 40 landmarks were being placed on 3D surface reconstructions by the
first author and their coordinates were further converted into linear
distances between the landmarks. In order to construct growth curves the
sample was divided into four age groups (newborns, 1-2 months, 3-6 months
and 7-11 months) separately for each sex as to account for sexual
dimorphism as well. Reliability of our data has been additionally confirmed
by very good congruence of our results and those obtained previously on
forensic material. The results numerically describe main ontogenetic trends
of this period of ontogeny such as slow growth of the upper face in height
and length compared to width, very rapid vertical orbital expansion,
relatively subtle changes in nasal and mid-facial protrusion. But the study
also provides more detailed picture of growth processes and interplay
between different mid-facial structures.
Key words: craniofacial growth, computed tomography, children

SECULAR PATTERNS OF GROWTH PROCESSES IN MODERN MOSCOW INFANTS COMPARED
TO THE INFANTS OF THE 1970's (p. 51)
Fedotova Tatiana, Gorbacheva Anna, Sukhova Alla
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

The dynamics of the body dimensions (body length and mass, chest
circumference) of Moscow infants of 2000's from birth to 12 months compared
to that of infants of 1970's is observed. Modern data were collected by the
authors on the basis of child outpatient clinics from medical cards,
following ethic norms. A longitudinal sample of about 500 children was
formed, including monthly dynamics of physical development indices
accompanied by the full medical background. Archive data of 1970's was
collected in the course of a cross-sectional anthropometric study. The
comparison of dynamic curves, preliminary standardized, of body length of
boys and girls describes the process of secular increase of modern infants
length, more expressed in the second half of the first year of life and
increasing towards the age of 12 months. The level of differences is 0.4-
1.0 and 0.4-1.4 SD for boys and girls correspondingly. The comparison of
dynamic curves of body mass and chest circumference describes the opposite
tendency of some decrease of the dimensions of modern children from birth
to 6 months from the level of 0.6 SD to zero. Secular increase of length
combined with the decrease of mass and chest circumference means that the
process of lepthosomization of body build in modern infants is growing as
compared to the second part of the 20th century. The absence of the
distinct secular differences of the length growth curves through the first
6 months of a child's life is connected with the intensive compensatory
growth, which smooths the limitations of the prenatal growth in search of
the stable growth curve.
Key words: physical development indices, growth curves, infants,
secular trends

CONFIRMATION REGARDING SIMILARITY AND DISSIMILARITY TO PHYSICAL GROWTH
CURVE OF TWINS BY CROSS-CORRELATION FUNCTION (p. 51)
Fujii Katsunori
Graduate School of Business Administration and Computer Science, Aichi
Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan

Scientific verification is impossible without quantitative assessment
of the similarity or dissimilarity to the curve of growth pattern of twins.
In this study, this assessment was verified by applying a cross-correlation
function in analysing changes from collapsing one of the curves to examine
their similarity. The minimum growth curve must be functionalized to apply
a cross-correlation function. Thus it is important to approximate the
growth curve by the Wavelet Interpolation Method (WIM) proposed by Fujii
(1999). Cross correlation function can then be applied to the quantified
curve by WIM. Longitudinal growth data consisting of height, weight,
sitting height, and leg length was obtained for a pair of identical and a
pair of fraternal twins from age six (first year of elementary school) to
age 17 (third year of high school). As a result, changes in the cross-
correlation coefficient were found by applying the cross-correlation
function to identical and fraternal twin height growth described by WIM and
collapsing one (set of) growth distance values and velocity values. With r
= 0.93 for identical twins and r = 0.74 for fraternal twins, similarity in
identical twins was found to be very high when examining changes in
correlation coefficients. Similarity among identical twins was also found
to be high when weight, sitting height and leg length were analysed, with
high correlation coefficients in all three.
Key words: cross-correlation function, wavelet interpolation method,
twins, similarity, dissimilarity

SOMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF MONGOLIAN AND KALMYKIAN CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENTS (p. 52)
Godina Elena1, Khomyakova Irina1, Zadorozhnaya Ludmila1, Lkhagvasuren
Gundegmaa2, Burlykov Vladimir3
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2Mongolian National Institute of Physical Education, Ulaanabaatar,
Mongolia
3Kalmykian State University, Elista, Russia

The aim of the study is to compare growth characteristics of Mongolian
and Kalmykian children and adolescents. The materials were collected by the
authors in 2007-2008 and in 2010-2011 as a result of anthropological
investigations in the cities of Elista (Republic of Kalmykia, Russian
Federation) and Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). Total number of the investigated
children from 9 to 17 years of age was about 2,000. The program included
standard anthropometric measurements (Bunak, 1941), hand grip strength,
somatotype evaluation according to Shtefko-Ostrovsky method. A number of
indices were calculated including Body Mass Index (BMI), absolute and
relative fat mass (Slaughther et. al., 1988). Statistical analysis,
performed with the software "Statistica 8.0", included descriptive
statistics, normalization procedure, one-way ANOVA with Scheffe's test for
multiple comparisons. The results show significant differences between
Kalmykian and Mongolian children in most of the measurements: stature and
weight, chest, waist, hip and arm circumferences, body diameters are bigger
in Kalmykian schoolchildren and the differences are stronger in boys.
During the whole age period Kalmyks are taller than their Mongolian peers.
At the age of 17 Kalmykian boys' stature is 173.89 cm, while for Mongolians
it is 168.34 cm (<0.001); for the girls the corresponding figures are
161.8 and 159.42 cm (p<0.05). Mongolian boys at almost all age groups have
smaller values of chest circumference and BMI but surpass Kalmykians in
chest depth. Mongolian girls after the age of 13 have slightly bigger
values of chest circumference and BMI, as well as bone diameters. Mongolian
boys and girls have significantly smaller values of skinfold thickness and
fat mass. In both ethnic groups the accumulation of fat layer is bigger on
the trunk, particularly in the abdomen area. There were no differences
between Kalmykian and Mongolian adolescents in maturation rates evaluated
by the development of secondary sex characteristics. As both groups have
similar ethnic origins, it can be concluded that the revealed differences
are the results of the influence of socioeconomic factors.
Key words: growth, physical development, biological age, Kalmykian
schoolchildren, Mongolian schoolchildren, auxology, anthropology

DYNAMICS OF THE SEXUAL DIMORPHISM INDICES OF BODY DIMENSIONS OF
CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO 17 YEARS (p. 53)
Gorbacheva Anna, Fedotova Tatiana, Sukhova Alla
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Age characteristics in the process of forming of the direction and
degree of definitive adult sex differences are reviewed using a great
number of children's samples, collected by the authors and taken from the
literature. To estimate the value of sexual differences the Kullback method
is used. The analysis of 63 ethno-territorial samples of the newborns
showed that the minimal variability belongs to the body mass - the main
object of stabilizing selection and the main marker of the quality of
intrauterine development. Body length and head and chest circumferences
have relatively higher indices of sexual dimorphism, independent from
ethnic and different ecological factors. Through the interval from birth to
7 years of age according to the data of three ethnic samples - Russians,
Kazakhs, Kirghizs - the bigger skeletal and muscle dimensions of boys are
maintained till the age of three years. Indices close to zero level through
the age of 3-7 years in Russian and Kazakh samples are an evidence of
comparable growth rates of children of both sexes. While negative values of
the indices in Kirghiz children point to the more intensive growth
processes in girls. The values of skinfolds in girls are higher through the
whole interval and this tendency is stronger in 7-year-olds, more evident
in Mongoloid groups. The common pattern of sexual dimorphism of skeletal
and muscle dimensions through the period of 8-16 years may be described by
the parabola of the 4th order with three bend points, connected with the
differences of pubertal spurt in boys and girls. The dynamics of sexual
differences of the skinfolds is characterized by a small degree through the
second childhood and the beginning of the puberty, and its further gradual
increase from 12 years of age towards the definitive status.
Key words: sexual dimorphism, body dimensions, children from birth to
17 years

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL CONNECTEDNESS ON BODY HEIGHT IN SWISS
CONSCRIPTS (p. 53)
Hermanussen Michael1, Alt Christoph2, Staub Kaspar3, Amann
Christian4, Groth Detlef2
1Altenhof, Germany
2University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Germany

3Institute of Anatomy; University of Zurich, Switzerland
4Otto-Friedrich-Universitt Bamberg, Germany

Background: Human populations differ in height. Recent evidence
suggests that social networks play an important role in the regulation of
adolescent growth and adult height. We further investigated the effect of
physical connectedness on height. Material and Methods: We considered
Switzerland as a geographic network with 169 nodes (district capitals) and
335 edges (connecting roads) and studied effect of connectedness on height
in Swiss conscript from 1884-1891, 1908-1910, and 2004-2009. We also
created exponential-family random graph models to separate possible
unspecific effects of geographic vicinity. Results: In 1884-1891, in 1908-
1910, and in 2004-2009, 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neighboring districts
significantly correlate in height (p<0.01). The correlations depend on the
order of connectedness, they decline with increasing distance. Short
stature districts tend to have short, tall stature districts tend to have
tall neighbors. Random networks analyses suggest direct road effects on
height. In 1884-1891, direct road effects were only visible between 1st
order neighbors. In 1908-1910, direct road effect extended to 2nd and 3rd
and in 2004-2009, also to 4th order neighbors, and might reflect historic
improvements in transportation. Conclusion: Height in a district depends on
height of physically connected neighboring districts. The association
decreases with increasing distance in the net. The present data suggest
that people can be short because their neighbors are short; or tall because
their neighbors are tall (community effect on growth). The vision strongly
contrasts the current concept of growth as a mirror of health and economic
prosperity.
Key words: community effect on growth, connectedness, body height,
direct road effect, exponential-family random graph models
SECULAR VARIABILITY OF HEAD SIZES IN BELARUSIAN CHILDREN (MINSK) (p.
54)
Hurbo Tatyana
Department of Anthropology and Ecology, Institute of History, National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NAS), Minsk, Belarus

The trends in variability of general head sizes (head circumference,
longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter) and the shape of head
(cephalic index) in 4-17-year-old children of Minsk over the last 80 years
(1920-2000) are analyzed. In 1980-2000 a significant increase of all
indices was revealed. Head circumference in the older age groups is bigger
in the children of 1980 in comparison to those of 1920 - by 2.16-3.09 cm
longer in boys, 2.42-3.14 cm in girls; longitudinal diameter - by 1.40-1.85
cm and 1.14-1.30 cm respectively; transverse diameter - by 0.82-1.35 cm and
0.69-0.83 cm respectively. At the same time the head index reduced during
the period of 1920-1980: by 1.32-1.88 in boys and 0.62-1.83 in girls. A
significant growth of general head sizes was completed in 1980-2000. If
there were some variations in head circumference and longitudinal diameter
in children of different age during these 20 years (first some reduction,
then some increase), the transverse diameter reduced at all ages. The
reduction of the cephalic index continued in 1980-2000 due to a more
intensive reduction of the average values of the head breadth in comparison
to the head length. So some changes in head shape and sizes in children of
Minsk were observed during 80 years: the process of dolichocephalization
(or debrachycephalization), i.e. a decrease of the head index (the ratio of
the transverse diameter to the longitudinal one) was revealed. If in 1920-
1980 this process took place together with the increase of head sizes, then
in 1980-2000 both longitudinal and transverse diameters were reduced, the
decrease of the transverse diameter being more significant.
Key words: head sizes, dolichocephalization, Belarusian children

DOES BIRTH ORDER REALLY MATTER? ASSOCIATION WITH ANTHROPOMETRICS IN
CHILDREN FROM THE GREATER BILBAO (SPAIN) (p. 54)
Jelenkovic Aline1,2,3, Esther Rebato1
1Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology,
University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
2IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
3Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland

Birth order has been related to the anthropometric variation both in
children and adults, but the evidence is still inconsistent. Examining the
relationship in different populations may lead to improved insight. We aim
to determine the associations between birth order and a set of
anthropometric traits defining body morphology and composition. The sample
consisted of 847 children (219 years) from 533 nuclear families living in
the Greater Bilbao (Spain). Simple measures and derived variables [stature,
iliospinal height, weight, body mass index (BMI), trunk/extremity skinfolds
ratio (TER), sum of 4 circumferences (CC4), sum of 6 skinfolds (SF6), and
the three components of the HeathCarter's anthropometric somatotype
(endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy)] were zscored for age, separately
by sex. Associations were analysed using linear multivariate regression
models controlling for different covariates and pvalues were adjusted for
clustering of siblings within families. Overall, very few associations were
statistically significant at p<0.05. Thirdborn boys were associated with
greater iliospinal height zscore (0.38, p=0.04) and stature zscore (0.37,
p=0.06) than firstborns. After adjustment for parental education,
secondborn girls showed reduced SF6 (0.21, p=0.32) and endomorphy zscores
(0.20, p=0.37) but greater ectomorphy (0.19, p=0.05) than firstborns.
Additional adjustment for maternal age slightly attenuated the
associations. In conclusion, birth order showed a tendency towards a
positive association with vertical dimensions in boys and negative with
adiposity in girls. Our findings do not support an association of birth
order with weight, BMI, TER, mesomorphy and CC4.
Key words: anthropometrics, birth order, body composition, children,
siblings, vertical dimensions
SECULAR CHANGES OF THE NEWBORNS' BODY WEIGHT AND WOMEN'S BODY SIZE IN
KRAKW AND POZNA? (POLAND) DURING LAST CENTURY (p. 55)
Kryst ?ukasz1, Bili?ska Inez2
1Department of Anthropology, University School of Physical Education,
Krakw, Poland
2Department of Anthropology and Biometry, University School of
Physical Education, Pozna?, Poland

Long-term changes in morphological characteristics of population,
progressing from generation to generation towards constant direction,
reflect the secular trend. These changes apply to both birth and adult body
size of a human and they are observed over the century. Responsible for
this variability are mostly non-genetic factors, mainly those related to
the socio-economic situation. Such elements of the human environment
determine the implementation of the genetic potential. The aim of the study
was to determine the existence of intergenerational changes in newborns'
body weight and adult body size of women living in Krakw and Pozna? over
the past century. Finally the goal of this study was to defining factors
responsible for these modifications. This research analyzed data of 15884
newborns (body weight) and 3612 women (body height and weight) at the age
of 18, derived from 1900 to 2010. The analysis of differences between
individual cohorts was made by means of one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and Tukey test. Despite short-term fluctuations, the results showed
significantly increasing trends of all studied features. Changes in birth
weight were similar in both cities - in Krakw increased by 184 g (?) and
206 g (?), in Pozna? by 216 g (?) and 120 g (?). Changes in women's body
size were also significant, but the level was different depending on the
place of residence. In the last century, women's body height increased by
8,2 cm in Krakw and by 10,2 cm in Pozna? and their body weight increased
by 1 kg and 5 kg respectively. Considered period of time covered the years
of socio-economic changes which occurred as a result of the political
system transformation. Crises, prosperity ages and other factors which
determine the standard of living and health care had an influence on the
developmental level of the Polish population's physical features.
Key words: secular trend, newborns, body size, socio-economic changes,
political transformation

ANTHROPOMETRY AND SECULAR TRENDS IN SARATOV (RUSSIA) (p. 55)
Lehmann Andreas1, Ivanova Elena2, Godina Elena2, Scheffler Christiane1
1Human Biology Department; University of Potsdam, Germany
2Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Growth and development are influenced by different environmental
factors, like nutrition, health, socioeconomic life circumstances, and
psychosocial factors. The analysis of pattern in growth and development is
an important tool to observe growth trends over time and leading to a
better understanding of children's growth and development under specific
life circumstances. Little is known about the changes and secular trend in
growth and sexual development in Saratov over the last decades. In this
study anthropometric data of schoolgirls (aged 6-18 years) of the Russian
city Saratov were analyzed. The investigations took place in three
different years; 1969, 2004, and 2011 including an overall number of 2110
girls. The data involve measurements of height, weight, and other body
measurements. Of these variables, body mass index, metric index and frame
index were calculated. In addition information on secondary sexual
characteristics and menarcheal age were collected to describe sexual
development of the girls. The data were analyzed with Least-Mean-Square-
method (LMS) (Cole 1990) and Probit-analysis (Finney 1971) to visualize the
results. A comparison of anthropometric data and different stages of sexual
development over the time showed that girls from 2011 are taller and
heavier than from 1969. This is true for all age groups. Furthermore, mean
menarcheal age decreased in the analyzed time period while BMI changed only
little. The presented results of Saratov will be discussed in the light of
secular trend and with implications on modern health related questions,
like obesity and skeletal robustness.
Key words: anthropometry, sexual development, menarcheal age, secular
trend
ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOSCOW SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 8-18
YEARS (ON THE RESULTS OF LONGITUDINAL STUDIES) (p. 56)
Milushkina Olga1,2, Bokareva Nataliya1,2, Skoblina Natalya1
1Scientific Centre of Children Health, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia

The study of physical development in longitudinal researches is
carried out with the aim to determine the dynamics of changes of
anthropometric indicators, the level of biological maturation and
functional indicators of children and adolescents in different time
intervals. The processes of physical and sexual development are
interconnected and reflect the general patterns of growth and development
but at the same time they significantly depend on social, economic,
sanitary, hygienic and other conditions, which influence is mostly defined
by human age. During three longitudinal studies of physical development of
Moscow schoolchildren (1960-1969, 1982-1991 and 2003-2013) the indicators
of body mass and length, chest circumference, ratios, stages of biological
development and muscular strength of the right hand were evaluated. The 10-
year time scale of the observations allows determining the vector of
changes of somatic development, puberty and functional capacities of
children from decade to decade. The third longitudinal study of physical
development of Moscow children and adolescents shows that modern
schoolchildren exceed their peers of the 1960's and 1980's in main
anthropologic indicators (body mass and length, chest girth) and the level
of biological development (menarcheal age and the degree of development of
the secondary sexual characters at an earlier age). The results of the
studies show a change of body proportions in modern schoolchildren: the
increase of body length is combined with the increase in leg length. During
longitudinal observations of 2003-2013 a significant decrease of functional
indicators (of hand strength) was found in children of all age groups. The
findings dictate the necessity of new modern references for the assessment
of physical development, reconsidering of normatives of biological
development of schoolchildren and searching for the reasons of decrease in
functional indicators.
Key words: longitudinal studies, physical development, level of
biological development, dynamometry

DEVELOPMENT OF SUBCUTANEOUS AND VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE IN BULGARIAN
ADOLESCENTS (p. 56)
Mladenova Silviya1, Mitova Zorka2, Nikolova Mima3
1University of Plovdiv "Paisii Hilendarski", Smolyan Branch, Smolyan,
Bulgaria
2Institute of xperimental orphology, Pathology and nthropology with
useum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
3University of Plovdiv "Paisii Hilendarski", Faculty of Biology,
Plovdiv, Bulgaria

The purpose of this study is to investigate development of
subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in Bulgarian children and
adolescents by anthropometrical methods. The data analyzed are part of the
three separate cross-sectional studies of 9-16-year-old children from
Sofia, Plovdiv and Smolyan cities in Bulgaria, conducted in 1999-2009. The
general sample included 3095 adolescents aged 9 to 16 years (1568 boys and
1527 girls). Height (cm), weight (kg) and waist circumference (cm) were
taken on each person with standard methods (Martin-Saller, 1957).
Additionally, the body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous (SAT, cm2) and
visceral (VAT, cm2) adipose tissue, and VAT/SAT-ratio were calculated. The
quantities of subcutaneous (SAT, cm2) and visceral (VAT, cm2) adipose
tissue were defined by the regression equations of Brambilla et al. (2006).
Different categories of body nutritional status were defined by cut-off
points of BMI for children by Cole et al. (2007; 2012). Statistical data
processing was performed using the software STATISTICA 10.0. The
descriptive analysis, ANOVA and alternative analysis (Z-score) were used.
The results of analysis showed significant differences in accumulation of
SAT and VAT between groups of children with different nutritional status.
The children with normal nutritional status were characterized by non-
significant below average values (Z-score) for SAT, VAT-and VAT/SAT-ratio
for their age and gender. In contrast, the groups of children with
overweight and obesity were characterized by above average values for SAT
and VAT (p <0.05). The values VAT/SAT-ratio is below average for age and
gender. With age the quantity of SAT and VAT in both sexes increase.
Overall, the boys accumulate greater quantity of VAT in all period, and of
SAT after 14 years. he differences between age, sex and territorial groups
in quantity of SAT and VAT and their ratio were found.
Key words: subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue
(VAT), VAT/SAT-ratio, body nutritional status, adolescents, Bulgaria
EVALUATION OF ARM ANTHROPOMETRY AND NUTRITION IN TURKISH PRESCHOOL
CHILDREN (p. 57)
zdemir Ay?egl, Sibel nal, zer Ba?ak Koca
Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Turkey

Arm anthropometry - cross-sectional analyse of arm muscle area and arm
fat area- has been used as a proxy of body composition in both clinical and
field research and proposed to be an indicator of nutritional status.
Present study aimed to evaluate nutritional status of preschool children
aged 3-5 years old using arm anthropometry. The survey was conducted in
Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, on 270 children (135 boys and 135
girls) from private and public preschools, whose parents gave consent to
include their children in the study. Anthropometric measurements of mid-
upper arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold were taken using
standard technique and instruments, and arm muscle area (AMA) and arm fat
area (AFA) were calculated. The results show that age differences in AMA
between ages 3 and 4 were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05).
Furthermore, gradual increase in AMA in boys with age was prominent, and in
AFA in girls, respectively. Thus, muscle development was clear in favour of
boys and fat development - of girls. Anthropometrical studies,
particularly, those of arm anthropometry on preschool children in Turkey
are very limited, we think that the present study will provide a
contribution to this area.
Key words: nutrition, arm anthropometry, arm muscle area, arm fat
area, preschool children, Turkey
PREVALENCE OF UNDERWEIGHT, OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG PRESCHOOL
CHILDREN IN ANKARA, TURKEY AND ASSOCIATED SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS (p. 58)
zer Ba?ak Koca1, zdemir Ay?egl1, Sibel nal1, Ece zdo?an2, Mdriye
Y?ld?z B?ak?3, Neriman Aral3
1Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Ankara, Turkey
2Ankara University, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
3Ankara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Child
Development, Ankara, Turkey

The aim of the present study is to assess the prevalence of
underweight, overweight and obesity among preschool children and to analyse
factors contributing to this phenomenon. The study group consisted of 270
children (135 boys and 135 girls) aged 3-5 years, whose parents gave
consent to include them in the study. Weight, height were recorded
according to the standard protocols and, underweight, overweight and
obesity were classified using BMI according to WHO criteria. Socio-economic
status (SES) was determined using education level and occupation of
parents. Developmental multiple domains, motor, concept, linguistics
developmental levels were measured and a standard of development index were
also taken into account. Younger children's development level was assessed
with Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning, Fourth
Edition (DIAL-4). It was developed by Mardell and Goldenberg (1998) and
adapted by Aral et. al. (2014) to Turkish culture and was utilized as data
collection tools. Data indicated that younger children (3 and 4 years old)
had sexual dimorphism, girls had significantly lower mean weight-for-age
(p<0.01) and height-for-age (p<0.01). According to the mean z-scores of
BMI, 1.1% of children were diagnosed as underweight (1.2% at age 3, 1.9% at
age 4, no at age 5), 3.6% overweight (3.6% at age 3, 2.1% at age 4 and 3.9%
at age 5) and 1.2% obese (1.2% at age 3, 0.9% at age 4 and 2.6% at age 5).
Tendency of being overweight and obese was prominent in boys, prevalence
gradually increased with age, where stunted girls were evident at younger
ages. Development index, SES, weight and height factors were highly
associated (p<0.01), and ANOVA results revealed better anthropometric
status with better family background. It is suggested that the growth level
of these more advantaged peers may have a positive impact of changing
environmental conditions among preschool children in Turkish population.
Key words: preschool children, growth, underweight, overweight,
obesity, Turkey

CONSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL MATURATION PROCESS IN
ONTOGENESIS (p. 58)
Panasyuk Tatiana1, Komissarova Elena2
1Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia
2Department of Anatomy, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical
University, St. Petersburg, Russia

The rate of biological maturation may have a genetic nature,
associated with a certain type of constitution (Nikityuk, 2000).
Longitudinal study of 210 boys and 159 girls was conducted for 4 years
(ages 3 to 6) and of 66 boys and 59 girls for 10 years (ages 7 to 17).
Biological age of the examined subjects was estimated from 3 to 9 years
with the somatic criterion (Philippine test), from 5 to 14 years with
odontological criterion, and from 9 to 17 years by the development of
secondary sexual characteristics. Somatotypes of all children were assessed
according to the Shtefko-Ostrovsky method (1929) with the 4 selected types:
asthenic (A), thoracic (T), muscle (M) and digestive (D). In the first
childhood constitutional differences in biological maturity were expressed
as trends likely due to insufficient differentiation of somatotypes at this
stage. In the second childhood somatotypes significantly differ in the
results of the Philippine test only at the age of 7 years, when children
have positive and negative values. Complete replacement of milk teeth with
the permanent ones occurs in girl of type D at 10 years, of type M - at 11
years, of types T and A - at 12 years. In boys constitutional differences
in teeth replacement are more pronounced before 11 years, while at the
final stage (up to 13 years) they develop more synchronously. Variations of
the loss of primary teeth in the representatives of different somatotypes
are stronger than in the eruption of the permanent dentition. Secondary
sexual characteristics in girls are accelerated in the types as follows:
A estrogens for females, and androgens for males in the pubertal period.
Key words: children, somatotypes, different criteria of biological age


SECULAR CHANGES OF ADIPOSITY AND PHYSICAL FITNESS DURING EARLY GROWTH
(p. 59)
Pa?zkov Jana1, Sedlak P.2, Vignerov J.3
1Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech
Republic
2Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science,
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
3Prague, Czech Republic

Secular changes of somatic growth, body composition and functional
capacity has concerned not only school children and adolescents, but also
preschool age children. Highest level of spontaneous physical activity (PA)
was found in Czech preschool children, with its following significant
decrease in school and adult age. This means that the reduction of PA can
have a more serious consequences in the following life. Since the 1950'3-
70's up to the first decade of this millenium, significant increase of
adiposity, especially on the trunk (evaluated by skinfold thickness
measurements) was revealed in Czech preschool children. Increased adiposity
was accompanied by significant deterioration of motor developement
(evaluated by motor tests - broad jump and ball throw, as markers of the
adaptation to exercise) which has been considered as the result of PA
reduction along last decades. Changes of lifestyle concerning nutrition and
PA have therefore negatively influenced Czech growing population especially
during the period of adiposity rebound (AR), which has been also occurring
at a significantly lower age as compared to previous decades: Earlier start
of AR, accompanied by increasing adiposity is considered especially as an
increased risk with regard to later development of obesity and health
prognosis. Global epidemy of obesity has concerned during recent decades
also children and adolescents not only in the industrially developed, but
also in transition countries, or in selected social strata of developing
countries. - An adequately increased physical activity tended to reduce
adiposity, improved cardiorespiratory efficiency in spite of an increased
food intake, and significantly increased serum level of high density
lipoproteins (HDL) in Czech preschool children. Percent of body fat
correlated significantly with total cholesterol and triglycerides serum
levels (TG and TC) already at preschool age, which indicates a significant
role of PA in health development. Organized physical education for
preschool children (physical education classes for preschooler with one of
the parents, or any other caretaker), or special physical education regime
introduced in selected Czech kindergartens improved significantly motor
development already at preschool age. As follows, aimed intervention in
lifestyle including PA regime has to start in children as early as
possible.
Key words: secular changes, preschool children, adiposity,motor
development

CHARACTER OF SECULAR CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL INDICATORS AMONG
SCHOOLCHILDREN OF POLOTSK (REPUBLIC OF BELARUS) (p. 60)
Polina Natalya
Institute of History, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NAS),
Minsk, Belarus

Dynamics of functional indices was followed for 8-, 13-, and 17-year-
old schoolchildren of Polotsk. Data on 433 males and 450 females were
collected in 2002 and 2012. There was a significant reduction of the
systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels in 2012 relative to 2002: for 8-year-
old males by 3.4 mm Hg (p < 0.05), for 13-year-olds - by 4.6 mm Hg (p <
0.01) and for 17-year-olds - by 8.7 mm Hg (p < 0.001). For females SBP
decreased in all groups, but statistically significantly in 13-year-olds -
by 9.8 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and in 17-year-olds - by 8.5 mm Hg (p < 0.001).
Age changes of diastolic blood pressure in children were not so
straightforward. Analysis of the pulse rate showed a significant secular
decrease from 2002 to 2012: for 8-year-old males - 5.6 beats/min less (p <
0.01), for 13-year-olds - 7.2 beats/min less (p < 0.001), for 17-year-olds
- 4.2 beats/min less (p < 0.02); for 8-year-old girls - 5.1 beats/min less
(p < 0.001), for 13-year-olds - 9.9 beats/min less (p < 0.001), for 17-year-
olds - 6.6 beats/min less (p < 0.001). Changes in hand dynamometry (HD) in
the period from 2002 to 2012 were also investigated among Polotsk
schoolchildren. A highly significant (p<0.001) decline of HD among 8-year-
old boys was revealed: for the right hand - 1.6 kg less, for the left hand
- 1.7 kg less. For children older than 10 years mean values of HD for both
hands increased. In groups of males of 13- and 17-year-old the increase was
up to 0.7-1.4 kg, though the differences were not significant. Among
schoolgirls of all age groups HD values did not change. The decrease of
hand strength among schoolchildren was observed in various countries, so
the tendency for the HD level to grow parallel to the improvement of the
functional traits of the cardiovascular system among adolescent boys of
Polotsk deserves attention and might be connected with stabilization of
ecological and economic situation in Belarus.
Key words: schoolchildren, performance indicators, secular trend

DO WE WALK ENOUGH IN MODERN TIME? (p. 60)
Scheffler Christiane1, Hermanussen Michaell,2
1Human Biology Department, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
2Pediatrician, Gettorf, Germany

Modern human life style has led to significant decreases of everyday
physical activity and bipedal locomotion. It has previously been shown that
skeletal robustness (relative elbow breadth) is associated with daily step
counts. The aim of the study was to investigate whether other skeletal
measures, particularly pelvic breadth, also may have changed in recent
decades. Elbow breadth, pelvic breadth (bicristal), and thoracic depth and
breadth, of up to 28,975 healthy females and 28,288 healthy males aged 3-18
years from cross-sectional anthropological surveys performed between 1980
and 2012 by the Universities of Potsdam and Berlin, Germany, were re-
analysed. Since 1980 relative elbow breadth (Frame index) significantly
decreased in both sexes (<0.001). The trend towards slighter built was even
more pronounced in absolute and relative pelvic breadth. In contrast,
equivalent changes of parts of the skeletal system that are not involved in
bipedal locomotion such as thoracic breadth, thoracic depth and the
thoracic index were absent. The present investigation confirms the decline
in relative elbow breadth in recent decades. Analogous, but even more
pronounced changes were detected in pelvic breadth that coincides with the
modern decline in upright locomotion. The consequences to health status of
the following adult generations in future are unclear. Firstly, the
findings underscore the phenotypic plasticity of humans while adapting to
new environmental conditions and maybe they are not pathological changes.
But the influences of health status in locomotor system cannot be excluded
in future. From this point of view we do not walk enough today.
Key words: bipedal locomotion, modern life style, skeleton breadth
measurements

LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDY OF GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, PUBERTY AND
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN RUSSIAN BOYS (p. 61)
Sergeyev Oleg 1,2, Lam Thuy3, Williams Paige L.4, Burns Jane S.3,
Korrick Susan A.3,5, Hauser Russ3, Revich Boris6, Dikov Yury1, Sergeyeva
Lyubov1, Lee Mary M.7
1Chapaevsk Medical Association, Chapaevsk, Russia
2Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
3Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health,
Boston, USA
4Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard School of
Public Health, Boston, USA
5Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
6Institute of Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

7Pediatric Endocrine Division, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and
Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, USA

Introduction. There are few longitudinal male cohort studies with
serial assessments of growth and puberty. Design/Methods. We assembled a
multi-disciplinary team of U.S. and Russian researchers to design and
conduct a longitudinal boys' cohort study of male growth, development,
puberty and reproductive health in Chapaevsk, Russia. At annual study
visits scheduled at each subject's birth month, the same study physician
(O.S.) assesses pubertal staging and one nurse (L.S.) measures
anthropometric variables. Pubertal assessments are based on a 1-5 scale for
genitalia and pubic hair staging by visual inspection, testicular volume is
measured using orchidometers, and penile length is measured with a ruler.
Blood and urine samples for hormonal, chemical, genetic and epigenetic
analysis were collected at baseline and biennially. Results. In 2003-2005,
516 prepubertal boys were recruited at ages 8-9 years (86% of all eligible
Chapaevsk boys) to be followed annually for at least 10 years. The
participation rate has remained high with over 75% followed for 6 years and
64% at 9 years of follow-up with 4319 visits as of February 2014. A core
set of 23 anthropometric indices measured at annual visits (e.g., height,
weight, segment lengths and diameters, circumferences, skinfolds) are
available, as well as an additional 30 measures conducted biennially.
Longitudinal curves for selected anthropometric and pubertal measures will
be constructed. 113 semen samples were collected at 18-19 years old and
evaluated for semen quality, including sperm concentration and motility.
Conclusions. To our knowledge, this longitudinal male cohort is the first
to have serial assessments of growth and puberty performed by the same
physician and nurse followed for over ten years, from prepuberty to young
adulthood. This cohort provides an excellent foundation for describing
growth and pubertal development trajectories and evaluating associations
with environmental exposures.
Key words: growth, development, puberty, longitudinal curves,
Russians, males, anthropometry
PHYSICAL STATUS OF CHILDREN BORN IN 1996 (LONGITUDINAL AUXOLOGICAL
STUDY OF CHILDREN FROM VILNIUS CITY, 1996-2013) (p. 62)
Suchomlinov Andrej, ?er?kus Gediminas, Kolosov Andrej, Rakita
Ignas, Tutkuvien? Janina
1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Vilnius University
Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
2Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania

Based on the 1985-1992 cross-sectional auxological Lithuanian growth
study, the new growth monitoring system and percentile growth charts were
implemented at clinical practice in Lithuania since 1995 (Tutkuviene,
1995). The aim of the present study was to evaluate physical status of
children born in 1996 in Vilnius city from birth up to the end of puberty
and to investigate their growth tendencies. Material and methods: data were
derived in 2014 from personal health records of children (373 boys and 342
girls, total number 715) born in 1996 in Vilnius city. Main growth indices
(height and weight recorded annually from birth up to the age of 17 years,
and calculated body mass index) of children were investigated. Main growth
indices were compared with the results of the longitudinal study of
children born in 1990 from Vilnius city (Suchomlinov, 2011) and the results
of the cross-sectional growth studies of Lithuanian children (Tutkuviene,
1995, 2000-2005). Results: at the age of 17 years children born in 1996
were 1.5-2 cm higher than in 1985-1992 (p<0.05) - boys' and girls' height
was 180.17.5 cm and 168.16.1 cm, respectively. Children of both sexes
from the current study, compared to their peers born in 1990, were higher
at birth (boys 53.32.3 cm and 52.82.3 cm, girls 52.82.4 cm and 52.32.4
cm respectively, p<0.05). There were no differences in final height, weight
or BMI between 1990 in 1996 birth cohorts; however, children born in 1996
had significantly higher BMI compared with the results of the cross-
sectional growth study of Lithuanian children conducted in 2000-2005 (boys
21.83.4 kg/m and 21.12.6 kg/m, girls 21.53.6 kg/m and 20.22.3 kg/m
respectively, p<0.05). Conclusion: stabilization in height and gaining in
BMI was observed in children born 1996 in Vilnius city.
Key words: longitudinal auxological study, personal health records,
height, weight, body mass index

GROWTH FROM BIRTH TO TWO YEARS: ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS (p. 62)
Sukhova Alla, Fedotova Tatiana, Gorbacheva Anna
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

To estimate the specificity of growth dynamics of Slavonic children
from birth to 2 years in different ecological conditions, data on physical
development of children of the former USSR from late 1960's - early 1970's
were compiled. Among them, samples from the following regions: megalopolis
of Moscow; sea port of Murmansk, settled over the polar circle in the
permafrost zone; city of Norilsk, settled over the polar circle, one of the
most polluted cities in the world; city of Magadan, settled in the
permafrost zone, severe climate with short summer; industrial center of
Cheliabinsk, air pollution over the norm and high radiation background;
industrial center of Kuibishev, the highest level of the air pollution in
Russia; industrial agglomeration of Donetsk, a zone of ecological disaster
with the extreme exhaustion of natural resources. Growth patterns of four
main indices of physical development (body length and mass, chest and head
circumferences) were compared at different age groups: at birth, 1, 3, 6,
12, 18 and 24 months of age. The highest indicators of physical development
and the rate of their changes through 0-2 years interval belong to the
children from rapidly developing urban centers with intensive migration
processes - Moscow, Murmansk, Kuibishev. Evidently, high level of
urbanization is positively correlated with the high level of medical
service. Children growing in the severe conditions of the North, in Norilsk
and Magadan, have lower indices of physical development and lower rates of
their dynamics. The combination of natural and anthropogenic stress in the
ecology of Norilsk intensifies this tendency. Children of Cheliabinsk,
living in the conditions of the high anthropogenic pollution, are
characterized with the deficit of body mass and chest circumference through
the second year of life, which is an evidence of asthenization of body
shape, more evident in girls. The same tendency characterizes the growth of
children from urban Donetsk. The lowest indices of children from Donetsk
region are probably connected not only with the high level of technogenic
stress, but also with the lower quality of life in this province, which
includes nutrition status and medical service. The retardation of the girls
from Donetsk and the region compared to the boys who assume to be more
ecosensitive, may testify to the distress of the ecological situation in
the region and to the extreme exhaustion of adaptive resources of the
child's organism. The research is partly maintained by RFBR grant # 12-06-
0036a.
Key words: growth dynamics, physical development, infancy, early
childhood, ecological stress

HORMONAL STATUS AS A FACTOR OF DIFFERENTIATION OF RATES OF DEVELOPMENT
(p. 63)
Titova Elena, Savostyanova Evgeniya, Makhalin Adu, Savchenko Elena
Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia

The problem of individually typological patterns of growth in
connection with the general physical development is one of the most
important issue in modern auxology, physical and age morphology. Among the
numerous factors affecting the rate of development and somatic status,
hormones belong to the most effective ones. This study applies the
biotypological approach to the analysis of individual variability of
hormonal status in pubertal males. A number of hormones, the most
informative for this age, were selected: sex hormones and growth hormone
(GH) - leading anabolic factors of growth and development in the pubertal
period, and cortisol as their antagonist. As the most informative criterion
of biological age, stages of sexual development were used, particularly of
such a character as pubic hair (P). There are marked differences in the
ratio of testosterone:cortisol: it increases more than twice from the stage
P1-2 to P4. The ratio of estradiol: testosterone is reduced from the stage
P1-2 to P4 more than twice. An apparent trend towards stabilization in the
level of GH between stages P3 and P4 is consistent with the literature
data. Anabolic trends in the endocrine formula in connection with the
biological age (absolute and relative increase of testosterone in relation
to cortisol and estradiol) are accompanied by the corresponding changes in
the body build - strong development of endo- and mesomorphic components.
The results clearly show the connection of the accelerated type of
development with the highest level of testosterone and the minimal ratio of
estradiol-testosterone.
Key words: endocrine formula, biological age, auxology

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN IN MOSCOW REGION AND SOME STATISTICAL
INDICATORS IN 1976-1980s (p. 63)
Zubareva Vera, Permyakova Ekaterina
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Patterns of physical development of schoolchildren in different areas
of Moscow Region (Podolsk, Istra, Dedovsk, Solnechnogorsk, Zagorsk,
Golitsino, 1985, n=3512) with additional data of Tchulkovo, Ramenskiy
district (1976, n=842) were compared. Height, chest circumference, shoulder
and pelvic diameters were studied; questioning of parents was conducted.
Main statistical parameters for every age group were calculated. The
significance of differences was estimated using Student's t-test. One-way
ANOVA and multiple comparisons by Scheffe's method were also used. The
results of the 10-year study (1976-1985) show some reducing of the girls'
height against its increasing in boys. In chest circumferences, girls and
boys of 1976 have smaller values than those of 1985children. In shoulder
and pelvic diameters, children measured in 1976 are ahead of those examined
10 years later. These results indicate to a certain heterochrony of secular
changes: growth in length has stopped (at least in girls), while some
dimensions continue increasing. Somatotypes of children examined in 1980
demonstrate a trend towards asthenization. Generally, it gets in line with
the trends found in other populations, examined at the same period of time.
The results of parental questioning indicate that 92.4% of children were
from two-parents families, while 7.2% - from incomplete families. Parallel
to this study, some analysis of demographical data for Moscow Region has
been performed. The dynamics of matrimony-divorce rate as well as the rate
of population increase was examined with the use of the official statistics
data (FSSS 1997, 2003, 2012). It shows that since the beginning of the
1960s the matrimony rate exceeds the divorce rate: related figures are 8.1%
to 1.5%. By 1975 related figures are 11.1 to 3.6%. After 1980's the
situation is drastically changed. In the period of 1985-1990 the
corresponding figures are 9.71% to 4%, and the divorce rate goes on
increasing. As there was no official statistical data for Moscow Region in
1970's, it's hard to consider the dynamics of natural increase rate.
However, the data for a later period indicate that after 1980's natural
increase turns to natural "loss". This process is going on till 2012.
Key words: physical development, schoolchildren, Moscow region,
demographical data

Section HUMAN DIVERSITY

RUSSIAN FIELD STUDIES OF ETHNIC GROUPS IN CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (p.
64)
Aksyanova Galina
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

The Russian school of physical anthropology is one of the oldest in
Europe. Russian researchers have been actively engaged in studying modern
and ancient populations in multinational Russia and abroad. In the 19th
century N.N. MiklukhoMaklay described several ethnic groups of the Malay
Peninsula and Oceania. In the 20th century a wide range of methods and
hypotheses relating to craniology, anthropometry, dental anthropology,
dermatoglyphycs, and genetics was introduced, and further studies of
various populations of the world were carried out. In 1956-58, N.N.
Cheboksarov worked in China. He studied northern and southern Chinese and
other ethnic groups in Guangdong - Huay, Yao, Miao, Li (see Ethnic
anthropology of China, in Russian, Moscow, 1982). Data on the peoples of
China are important for elaborating the classification of Asian Mongoloids.
According to Cheboksarov, Mongoloids fall into the Continental and Pacific
branches. The latter branch is divided into Eastern (Arctic and Far
Eastern) and Southern Mongoloids. All native peoples of South China,
Southeast Asia, and several neighboring regions form the southern Mongoloid
area. Cheboksarov described the Eastern Himalayan anthropological type of
southern Mongoloids together with the TaiMalay and Indonesian varieties.
Anthropometric and dental variation in Thay (three local groups), Khmu,
northern Viet, Cham, and Churu was studied by I.M. Zolotareva, A.G.
Kozintsev, and G.A. Aksyanova during the SovietVietnamese ethnographic and
anthropological expeditions in 1976-78 and 1984 (see in The Paths of
Mankind's Biological History, in Russian, Moscow, 2002). Three major
phenomena were described: (1) contacts between Mongoloids and
VeddoAustraloids in Southeast Asia; (2) increase of Mongoloid features in
Vietnam from the Bronze Age onward; (3) the affinities of the northern Viet
with the Far Eastern racial type. In 1987, V.P. Alexeev studied the
aboriginal groups of the Tay Nguyen plateau and in 198890 V.A. Sheremetieva
studied several groups of northern and southern Viet (unpublished results).
East and Southeast Asia remain the key areas for field work and theoretical
research.
Key words: physical anthropology, Russia, China, Indochina, Vietnam

SART KALMYKS OF THE ISSYK KUL PROVINCE, KIRGHIZSTAN: THE ANALYSIS OF
FIELD DATA (p. 64)
Balinova Natalia1, Khomyakova Irina2
1Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

The Sart Kalmyks are a small group of Oirat origin now living in the
Ak-Suu District, Issyk Kul Province, Republic of Kirghizstan. It is
impossible to accurately determine their number at present: according to
the 2009 census, 3800 people were counted, but of the Kalmyks were
recorded as Kirghiz for social reasons. The headcount in four villages -
Chelpek, Burma-Suu, Tash-Kyya and Beryu-Bash, where 90% of the population
are Sart Kalmyks - is about 12 thousand people. Due to their Western
Mongolian origin the Sart Kalmyks speak a language which is very close to
Kalmyk. At this moment, only few of its speakers have remained, mostly the
elderly. Original ethno-cultural characteristics are gradually giving way
to Kirghiz and general Muslim traditions. The language, ethnography, and
history of the Karakol Kalmyks were studied by scholars such as A.V.
Burdukov (1935), Sh. Dondukov (1973), E.R. Tenishev (1976), N.L.
Zhukovskaya (1980), D.A. Pavlov (1984), A.N. Bitkeyeva (2006), B. Nanzatov,
and M. Sodnompilova (2012). The Sart Kalmyks rarely became the object of
bioanthropological research. The few studies include that by D.O. Ashilova
(1976), who made a number of conclusions based on anthropometric data.
Though the ethnographic group of Sart Kalmyks incorporated into the Kirghiz
nation in the past was related to the Western Mongolian ethnic group by
common ancestry, language, and culture, now they differ in appearance from
groups belonging to the Central Asian anthropological type (Kalmyks,
Mongols, and Buryats) and show the closest affinity with Kirghizes. During
our expedition in 2013, we conducted a comprehensive anthropometric and
genetic study among the Sart Kalmyks. We have collected anthropometric data
on 84 women and 119 men, made 830 photographs for creating generalized
portraits, and studied the diagnostically important descriptive
characteristics of the face. We also collected material for genetic
analysis - 197 blood samples of 101 women and 96 men. Regarding ethnicity,
the following distribution was observed: 111 persons stated that both their
parents were Sart Kalmyks, and about a half of them (51 persons) knew the
tribal affiliation of parents. Forty individuals are hybrids between Sart
Kalmyks and Kirghizes, 29 have both parents of Kirghiz origin, and 8 people
mentioned Kazakhs, Uyghurs, Tatars, and Bashkirs among their ancestors.
Based on these materials, we will trace the origin and history of the Issyk
Kul Kalmyks in comparison with Kalmyks living in Russia and China; assess
the demographic and genetic structure of Karakol Kalmyks; and calculate
genetic distances and the degree of relationship with Russian Kalmyks.
Based on individual photographs, generalized portraits of the Sart Kalmyk
men and women will be created. In sum, this research will highlight the
most recent trends in the development of this ethnic group. This study was
partly supported by a grant from the Russian Foundation for the Humanities,
# 12-01-00063a.
Key words: physical anthropology, anthropometry, population history,
Sart Kalmyks

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM PATTERNS IN ROMA
POPULATIONS LIVING IN CROATIA BASED ON X CHROMOSOME STR LOCI (p. 65)
Bare?i? Ana, Peri?i? Salihovi? Marijana, Jani?ijevi? Branka
Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia

The aims of the study were to evaluate the genetic diversity and
explore linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in three Roma populations of
different migration origin, socio-cultural and dialect category using seven
microsatellite (STR) loci in the Xq13.3 region of the X chromosome. These
loci (DXS983, DXS8037, DXS8092, DXS1225, DXS8082, DXS1066 and DXS986) were
analyzed in 189 Roma males from three populations in Croatia (Me?imurje,
Baranja and Zagreb), who belong to different migration and dialect groups.
Several diversity indices (e.g. gene diversity, expected heterozygosity,
mean number of pairwise differences) were calculated and the level of LD
was inferred using exact test and D' statistics. Results suggest that
Me?imurje Roma population has the lowest genetic diversity (? = 4.756) and
is significantly different from Baranja (? = 5.395) and Zagreb (? = 5.429)
populations. Linkage disequilibrium analyses showed that Me?imurje Roma
population has the highest level of linkage disequilibrium while Zagreb
population has the lowest. When compared to other isolates, Me?imurje
population shows highest similarity to small and stable isolated
populations while Baranja and Zagreb Roma populations resemble large, more
open isolated populations. In addition, results point to possible early
separation of all the three populations despite the fact that Me?imurje and
Baranja populations belong to the same migration category and speak the
same dialect. All three populations were most likely separated as early as
the beginning of slavery in Romania, which was approximately 500 years ago.
Key words: Vlax Roma, Balkan Roma, Bayash, microsatellites, X
chromosome
TREPANATION AMONG THE NOMADS OF CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN (8TH-3D CENTURIES
BC) (p. 66)
Beisenov Arman1, Kitov Egor2
1State Institute of Archaeology after A.Kh. Margulan Science Committee
Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty,
Kazakhstan
2Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

Burials with stone mounds, which gave the name to the archaeological
culture of Tasmola ("Stone Grave") are being investigated by archaeologists
in the very heart of Kazakhstan. Tasmola sites date to the 8th-3d centuries
BC and are mainly located in Central Kazakhstan, though some parallels are
found in southeastern Urals and in southern Siberia. The study of skeletal
materials excavated over the past several decades resulted in assembling a
large collection of ca. 60 individuals of good preservation. Ten male and
one female crania demonstrated trepanation holes, all of which are located
on the occipital or on the posterior part of parietal bones. The number of
trepanations varies between one and 15 per skull. Similar cases have been
recorded in the past, but only two concern crania of the same chronological
and cultural background. The pattern of trepanations in Central Asia can be
related to embalming rites, which have also been recorded in the Pazyryk
Culture of the Altai. We assume that in our case perforations were made for
ritual purposes and were post mortem, as no traces of healing on male
crania were identified. While differing in appearance, trepanation cases
from Central Kazakhstan may indicate proximity of the ideological views of
Tasmola people to those held by people in Western Siberia, Mongolia, and
China, although at the moment it is hard to define the purpose of such
operations in Tasmola people. The diameter of holes is too small for brain
extraction, and absence of obliteration suggests non-medical purpose of the
intrusion. Perhaps, this could be explained by the specificity of the
funeral rites of the early nomads Central Kazakhstan. Notably, in this case
trepanations were performed on individuals of high social position, buried
with golden artifacts, under large mounds. These features can indicate the
flourishing of mummification and postmortem cranial autopsy rites in the
early Iron Age population of Central Asia. Further analysis of similar
manipulations could significantly expand our understanding of the death
rituals in the ancient world.
Key words: trepanation, Early Iron Age, Central Asia, Central
Kazakhstan, death rituals

RESULTS OF AN INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF METRIC AND NONMETRIC TRAITS IN
CRANIA FROM THE MEDIEVAL CEMETRY AT MAMISONDON, NORTHERN CAUCASUS (p. 66)
Berezina Natalia1, Moiseev Viacheslav2
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Saint-Petersburg, Russia

The paper focuses on the biological affinities of the medieval
population of Mamisondon, the Alagir district, Republic of North Ossetia-
Alania. Because the cultural affiliation of Mamisondon people is
controversial, biological data can provide important information on the
origin and population history of that group. We used data on two
morphologically independent systems of traits: craniometric and cranial
nonmetric. First, cranial measurements of medieval and modern groups from
northern Eurasia including Mamisondon were subjected to canonical variate
analysis (CVA) whereas frequencies of nonmetric characters of the same
groups were subjected to the principal component analysis (PCA). Next the
resulting CV and PC scores were treated as new traits and integrated using
PCA. The results of both analyses, metric and nonmetric, are consistent
despite the independence of both trait sets. The correlation coefficient
between CV 1 and PC 1 reaches 0.9 and that between CV 2 and PC 2 equals
0.5. According to the results of both analyses, the Mamisondon people are
autochthonous, possibly with some admixture from the Alans. Our data
suggest that Adygeis are the most similar to Mamisondon people among the
modern groups. The specific position of Mamisondon on CV 3 shows that
random microevolutionary processes were an important factor in the
population history of this group possibly due to its geographic isolation.
Key words: North Caucasus, Alan Culture, Middle ages, craniometry,
nonmetric cranial traits
NEW DATA ON A MEDIEVAL COPTIC POPULATION OF DAIR AL-BANAT, THE FAYOUM
OASIS, EGYPT (p. 67)
Borutskaya Svetlana
Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

The medieval site of Dair al-Banat is situated in the Eastern part of
the Fayoum governorate in a deserted area about 2 km from the monastery of
Dair al-Malak. All female long bones from that cemetery were very gracile
and so were all male arm bones. Most male femora and tibiae were gracile,
but some were very robust. The estimated stature of Dair al-Banat men is
average - 169.5 cm (range, 163-179 cm), and that of women equals 155.4 cm
(range, 150-160.5 cm). Also, we studied limb proportions of males and
females. Both were characterized by relatively long legs, forearms and
shins, and relatively narrow shoulders and hips. All female arm bones and
some male arm bones have weak muscular attachments. In certain men the
insertion areas of the following arm muscles were well developed:
tuberositas deltoidea, cristae tuberculi majoris and minoris, tuberositas
ulnae, tuberositas radii and supinator relief. The leg bones of most
individuals showed well developed attachment sites for muscles such as
tuberositas glutea, linea intertrochanterica, trochanter major, epicondili
medialis and lateralis femoris, tuberositas tibiae, and linea musculi
solei. We conclude that people of Dair al-Banat spent much time walking.
The typical postcranial pathology is the osteoporosis of long bones.
Frequent cases of palatine porosity, cribra orbitalia, and periodontosis
are accompanied by tooth loss.
Key words: physical anthropology, osteology, muscular attachments,
Egypt, Copts

COMPOSITE PORTRAITS OF SOUTHERN SINAI BEDOUINS (p. 67)
Chumakova Anna1, Maurer Andrey1, Kobyliansky Eugene2
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine,
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

The aim of the study was to create series of composite portraits (CP)
of southern Sinai Bedouins based on photographs of the Israeli expedition
of 1979-82 and using new digital technologies. For that purpose, 89
photographs of adult Bedouins in two norms--full face and profile, and
those of 116 children aged 7-15 were processed with the "Face on Face"
software (Savinetsky-Syroezhkin). Anthropometric and descriptive traits of
the head and face were analyzed. CP were collected to specify the
information about different aspects of anthropological variability in
Bedouin tribes. Three adult and five children's portraits reflect age-
specific characteristics; the profile portrait provides information on the
vertical facial profile and nasal morphology. Integral visual images
representing various tribes and subtribes as well as the general portrait
of the adult part of the whole population were generated. Our analysis of
metric and nonmetric facial variation in Bedouin subtribes revealed a
number of significant differences (in transverse dimensions and height of
the face, eye and hair pigmentation, and hair form). Various Bedouin
tribes, then, differ in important features of appearance. Results of visual
analysis of composite portraits are comparable with biometric data. In some
cases the CP method is more informative. For example, CP of the homogeneous
Muzeina tribe and the tribal group "others" are consistent with metric
information; CP of Gebelia subtribes of patchy origin visualize and
complete the numeric information. The profile portrait adds information on
a number of features: height and overall profile of nasal bridge,
morphology of supraorbital and chin areas.
Key words: ethnic anthropology, composite portraits, South Sinai
Bedouins, facial morphology

CEPHALOMETRIC VARIATION AMONG THE TURKMEN OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA (p. 68)
Dubova Nadezhda
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

Cephalometric data on Turkmen males (N=240) living in the Stavropol
and Astrakhan Provinces of Russia since the XVII century are analyzed (the
material was collected by this author and O. Babakov in 1987 in eight
settlements of the Stavropol Province and in two in the Volga delta).
Thirteen traditional head and face dimensions were included. All statistics
were performed using Statistica 8.0 software. The analysis of variance
showed no significant differences between the Chovdur, Igdir, Abdal and
Suyundzhadzhi tribes (Wilks' lambda = 0.712135; F=1.53). Differentiation
between villages is stronger (Wilks' lambda = 0.405974; F=1.80).
Discrimination of the total population by either criteria ("tribe" and
"village") shows no effect for total head and face measurements.
Differences concern mainly details of facial morphology (tribes differ in
zygomatic and nasal breadth; villages, in these features plus minimal
frontal breadth, zygomatic breadth, and upper lip height). Based on the
above traits, correct tribe attribution is possible only in 48.75% of
individuals ranging from 39.5% in Abdal to 84.6% in Suyundzhadzhi. Correct
village attribution was possible in 37.9% (Funtovo, 60.4%;Sharahalsun,
51.3%). Variation among all the Turkmen tribes (N=1064 individuals) is
greater than in southern Russia alone (Wilks' lambda = 0.322341; F=10.8).
However, correct classification in that case was possible only in 37.4% of
cases (Stavropol Turkmen, 57.4%; Nohurly of Turkmenistan, 47.6%; Astrakhan
groups, 10.5%). Weighted pair-group clusterization links South Russian
Turkmen with Ersari of Middle Amudarya, Igdyrs and Chovdurs of Northern
Turkmenistan. Tajiks, Turkmen, Kirghizes, Uzbeks and other Central Asian
peoples (N=3895) were correctly classified in 54.9% of cases (Wilks' lambda
= 0.38396; F=38.27), and Turkmen groups alone, in 81.8% (Tajiks, 75.9%;
Karakalpaks, 1.7%, Uzbeks, 8.6%). In the same sample, Stavropol Turkmen
were correctly attributed in 22.8%, those of Astrakhan, in 1.8%.
Cephalometric traits, then, do not distinguish the Turkmen of southern
Russia from other Central Asian populations. Descriptive traits appear to
be more efficient. The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for
the Humanities , project 12-01-00235).
Key words: Turkmen, anthropometry, cephalometric traits, Stavropol and
Astrakhan regions, ANOVA, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis

THE STUDY OF CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY IN CASES OF ARTIFICIAL CRANIAL
DEFORMATION USING ANGULAR MORPHOMETRY (p. 69)
Galeyev Ravil
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

Artificial deformation of the head is one of the most widespread
ancient practices of changing human appearance. It has been studied by more
than two hundred years. Certain problems relating to this custom can be
solved with the help of physical anthropology. Angular morphometry is
rooted in cranio-trigonometric studies of the early 20th century. The
essence of this method consists in analyzing cranial morphology through a
description of its shape by the system of triangles the angle values being
used in multivariate statistical analysis. Numerous studies of artificial
cranial deformation using the cranio-trigonometric approach were published
in the first half of the 20th century. They were mainly based on the
craniometric systems of H. Klaatsch and J. Imbelloni and on the notion of
"cephalic constants", such as the 'Klaatsch central angle (Z)'. We selected
some 400 skulls with various types of deformation coming from various
regions of northern Eurasia. They were measured according to the angular
morphometry program developed by S.V. Vasilyev and R.M. Galeyev. This
program is based on a system of 33 triangles generated by craniometric
reference points. The trigonometric systems of artificially deformed and
undeformed skulls differ in various respects. The heavier the deformation,
the larger these differences are. The braincase undergoes heavy
transformation whereas general angular characteristics of the face change
little if at all. Visual differences of artificially deformed crania are
more evident in the curvature of individual skull bones than in the
position of craniometric points within the cranial space. The angular
characteristics of deformed braincases differ by types of deformation.
Based on the results of the angular morphometric analysis we can
distinguish two subtypes of circular deformation: straight and inclined
types according to J. Imbelloni.
Key words: angular morphometry, artificial cranial deformation

MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF THE MIDDLE DANUBE: ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALISIS (p. 69)
Goncharova Natalia1, Radichevich Deyan2
1Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia
2Archaeology Department, Faculty of Phylosophy, Belgrad University,
Serbia

The purpose of this study was to get a better insight into the
lifestyle of medieval Slavic populations by examining skeletal remains. The
populations of two 12th-13th-century settlements on the Middle Danube were
studied. One group is an urban population, the other one is rural. The
Duplyaya fortified settlement was situated on the left bank of the Danube,
10 km north of the mouth of the river Caras. The Omolitsa rural settlement
is also on the left bank of the Danube, near Belgrade. Burials of at least
150 individuals were excavated. Both settlements are well dated by coins.
The analysis revealed differences in frequencies of stress markers and
pathological bone changes between the urban and the rural groups. The urban
population was more affected by a variety of infectious and systemic
diseases such as cancer, while the injury rate is virtually the same.
Indicators of cranial trauma are almost the same in both groups, but the
urban group shows more diverse types of injuries. Differences might result
from different lifestyles of the rural and urban populations. Physical
features of the two groups differ too, though both belong to the same type
of southern Slavs. Urban dwellers had robust skulls and less protruding
noses. To visualize differences between the groups, composite "cranial
portraits" were generated with Galton's method.
Key words: Slavic populations, lifestyle, stress markers,
anthropological types

DERMATOGLYPHICS OF ABKHAZO-ADYGHEAN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS (p. 70)
Heet Henriette
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

Populations of Caucasus are dermatogyphically distinct, being
generally intermediate between those of Western Asia and Europe (Heet,
1976; Heet, Dolinova, 2002). Previous data on Abkhazo-Adyghean groups are
scarce. In this report, dermatoglyphic data on 51 groups of Caucasus,
totaling about 10200 males, are analyzed. The sample includes eight Abkhazo-
Adyghean populations (about 2400 males): Abkhazians (495), Abazins (217),
Abadzekhs (125), Bzhedugs (348), Shapsugs (240), Chemguis (193), Cherkess
(166), and Kabardins (645). Two multidimensional analyses were conducted
using a set of key diagnostic traits. Generally, the Abkhazo-Adyghean
samples are similar and homogeneous. The mean Generalized Dermatoglyphic
Distance (GDD) equals 8.4, which is nearly twice less than that between
groups of the entire Caucasus. Among the speakers of Caucasian languages,
Abkhazo-Adygheans are closest to Kartvelians and Iranians (GDD ranges
within 6.1-6.3) and somewhat less similar to the Turkic-speaking groups
except Nogais and to Dagestanians (7.1-7.4), being furthest from the Nakh-
speaking people. The South Caucasoid Complex is lower in Abkhazo-Adyghean
and Kartvelian speakers (58.0 and 58.7, respectively) than in Turks (61.0),
Dagestanians (62.3), Armenians (62.7), and Iranians (62.9). Two significant
principal components differentiate Northern and Southern Caucasoids. All
Abkhazo-Adyghean groups except Cherkess are included in the larger cluster
(2/3 of the samples), occupying a central position there. The Bzhedugs and
Shapsugs show the "southernmost" characteristics, Abkhazians, Abazins,
Kabardins, Abadzekhs and Chemguis being the "northernmost". Cherkess group
take a central position in the second cluster. Results of the study are
discussed in the context of the population history of Caucasus.
Key words: dermatoglyphics, Caucasus, Abhazo-Adygean peoples

PALEODEMOGRAPHY OF THE 10TH-13TH-CENTURY POPULATIONS IN THE TISZNTL
(HUNGARY) (p. 70)
Jnos Istvn1, Szathmry Lszl2
1Institute of Environmental Science, College of Nyregyhza,
Nyregyhza, Hungary
2Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of
Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Result of craniological studies suggests that the structure of
populations living in the Great Hungarian Plain (Hungary) might have
changed considerably between the Age of the Hungarian Conquest (10th
century) and the Arpadian Age (11th-13th century). This conclusion follows
from the analysis of skeletons from cemeteries dating both to the Age of
the Hungarian Conquest and to the Arpadian Age. Given the above result, the
basic aim of this study was to perform comparative paleodemographic
analysis of representative 10th and 11th-13th-century skeletal populations
excavated from cemeteries in the Tiszntl region, the eastern part of the
Great Hungarian Plain. The samples were separated into two groups according
to archaeological periods (the Age of the Hungarian Conquest and the
Arpadian Age). It was found that the 10th-century populations showed
greater variation in mortality parameters. By contrast, the Arpadian Age
populations, especially those dating to the 11th century showed a much more
homogeneous demographic profile. Among the 11th-century populations, much
lesser variation could be detected than among the 10th-century samples. It
is possible that 10th-century populations composed of various ethnic groups
of different origin settled in the Carpathian basin according to their
former environment. This might have caused territorial isolation and was
followed by anatomical and demographic distinctions. However, in the 11th
century, differences between groups became much smaller, possibly due to
the political activities of King Saint Stephen, which resulted in a more
homogeneous population.
Key words: paleodemography, skeletal populations, Great Hungarian
Plain, Tiszntl region, age of Hungarian Conquest, Arpadian Age

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONSET OF MOTHERHOOD IN POLAND (p. 71)
Kaczmarek Maria
Department of Human Biological Development, Institute of Anthropology,
Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna?, Poland

Factors of lifestyle and social behaviour were examined in relation to
the age at first childbirth given by Polish women. In a sample of 1924
parous women aged 35-45 years at the time of examination, crude
associations between maternal age at first birth and selected covariates
including place of residence, educational attainment, employment status,
financial strain, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol use and
weight status were evaluated. The bivariate relations were then adjusted to
marital status and use of oral contraceptives (OCU).The study revealed key
sets of social predictor variables for maternal first birth age in Poland.
The large city residents with higher educational level, currently employed
and without financial strain, non-smoking cigarettes and non-drinking
alcohol, participating in physical exercises and maintaining proper weight
and oral contraceptive users were more likely to delay their first
childbirth over the median age of 23 years, than their counterparts. The
most important predictors of the maternal first birth age included:
educational attainment (F=19.8; p<0.001), place of residence (F=4.2
p<0.021), employment status (F=3.7; p=0.026), tobacco use (F=5.0; p=0.007),
and use of oral contraceptives (F=3.6; p=0.033), they explained 15% of the
total variance in the maternal first birth age. The probability of
delivering first child at more advanced age was almost two times higher for
the large-city residents than for their rural counterparts (OR=1.58); five
times higher for women with better educational qualifications as compared
to primarily educated peers (OR=5.24). Currently employed women were 1.5
times more likely to be primiparous at a more advanced age than the
unemployed counterparts (OR=1.5). Current smokers were 1.3 times less
likely than their peers who had never smoked to deliver a child at an older
age (OR=0.75). The OC users were 1.5 times more likely to delay childbirth
than never OCU counterparts. The study results confirmed the importance of
women's educational level in undertaking decision about motherhood.
Key words: maternal age at first childbirth, social status, lifestyle
behaviour

MAPPING DENTAL MARKERS IN EURASIAN POPULATIONS: WHAT WAS HIDDEN IN
TABLE DATA? (p. 72)
Kashibadze Vera
Institute of Arid Zones, Southern Scientific Centre, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

The study aims to consider numerous dental data from Eurasian
populations in a spatial and temporal context. Mapping dental markers and
PC scores as an innovative approach involves 906 samples; 594 of them are
living groups and 312 are cranial series dated from the Late Pleistocene to
the Early Iron Age. The results highlight the division of the whole area
into two main provinces--western and eastern. The distinctive landscape,
however, changes dramatically with the chronological depth when gracile
lower molars as a distinguishing characteristics of our species are
considered. The maps provide the evidence of the four-cusped LM2 to be a
constant marker of western Eurasian populations, while the four-cusped LM1
turns to be an eastern trait in the Upper Paleolithic and early Holocene.
Since the four-cusped LM1 is generally considered a western feature in
recent populations, the discovered phenomenon provides a new view of the
population history of the continent. The maps demonstrate the earliest
western localization of gracile LM1, followed, in different ratio, by
eastern traits (shoveling, dtc, dw) only in the Mesolithic and Neolithic
northeastern Europe. The most intense dispersal of a similar combination
from Asia to the west is traced in the Early Metal and Bronze Ages, mainly
along the steppe belt of the continent. By the turn of the Common Era the
landscape takes on essentially modern outlines. The results of the study
suggest that LM1 and LM2 evolved independently in Eurasian populations,
thus marking two separate ancestral groups. The separate ancestry could
result from different tempos of transition of the key tooth role, thus
suggesting four-cusped LM1 to be more archaic. In fact, should we admit at
last that all the relevant dental traits specified as eastern are basically
archaic? Several implications will be discussed.
Key words: phenogeography, Eurasia, dental markers, lower molars,
gracilization, population history

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SOUTHERN URALIAN AND FOREST-STEPPE VOLGA
VARIETIES OF THE SINTASHTA AND POTAPOVKA CULTURES, MIDDLE TO LATE BRONZE
AGE TRANSITION (p. 72)
Khokhlov Alexander1, Kitov Egor2
1State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara, Russia
2Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

The study of the Bronze Age sites in the Southern Uralian and Volga
steppes is crucial for addressing many issues of Eurasian prehistory. The
discovery of a number of archaeological sites dating to the transition from
the Middle to the Late Bronze Age, and in particular of a series of
fortified settlements of Arkaim type, resulted in a revision of the
existing periodization of the archaeological cultures in the region, and of
the views concerning their origins. It was immediately suggested that
people who lived in these settlements and left kurgan graveyards with
remains of early battle chariots, abundant animal sacrifices, and very
specific burial practices, were Indo-Iranians. We have had an opportunity
to study skeletal materials from the Sintashta-Arkaim sites in Southern
Urals and from the forest-steppe Potapovka sites of the Volga region, which
are culturally related (materials are stored at the Volga State Socio-
Humanitarian Academy in Samara). Various analytical methods were utilised,
and close relationship between the two neighbouring populations was
revealed. At the same time, the considerable heterogeneity of these groups,
which has no parallels among preceding or succeeding Bronze Age
populations, was noted. Almost all anthropological series demonstrate
features that could indicate either steppe or northern forest affinities.
Some series could represent a result of a mechanical mixture while others
attest to incipient hybridization. Despite the evidence of military
activity in the society (fortified settlements, chariots, weapons), a small
number of injuries suggests that Sintashta and Potapovka populations were
involved in conflicts only occasionally. It should be emphasized that
despite the apparent cultural homogeneity of the cemeteries, the buried
people were not necessarily related to each other. The central and elite
graves often contain individuals of a hypermorphic European type, perhaps
of steppe origin. We therefore conclude that one must concentrate on elite
burials to identify the founders of the Sintashta and Potapovka traditions
in this archaeologically homogenous and, at the same time, biologically
heterogeneous group.
Key words: Bronze Age, Southern Urals, Sintashta-Arkaim, Potapovka,
Indo-Iranian origins

FINGER LENGTH RATIO IN CHUVASHIANS (p. 73)
Kobyliansky Eugene1, Kalichman Leonid2
1Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine,
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
2Department of Physical Therapy, Recanati School for Community Health
Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Israel

In a Chuvashian sample (803 males and 738 females) we evaluated the
mean values of 2D:4D ratio, the contributions of phalanges and metacarpals
to the 2D:4D ratio; the symmetry between right and left 2D:4D ratios. Age,
sex, anthropometric data and radiographs of both hands were collected. Each
hand was visually classified with the x-ray method as either Type 1 (index
finger longer than ring finger); Type 2 (equal); or Type 3 (shorter than
the ring finger). The following measurements were obtained from the index
and ring fingers: (1) midpoint of base of the proximal phalanx to midpoint
of tip of the distal phalanx; and (2) midpoint of the base to midpoint of
tip of the metacarpal. Visual classification was significantly associated
with the measured 2D:4D length ratio. Women had a higher prevalence of Type
1 and Type 2, but lower prevalence of Type 3 ratio in both hands. Men had
lower measured 2D:4D phalangeal, metacarpal and ray (combined) ratios than
women. Symmetry between the right and left hand measured 2D:4D ratios were
significant in phalangeal (r=0.657, p<0.001), metacarpal (r=0.638,
p<0.001), ray (r=0.682, p<0.001) ratios and visual classification types
(contingency coefficient = 0.559, p<0.001). No sex dimorphism was found
between the right and left hands. Correlations between age and visual
classification were significant on both sides before and after adjustment
for sex. This is probably a sign of a secular trend and should be
replicated in other samples. Evaluation of the association between 2D:4D
finger length ratios (representing the prenatal environment, i.e., early
androgen exposure) and reproductive indices, such as age at menarche,
menopausal age and length of reproductive period was done. Retrospective
data on the age at menarche and menopausal age as well as x-rays of both
hands were obtained from 674 Chuvashian women aged 18-70 (mean
46.3215.42). We found that a low 2D:4D ratio (radiologically evaluated), a
masculine 2D:4D ratio type (visually evaluated), and a putative bioassay
for prenatal androgen exposure were associated with a later menarche and
shorter reproductive period. No association was found with menopausal age.
Key words: hand, 2D:4D, finger length ratio, menarche, menopause,
Chuvashians
DERMATOGLYPHICS OF KAZAN TATARS (p. 74)
Makeeva Anna
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

Kazan Tatars are the largest group of the Volga-Ural Tatars. They
reside in the Republic of Tatarstan and other parts of the Volga-Ural
region. The report deals only with Tatars living in Tatarstan. New archival
and field dermatoglyphics materials were used (six samples). For the first
time in Russia, dermatoglyphic data were analyzed in the diachronic aspect.
Four samples were collected during the expedition of the Anuchin Research
Institute and Museum of Anthropology MSU in 1937-38 headed by S.A. Shluger,
V.M. Shapkin, and I.N. Elistratov. The total sample size is 1147 (845
males, 302 females). The sample was divided with regard to four districts
(northern, eastern, southern and western). Two samples were collected by
the author during the 2012 expedition in Zelenodolsk district (northwest)
and Elabuga district (northeast) of the Republic of Tatarstan (83 males, 80
females). Altogether 928 males and 382 females were investigated.
Dermatoglyphic data suggest that Kazan Tatars are a heterogeneous Eastern
European population which includes southern European and hybrid Caucasoid-
Mongoloid components. The 1937-38 samples (males and females) are more
Mongoloid than those collected in 2012, and the tendency is more prominent
in males.The decrease of the Mongoloid component over the last 70 years can
be related to extensive population immigration of Slavic people to the
region caused by its industrial and agricultural development. All female
samples were more heterogeneous already in 1937-38. There is also a
pronounced Southern European component in one of the modern samples (Tatars
of northwestern Tatarstan).
Key words: Tatars, dermatoglyphics, Volga-Ural region, ethnic history
THE ANCIENT POPULATION OF LCHASHEN AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BRONZE
AGE ARMENIAN POPULATION (p. 74)
Mkrtchyan Ruzan
Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia

The settlement and cemetery of Lchashen are located on the
southwestern shore of Lake Sevan. Lchashen is one of the most significant
sites representing the Middle and Late Bronze Age culture of Armenia. The
excavations of the cemetery were started by H. Mnatsakanyan in the 1950s
and continued by L. Petrossyan until the 2000s. The skeletal collection at
the State Historical Museum of Armenia totals over 300 cranial samples and
over 100 postcranial skeletons representing people associated with the
Middle and Late Bronze Age Sevan-Artsakh and Lchashen-Metsamor cultures.
The Bronze Age sample from Lchashen is the most representative among the
published contemporaneous samples from Caucasus. Cranial measurements of
this sample were published by V. Alekseev. Those people were dolichocranic
and had broad faces and robust skeletons. The precise dating of the
funerary complexes, conducted by P. Avetisyan and A. Piliposyan has made it
possible to subdivide the sample into three main periods of the Middle and
Late Bronze Age (MBA--17th-16th/15th centuries BC; LBA I - 15th-13th
centuries BC, LBA II - 13th-12th centuries BC) and to evaluate the changes
of physical type over several centuries. Late Bronze Age crania turned out
to be more gracile. This transformation was assessed in the cultural
context and interpreted as resulting from the consolidation of the Late
Bronze Age Lchashen-Metsamor culture and gracilization caused by admixture
and other microevolutionary processes. Sex and age data on the Lchashen
sample are representative and can be used for the reconstruction of
demographic patterns. Mortality indexes indicate relative longevity of the
Middle and Late Bronze Age people of Lchashen relative to other
contemporaneous populations of Eurasia. The distinctive feature of this
longevity is the predominance of elderly males in relation to females of
the same age. This disproportion is likely related to the high social rank
of patriarchs. Another demographic feature is the high mortality of females
in the reproductive age. Owing to the large size of the Lchashen sample,
its average craniometric and osteometric parameters can in some sense be
regarded as standard. The Late Bronze Age Lchashen-Metsamor culture was
also named after the Etiuni ethnonym uncovered in the Urartian cuneiform
inscriptions (P. Avetisyan, H. Avetisyan). If so, the Etiuni people were
moderately robust, tall, and quite long-lived.
Key words: Bronze Age, Sevan-Artsakh culture, Lchashen-Metsamor
culture, robusticity, gracilization, microevolution, longevity

ON THE ORIGIN OF MEDIEVAL EAST SLAVIC TRIBES (p. 75)
Movsesian Alla
Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Nonmetric cranial trait frequencies in medieval East Slavic tribes and
comparative samples from unrelated groups were examined. The aims of the
study were as follows: (1) to assess the degree of biological affinity in
medieval East Slavic tribes and to test the hypothesis that East Slavic
peoples have a common origin; (2) to reveal their genetic affinities with
the autochthonous (Baltic and Finno-Ugric) populations of northeastern
Europe; and (3) to see if a genetic continuity existed between people of
the Chernyakhov culture and medieval Eastern Slavs. Analyses of phenotypic
differentiation were based on Nei's standard genetic distance and
hierarchical GST statistics. The results suggest that the genetic affinity
of the East Slavic tribes is due not only to inter-tribal gene flow but,
more importantly, to their common population history. Evidence of gene flow
between the Baltic and Finno-Ugric groups was revealed in the gene pool of
Eastern Slavs, as was genetic continuity between medieval East Slavic
tribes and the preceding Chernyakhov population. These findings support a
"generalizing" hypothesis of East Slavic origin whereby the Slavonic
community was formed in a particular ancestral area and subsequently spread
throughout Eastern Europe.
Key words: East Slavs, Balts, Finno-Ugrians, Chernyakhov culture,
cranial nonmetric traits

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ADMIXTURE BETWEEN BAYASH ROMA FROM NORTHWESTERN
CROATIA AND THE GENERAL CROATIAN POPULATION (p. 76)
Novokmet Natalija1, Galov Ana2, Marjanovi? Damir3,4, ?karo Vedrana3,
Proji? Petar3, Lauc Gordan3,5, Primorac Dragan6,7,8, Rudan Pavao1,9
1Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
2Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb,
Zagreb, Croatia
3Genos Ltd, DNA Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
4Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia
and Herzegovina
5Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia
6Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
7Eberly College of Science, Penn State University, University Park,
USA
8University of New Haven, New Haven, USA
9Anthropological Center of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
Zagreb, Croatia

The Roma are a minority group that do not share a common homeland,
speak different languages and consist of individuals of various religions.
Population-genetic studies of Roma as a transnational isolate have mostly
sought to compare their genetic affinities with proposed parental
populations. The aim of this study is to assess the genetic structure of
the Bayash Roma population from northwestern Croatia, and of the general
Croatian population, and to investigate the extent of admixture between
them. Population differentiation and structure were analyzed using a set of
genetic microsatellite data from two original studies (100 Bayash Roma from
northwestern Croatia and 195 individuals from the general Croatian
population). Results demonstrated that two population clusters best explain
the genetic structure. Most individuals of the Bayash Roma population were
assigned to a single genetic cluster and most individuals of the general
Croatian population were assigned to another. Admixture analysis revealed
that the percentage of non-Croatian individuals in the general Croatian
population is approximately twice higher than the percentage of non-Romani
individuals in the Romani population. Higher percentages of admixed and non-
Croatian individuals found in the general Croatian population and lower
percentages of admixed and non-Roma individuals found in the Bayash Roma
population are in line with the presence of ethnomimicry in Roma.
Key words: population substructure; admixture; Bayash Roma,
ethnomimicry
POSSIBLY THE FIRST CASE OF AGENESIS OF SECOND AND THIRD MOLARS IN
HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM KENDIRCI HELLENISTIC PERIOD GRAVES, TURKEY (p.
77)
zer Ismail1, Sa??r Mehmet1, zer Ba?ak Koca1, Gngr Kahraman2,
Ozbulut Zehra3, Gle Erksin1
1Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Ankara, Turkey
2Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and
Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
3Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Letters, Department of
Anthropology, Van, Turkey

Human dental studies spanning the period from the Paleolithic to the
present revealed an extremely high variation in the occurrence of agenesis
in different populations. The aim of the present study is to study agenesis
in the ancient population of Kendirci, Izmir, Turkey. The site is located
on the western coast of the country - the Aegean region - and dates to the
Hellenistic Period. Nineteen graves with 11 adult skeletons (7 males and 4
females)were excavated. Images of mandibles were obtained using a Planmeca
ProMax() 3D Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) unit (Planmeca Oy,
Helsinki, Finland). Results revealed skeletal lesions including joint and
infectious diseases, and mild and severe lesions of jaws and teeth.
Possibly the first case of the agenesis of eight molars (congenitally
missing four second molars and four third molars) was recorded in an adult
male. Congenitally missing teeth other than the third molars are rarely
observed in ancient human skeletal remains. Our results contribute an
additional information on this rare trait in western Anatolians during the
Hellenistic Period.
Key words: human skeletal remains, agenesis, Hellenistic Period,
Anatolia

AN ANALYSIS OF PATRILATERAL KIN INVESTMENT BIASES IN TWO PATRILOCAL
KIPCHAK TURK POPULATIONS FROM KIRGIZSTAN AND BASHKORTOSTAN (p. 77)
Pashos Alexander1, Kinjabaeva Gulnazira2, Ismailbekova Aksana1, Yuliya
Absalyamova3, Niemitz Carsten4
1Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle/Saale, Germany
2Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russia
3Institute of History, Language and Literature, Ufa Scientific Center,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
4Institute of Biology, Freie Universitt Berlin, Germany

Kinship network structures are an important part of the human family
and of nepotistic helping behavior. Matrilineal kinship links are
universally stronger than patrilineal ones, at least in urban or modernized
societies. In Sociobiology, the higher kin caregiving by matrilateral
relatives, especially by the maternal grandmother and maternal aunts, is
explained by the kin selection theory in combination with the paternity
certainty hypothesis. A mother always knows that her child is genetically
related to her, whereas in the male family line there is uncertainty of
genetic relatedness and therefore more reluctance in child-care.
Nevertheless, in some traditional societies (e.g., rural mainland Greece),
patrilateral kin caregiving seems to be stronger than matrilateral one.
This cannot be explained by the paternity certainty hypothesis; however, it
might be a result of son-biased child investment. We focus on two Kipchak
Turk populations, which are both patrilocal and assumed to still have a
more or less traditional patriarchal family structure, in order to test the
universality of kin caregiving structures and its evolutionary
interpretation. In Kirgizstan, we found very strong patrilateral and
patrilineal kin caregiving ties, in keeping with the patrilineal structure
of the society. In Bashkortostan, by contrast, both matri- and patrilateral
tendencies existed side by side. Overall, Bashkirs appear to be at an
intermediate modernization level, characterized by stronger matrilineal
family ties and matrilineal child-care.
Key words: asymmetric kin caregiving, kin selection, paternity
certainty, matrilineal investment, patrilateral bias, Kirgizstan,
Bashkortostan

CRANIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MODERN MANKIND (p. 78)
Pestryakov Alexandr, Grigorieva Olga
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

To assess the patterns of human cranial differentiation we used
characteristics other than those traditionally employed in racial studies.
Based on the size and shape of the skull three modern craniotypes were
established - Tropids, Holarctids, and Pacifids. Differences between them
concern three major dimensions of the braincase (Martin 1, 8, and 17) and
their ratios, as proposed by V.V. Bunak (1922). In addition to standard
ratios (8:1, 17:1, 17:8) the following generalized parameters were used:
ORV (total growth dimension) = (12+82+172)1/2 and indexes of form:
dolichoid = (1/8*1/17)1/2*100; brahioid = (8/1*8/17) 1/2*100; hipsioid =
(17/1*17/8) 1/2*100. The Tropids originated in the tropical zone of the Old
World. They have the smallest crania with ORV=262.6, with the largest
longitudinal diameter and the smallest transverse diameter. Holarctids, who
originated in northern Eurasia, are characterized by the largest crania
ORV=266.7, the largest transverse development, and the smallest cranial
height. The Pacifids originated in East Asia and spread on both sides of
the Pacific (in Asia and America). They are characterized by large crania
(ORV=265.7), which are high and broad but short. Apart from these groups,
there are also local ones such as Capoids (Bushmen and Hottentots) and
Tropical Pacifids (Andamanese and Aeta). This classification is based on
general cranial shape, not on "racial" traits. Therefore certain
disagreement between geographic races and craniotypes is predictable
(Pestryakov, 1995; Pestryakov, Grigorieva, 2004).
Key words: craniometry, cranial differentiation, cranial types

FROM BIOLOGICAL HISTORY AND DEMOGRAPHY TO LINGUISTICS AND DNA
ANALYSIS: A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO POPULATION STRUCTURE STUDIES IN THE
ADRIATIC AREA (p. 78)
Rudan Pavao1, Sujoldzic Anita2
1Anthropological Centre of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
Zagreb, Croatia
2Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia

Anthropological research of modern European populations indicates
pronounced diversity between and among various groups, confirming the
complexity of interactions of the components of the "eternal triangle"
(heredity, environment and culture). Such studies require an
interdisciplinary approach and a large scale of diverse data:
sociocultural, linguistic, archeological, anthropo-genetic, biological, and
biomedical. For several decades, holistic anthropological research, based
on the belief that human evolution and variability can be understood only
by the simultaneous study of biological and socio-cultural phenomena, has
been conducted in the Eastern Adriatic and in the Balkan region as well.
Detailed characterization of historical events, population movements and
migrations, demographic peculiarities, family structure, linguistic
peculiarities, and various biological and genetic traits were investigated,
revealing possible routes of peopling of this geographic area. Within the
context of this research, this paper will address various scenarios of
microevolution, including factors such as population exchange, demic
diffusion, short-term and long-term migration movements and population
mobility, possible founder effects, the form of selection of reproductive
partners, the effect of possible settling and population reflux and the
dependence of demographic characteristics of various historical groups.
Current findings concerning mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome lineages of
the population of Eastern Adriatic will be analyzed and interpreted with an
emphasis on the fact that historical processes are the laboratory in which
modern human populations were created.
Key words: anthropology, population structure, bio-cultural evolution,
migrations, history

THE SCYTHIANS AND SARMATIANS IN THE STEPPES OF SOUTH RUSSIA: CHANGE OF
EPOCHS - REPLACEMENT OF GENE POOLS (p. 79)
Rychkov Sergey1, Morozova Irina1, Batieva Elena2, Kullanda Sergey3,
Kovalevskaya Vera4, Afanasieva Alexandra5, Zhukova Olga1
1Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Institute of Arid Zones, Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
3Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia
4Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

5Centre for Egyptological Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

The Russian steppes, due to their geographic location, have always
served as a meeting place of cultures and peoples. It seems likely that
contacts of Iranian-speaking nomads, i.e. Scythians and their successors
Sarmatians, with the sedentary population in the beginning of the Early
Iron Age influenced not only cultural traditions but also the genetic
diversity of both parties. Comparative analysis of data on the nomads'
genetic diversity implies that in spite of certain linguistic affinity,
they are by no means similar genetically. The gene pool of the Scythians,
i.e., Scythian nomads of the Volga-Don interfluve of the 6th - 3rd
centuries BC) contains two distinct components, East Eurasian and West
Eurasian, the latter amounting to 70 percent. As to Sarmatians, i.e. the
nomads roaming the left bank of the Don in the Middle-Sarmatian time, their
gene pool is 94 percent West Eurasian. Comparative analysis of the gene
pool components showed that mtDNA lineages belonging to the West Eurasian
component common to these groups were nevertheless different by origin, and
their affinity seems to be rooted in the early stage of the West Eurasian
gene pool formation. Thus, the main waves of Iranian-speaking nomads
introduced very different gene pools into the Southern Russian steppes. The
genetic diversity of the early wave, the Scythians, is associated with
Central Asia and Southern Siberia; while the later wave, the Sarmatians,
carried the gene pool of Middle Eastern origin. Interestingly, the genetic
conclusions are in accord with linguistic data implying that contrary to
the predominant view, Scythian and Sarmatian languages belonged to
different East-Iranian subgroups. It is worth noting that genetic traces of
the two nomadic groups differ considerably. The Scythian gene diversity
cannot be revealed either in ancient sedentary or in modern population of
the Azov steppes. Meanwhile Sarmatian genetic influence can still be traced
both in the ancient sedentary and modern population of the Russian steppes
and the neighboring regions.
Key words: Scythians, Sarmatians, gene pool

MORPHOLOGY OF SELLA TURCICA IN TURKISH ADULTS FROM PAST TO PRESENT (p.
80)
Sahin Serkan1, Taner R. Lale2, Gngr Kahraman3, Uzuner F. Deniz2,
Sa??r Mehmet1, zer Ba?ak Koca1, zer ?smail1, Gle Erksin1
1Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography,
Department of Anthropology, Ankara, Turkey
2Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics,
Ankara, Turkey
3Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and
Dentomaxillofacial and Radiology, Ankara, Turkey

Morphological aberrations of the sella turcica were assessed in
Turkish adults, modern and those of past centuries. Lateral cephalographs
taken from 32 adult (23 male, 9 female, Group 1), dry skull base specimens
(Late Ottoman Period), and pretreatment cephalographs of 35 adult patients
(21 male,14 female, Group 2) scheduled for orthodontic treatment at Gazi
University Orthodontic Clinic were studied. Both samples had Angle Class I
relationships. Prevelance of six different morphological types was
determined. These include oblique anterior wall, sella turcica bridging,
double contour of the floor, irregularity (notching) in the posterior part
of dorsum sellae, and pyramidal shape of dorsum sellae. Normal morphology
of sella turcica was found in 40.6%, 54.3%, and 47.8% in Group1, 2, and
total, respectively. Sella turcica bridging (15.6%) and irregularities of
the posterior part of dorsum sellae (18.8%) were more common in dry skulls,
while the double contour of the floor (14.3%) and irregularities of the
posterior part of dorsum sellae (14.3%) were more common in Group 2. Sella
turcica bridging (15.6%) occurred more often in Group 1. There is a
noticeable variation in the morphology of sella turcica in this population
of normal adults. In approximately one half of the cases, sella turcica was
rated as normal and a variety of dysmorphological types was detected. The
results can be important when compared with data concerning patients with
craniofacial aberrations and syndromes. As bridging of the sella has
suggestive associations with disease entities, deviations from the normal
anatomy should be evaluated.
Key words: Sella Turcica, cranium, radiography, morphology, lateral
cephalometrics, Turkish adults

THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GENE POOL OF RUSSIA AND THE CONTIGUOUS
COUNTRIES (p. 80)
Sheremetyeva Valentina
Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Wide opportunities of the geographic method in physical anthropology
have been demonstrated by many Soviet anthropologists such as V.V. Bunak ,
A.I. Yarkho, G.F. Debetz, M.G. Abdushelishvili, V.P. Alexeyev, T.I.
Alexeyeva , Yu.G. Rychkov, O.I. Ismagulov, I.M. Zolotareva, etc. Owing to
Russia's vast territory, its population is quite diverse in terms of race
(two of the 3-5 geographic races - European and Asiatic) and language (six
linguistic families). A three-digit number of ethnic groups and scores of
anthropological types and linguistic subgroups contribute to a huge genetic
diversity. Different attributes of the gene pool and all the variation
accumulated over the previous phases of development will be discussed in
the multivariate space and in the geographic context of northern Eurasia.
The principal component analysis was based on the correlation matrix of
independent traits (morphological and genetic) co-varying with economic and
cultural attributes. Data were subdivided according to two chronological
stages spanning the time from the Paleolithic to the present, and
integrated patterns of genetic variation were assessed based on the
covariation of independent traits ("historical correlation"). A correlation
between the age of the trait and its distribution area has been
established. A marked difference between the gene pools of modern
populations of northern Eurasia living west and east of the Urals,
reflected in both genetic and morphological traits and prevailing over most
part of ancient history (two chronological stages - 26-16 and 15-12
thousand years ago), is unrelated to recent changes in ethnic structure.
The results are presented as distribution maps of single traits and of the
first principal component.
Key words: Northern Eurasia, genetic polymorphisms, principal
component analysis

TO THE QUESTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIFIC INFECTIONS AMONG RURAL
MEDIEVAL POPULATION IN RUSSIA: THE CASE OF ROZHDESTVENO CEMETERY (15TH-16TH
CENT. AD) (p. 81)
Shvedchikova Tatiana1, Berezina Natalia2
1Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

2Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Our study was based on the osteological material from a rural cemetery
of the settlement Rozhdestveno I (Odintsovo, Moscow region). The material
was obtained due to salvage excavations in 2006-2007 under the direction of
Mikhail Gonyanyi. The burial site could be dated by the 15th-16th centuries
AD according to the mass material and specific artefacts. Totally, 152
burials have been studied. Most of them were redeposited. This fact argues
for the prolonged use of the same cemetery clusters partly due to the
limitation of the dwellings existing on the border. High percentage of
children's mortality (42%) and the analysis of the stress markers on the
skeletons of adult individuals permit to suppose the unfavorable living
conditions in the community. Both among males and females (totally in 12.6%
of cases), there is a complex of features which allows us to speak about a
specific infection (treponemal). The most remarkable manifestations were
found on the female skeleton (20-29 years old, burial 122). In spite of
partial preservation and in some cases taphonomical destruction of the
compact bone layer, we found substantial changes of the bone tissue on the
long bones of extremities, scapulae and ribs. Proliferate changes of the
surface are noted on almost all preserved bones. Acromial processes of the
scapulas and outer surface of the 12th rib are covered by porous layers.
Also on the upper and lower extremities the regions of periosteal
inflammation are marked. On the tibial and femoral bones the process is
more manifested. Deep lesion focus (12.6 mm) in the distal part of the left
tibia involves the medullar canal and differs from the gummatous
destructions on the right tibia. Probably it is a complication of the
syphilitic gumma by secondary pyogenic infection, which led to syphilitic
osteomyelitis. The presented case is the most expressed and typical for the
tertiary syphilis among the investigated material of the Rozhdestveno I
site. Written sources testify to the extensive expansion of this disease on
the territory of Europe at the end of 15th-16th centuries. It can be
confirmed by synchronous findings in Rostov Velikyi, Vologda, Mozhaisk and
serves as an evidence of the appearance of venereal syphilis on the
territory of Eastern-European lowland.
Key words: palaeopathology, 15th-16th centuries, treponemal infection,
medieval Russia

THE ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES IN THE POPULATION OF ELISTA (p.
82)
Spitsyna Nailiya1, Spitsyn Viktor2, Balinova Natalia1
1Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Research Centre of Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia

This paper presents the results of the analysis of reproductive
processes in the urban population of Elista, Kalmykia, and comparative data
on other urban populations of the Volga-Ural region. Within the new context
of changes in demographic processes, it is interesting to assess their
effects on reproduction. The study was carried out in Elista as a sample
survey of 460 women older than 45 by measuring indices of potential
selection (I) and its components following Crow's method (1958). On
average, there were 5.8177 pregnancies, 2.1448 births and 3.3224 abortions
per one post-reproductive woman. The variance in the average number of
children (Vf) is below the average itself, evidencing stability of
reproduction. The share of obstetric pathologies (spontaneous abortions,
miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies and stillbirths) amounts to 0.27, which
is slightly higher than in the Kazan population (0.22). Thus it could be
stated that only 37% of all pregnancies ended in delivery; and accordingly
57% of pregnancies were artificially or spontaneously terminated. The study
of potential selection indexes in urban populations revealed a sharp
increase in the contribution of non-biological factors to the selection
coefficient value: the force of social pressure is 2.9412 in Stavropol,
2.7399 in Kazan, 2.5418 in Cheboksary, 2.0595 in Saransk, 0.9930 in
Syktyvkar, and 1.3092 in Elista. The employment of different methods for
the calculation of the total index allowed, for the first time ever, to
quantify the contribution of the social component to the value of selection
coefficient in a population (Spitsyna, 2006). It is shown that artificial
control of reproduction has different effects on reproductive processes in
populations by diminishing individual differences in fertility selection
and fitness. These results enhance our understanding of the influence of
biological and environmental components on reproductive processes in human
populations. The study was partly supported by a grant from the Russian
Foundation for the Humanities # 12-01-00063a.
Key words: population, potential selection, reproduction, fertility,
obstetric pathology
THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL MAP OF BULGARIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY: CORRECTING A
CONSCIOUS ERROR (p. 82)
Stoev Racho
Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with
Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

In 1938-1943 the famous Bulgarian academician, physiologist and
genetic Methody Popov, who opposed Nazi racial theories, collected a large
anthropological material. This is the second and the widest ethno-
anthropological survey of the Bulgarian population. The material has been
elaborated and the results were published only after M. Popov's death
(1954) by his student Georgi Markov in 1959. However, because of political
reasons Markov had to make a conscious error in the text (not in the
numeric data), to ensure the publication of the results. This error has
been repeated in some later Bulgarian works about the anthropology of
Bulgarians for inner use. In this paper the material of M. Popov's survey
is analyzed by region and by county, using methods such as cluster
analysis, which have not been applied to those data. The results are
compared with those of three other nationwide ethno-anthropological surveys
of Bulgaria carried out in the 20th century. This analysis shows that the
anthropological map of Bulgaria is very patchy. Northern Bulgaria is an
area of predominance of the Dinaric type (in combination with Alpine and
East Baltic types), which is characteristic of Central Europe. Southern
Bulgaria is the area of Atlanto-Pontian (Atlanto-Mediterranean) type. There
are few areas of intrusion of Dinaric forms in southern Bulgaria - in the
eastern part of Sofia region, in the Rhodopes, and in Eastern Thrace. There
are also areas of Atlanto-Pontian intrusions in North Bulgaria - along the
Black sea coast and along the Danube. However, the Atlanto-Pontian type
(which is the most frequent anthropologic type in Bulgarians) is
concentrated mostly in southeastern, not northeastern Bulgaria, as in the
text published by G. Markov. This confirms the opinion of anthropologists
such as J. Czekanowski, C. Coon, A. Poulianos, V. Alekseyev, etc., that
modern Bulgarians descend mainly from ancient populations living in the
Balkans before the Great Barbarian Migration. This conclusion is confirmed
by dermatoglyphic and genetic studies.
Key words: bulgarians, ethnic anthropology, Dinaric type, Atlanto-
Pontic type, political misuse of anthropology

ANGULAR MORPHOMETRY OF SKULLS OF THE ABORIGINES OF LOYALTY ISLANDS,
MELANESIA (p. 82)
Sviridov Alexey, Vasilyev Sergey
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

The purpose of this work was to study a series of 67 crania from
Loyalty Islands, Northern Melanesia, housed at the Muse de l'Homme in
Paris. The main tasks are to reveal specific features of morphogenetic
parameters of male and female crania and to calculate primary statistical
characteristics. This series was collected mainly in the first half of the
19th century, after the islands had been colonized by the French. Other
specimens come from archaeological excavations in the mid-20th century. The
series was measured according to the cranio-trigonometric program
elaborated by the authors and tested for homogeneity using standard
deviations and coefficients of variation. Crania from Loyalty Islands are
generally dolichocranic and often higher than wide. The face is relatively
low and wide with alveolar prognathism, very wide nose, low orbits, sharp
horizontal profile, and flat nasalia. This combination is observed among
both males and females. Based on the principal component analysis of the
angular parameters of the braincase, we can conclude that males from Lifou
and Mar islands are distinguished by sagittaly curved parietal bones.
Braincases of females are less variable. When females and males are
analyzed simultaneously, their braincase shapes show few differences,
though absolute dimensions reveal some sexual dimorphism. In terms of
facial angles, males fall into two groups regardless of the islands. Facial
skeletons of females are more uniform. Their simultaneous analysis with the
principal component method revealed no sexual dimorphism in angular
parameters.
Key words: craniometry, Melanesia, Loyalty Islands

PALAEOANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE POPULATION OF ABASHEVO CULTURE,
WHICH LEFT THE SECOND LIPETSK BARROW (p. 83)
Tyurin Ruslan1, Borutskaya Svetlana2, Vasilyev Sergey3
1"Terra", Voronez, Russia
2Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia
3Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

In 2011 employees of the State directorate for protection of cultural
heritage of Lipetsk region under the guidance of Golotvin A.N. (PhD)
performed rescue excavations of the partially destroyed archaeology site -
the "Second Lipetsk barrow" situated in the southern outskirts of Lipetsk,
in the watershed plateau of the Voronezh and Belokolodets rivers (the right
bank of the Voronezh river). The excavations revealed three grave pits
arranged along the North-South line. The grave pit 1 was situated in the
southern part of the barrow, had subrectangular shape, and was oriented
along the North-South line. On the bottom of the pit, the archaeologists
recorded five human skeletons on the organic bedding. All the buried people
were lying on their backs, with their heads oriented eastwards and their
hands in the pelvis area. All the skeletons were more or less disrupted.
The grave pit 2 was situated in the central part of the barrow, had
subrectangular shape, and was oriented along the North-South line. On the
bottom of the pit, the archaeologists recorded fragments of four human
skeletons on the organic bedding. The skeletons were completely disrupted,
only leg bones of two individuals were lying in situ - they suggest that
the buried people were lying with their heads oriented eastwards (as in the
pit 1). The grave pit 3 was situated in the northern part of the barrow,
had subrectangular shape, and its long axis was oriented along the East-
West line. On the bottom of the pit, there was a human skeleton on the
organic bedding. The skeleton was lying in situ, on the back, with hands in
the pelvis area and with head oriented eastwards. According to the author
of excavations (Golotvin A.N.), the graves of the "Second Lipetsk barrow"
belong to the burials of aristocratic warriors of the Don-Volga Abashevo
culture. Moreover, Golotivin A.N. and Pryakhin A.D. find there some
features characteristic for the Catacomb culture (flinty arrowheads,
individual elements of knives). The 14 dates allow preliminary dating of
the complex to the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. Thus, the burials of the "Second
Lipetsk barrow" contained about 10 individuals. We have performed the
craniological reconstruction and measured the skulls. Moreover, we have
studied the osteological materials, examined the body proportions,
calculated the intravital statures (about 170 cm for males and 162 cm for
females), estimated the muscular texture (which is well-marked among the
males) and revealed stress markers and palaeopathological changes (enamel
hypoplasia, dental calculus).
Key words: palaeoanthropology, craniology, osteology, Abashevo culture


FORENSIC GENETIC DATABASES FOR MIXED POULATIONS (p. 84)
Udina Irina1, Tsibovsky Iosif2, Veremeichik Vera2, Kurbatova Olga1
1Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Science Practical Center of the State Committee of Forensic Expertise
of Belarus Republic, Minsk, Belarus

A genetic and demographic study of the Minsk, Moscow and Kharkov
populations was performed using questionnaire and census data. Three
megalopolises, differing in population size, are characterized by
heterogeneous ethnic composition, high migration coefficients ranging from
0.40 to 0.55, long average migration distances (564-921 km) and a high
proportions of interethnic marriages (up to 33%) resulting in intensive
gene flow between ethnic groups. These populations can therefore be
considered as mixed in the genetic and anthropological senses. In samples
from the most numerous ethnic groups of the three megalopolises -
Byelorussians of Minsk (N=370), Russians of Moscow (N=205), and Ukrainians
of Kharkov (N=115) - comparative analysis was carried out using the
frequency distribution of 18 autosomal forensic STR loci (vWA, TH01, TPOX,
CSF1PO, D5S818, D7S820, D13S317, D16S539, F13B, D18S51, D8S1179, D21S11,
FGA, PentaE, PentaD, D2S1338, D19S433, D3S1758). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
was demonstrated in all three samples. No significant differentiation was
observed in the total loci set, indicating close genetic relationship
between the three Eastern Slavic peoples in forensic autosomal STR loci.
The three samples demonstrate a low level of genetic differentiation:
estimates of genetic distance (Nei, 1978) between the samples lie in the
0.9968-0.9990 interval, and average Fst equals 0.0240 for the 18 loci. The
estimates of expected and observed heterozygosity by 18 STR loci are as
follows: Byelorussians (Minsk) - He = 0.7942, Ho = 0.7730; Russians
(Moscow) - He = 0.7926, Ho = 0.7719 and Ukrainians (Kharkov) - He = 0.7895,
Ho = 0.7761. Lower values of observed heterozygosity compared to expected
heterozygosity are caused by migration flow within the main ethnic group to
the population of the megalopolis from other subdivided populations,
demonstrating the Wahlund effect. Peculiarities of genetic and demographic
parameters of the three megalopolises are discussed in the context of the
problem of forensic genetic databases formation (autosomal STR,
mitochondrial and Y chromosome markers) for mixed populations. A more
intense male migration suggests more significant dynamics of genetic
markers of Y-chromosome, compared to mitochondrial DNA markers. For the
forensic genetic database of Minsk it is important that the main migration
flow comes from the territory of Belarus and consists of ethnic
Byelorussians with low migration from Russia or Ukraine.
Key words: forensic genetic database, STR loci, megalopolis, mixed
population, genetic-demographic parameters, migration, gene flow

EARLY MEDIEVAL COPTS OF THE FAYOUM OASIS, EGYPT: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL
STUDY (p. 85)
Vasilyev Sergey
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

This study deals with skeletal remains of the early medieval Copts
from the necropolis of Deir el-Naqlun, the Fayoum Oasis, Egypt. That these
skeletons and mummified bodies are indeed Coptic follows from the fact that
they were found during excavations at the territory of a Coptic monastery
and there were some elements of Coptic monastic garments on many of them.
The study was performed together with the Center of Egyptological Studies
of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2002. We studied 30 skulls using the
standard craniological program. Twenty of them belonged to males and ten to
females. The cranial index is average and most male skulls tend to
mesocrany. Height indices of the braincase suggest that male skulls are
medium high. The facial skeleton of males is relatively narrow (lepten).
The orbital index is average and so are nasal dimensions. The horizontal
facial profile in males is very sharp, especially at the middle level. Such
profiles are characteristic of Caucasoids. The cephalic index characterizes
female skulls as mesocranic with a tendency to dolichocrany. According to
height indices, they are relatively high. The facial indices suggest that
females had relatively narrow faces, high orbits, and average nasal
dimensions. Their faces are more sharply profiled than those of males.
Postcrania are represented by skeletons of six males and two females and by
more than fifty isolated long bones from collective graves. Preliminary
studies showed that the average stature of males, calculated after V.V.
Bunak's formula, equaled 164.8 cm and that of females, 156.2 cm.
Key word: physical anthropology, craniology, osteology, Copts, Egypt

CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT ANATOLIAN POPULATIONS: MOUND OF VAN
FORTRESS AND KARAGNDZ SAMPLES (p. 86)
Yarenkr Alkan
Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of
Anthropology, K?r?ehir-Turkey, Turkey

This study aims to compare craniometric traits of Van-Karagndz and
Mound of Van Fortress (MVF-Christian and MVF-Islamic) populations which
lived during the Middle Ages, and to assesss biological relationships
between these groups and their affinities with other Anatolian populations.
We used 8 measurements (maximum cranial length, maximum cranial breadth,
basion-bregma height, porion-bregma height, bizygomatic breadth, upper
facial height, nasal height, nasal breadth) and 3 indices (cranial index,
upper facial index, nasal index) on crania of 191 skeletons belonging to
three populations. SPSS 19 was used for calculating biological distances
and for cluster analysis, from which phenograms were derived. Results of
cluster analysis separate MVF-Christian and MVF-Islamic populations even
though they lived in the same place and at the same time. In addition, we
recognized two distinct subgroups within the populations (MVF-Christian and
Karagndz) and (MVF-Islamic and Tepecik). Both subgroups lived in Van.
These populations were similar to other contemporary eastern and western
Anatolian populations such as Dilkaya, Panaztepe, Data, Nikolaos, Truva 2.
However, they were distinct from atalhyk, Bo?azky, ayn, Hisarl?k,
?znik and even farther from Tilkitepe, Sardis, Ali?ar and Lidar. The
results suggest that contemporaneous groups tend to be closer to one
another than chronologically diverse ones.
Key words: craniometry, Mound of Van Fortress, Karagndz, ancient
Anatolia

GENETIC TRACES OF THE TURKIC INFLUENCE IN ARMENIANS AND NEIGHBORING
POPULATIONS (p. 86)
Yepiskoposyan Levon1, Khachatryan Zaruhi1, Hovhannisyan Anahit1,
Hovhannisyan Hrant1, Khudoyan Armine1, Hrechdakian Peter2
1Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences,
Yerevan, Armenia
2Armenian DNA Project, Family Tree DNA, Armenia
We intended to evaluate the rate of genetic signals from Turkic tribes
in the gene pool of various groups of modern Armenians and compare it with
the corresponding rate in neighboring populations. The most frequent Y-
chromosomal haplogroups in Central Asia were considered as genetic markers
of Turkic expansion. The rate of Turkic genetic signal in different
territorial groups of Armenians representing almost the whole area of
historical Armenia varies in the range of 0-1%, with 0.5% on average for
the general population. Comparable rate of Turkic genetic input is also
detected in Georgians and non-Turkic speaking ethnic groups of Iran. This
level contrasts sharply with that found in other neighboring populations:
6% in modern Turkey, 10-12% in Iranian Azeris, and 10% in Lezgins. These
results are consistent with the historical records indicating the main
routes of Turkic expansion south of the Caspian Sea and along its western
coast. In many cases, the expansion has also resulted in language
replacement through the elite dominance model. The virtual lack of Turkic
genetic traces observed in Armenians or Georgians as well as the
preservation of their language indicates the conservation of their genetic
structure despite the centuries of Turkic expansion in southern Caucasus.
This genetic evaluation raises questions about the reasons that have
impeded genetic contact of Armenians with Turkic tribes. The reason that is
most likely a priori is the adoption of Christianity and the formation of a
strong ethnic and cultural identity long before the Turkic migration into
the region.
Key words: Armenian population, Turkic expansion, genetic signals

DERMATOGLYPHICS OF THE VOLGA-KAMA POPULATIONS: THE ANALYSIS OF
VARIATION BETWEEN PHALANGEAL PATTERNS (p. 87)
Yudina Anastasiya1, Slavolyubova Irina1, Shpak Larisa2
1Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia
2Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

This paper analyzes digital dermatoglyphics of the Volga-Kama
populations: patterns, bilateral variation, correlation between patterns;
also, an attempt was made to investigate the potential of one of the least
studied trait systems - patterns on middle and proximal finger phalanges -
for group differentiation. The material consists of fingerprints of males
from the archives of the Department of Anthropology: Bashkirs, Tatars,
Mari, Udmurts (Bashkortostan), Chuvashes (Chuvashia) as well fingerprints
of Mordovian and Russian males from southeastern Mordovia (copyright
property, A. Yudina, 2013). The total number of individuals is 558.
Frequencies of patterns on distal phalanges of the Volga-Kama people are
generally typical of Caucasoids. However, the complication of skin relief
and an increase in the number of deltas on distal phalanges as well as the
accumulation of simple patterns on medial and proximal phalanges may
evidence a Mongoloid tendency. The comparison of groups by pattern
frequencies on all the three phalanges enabled us to single out populations
with a minimal Mongoloid tendency or none at all (Mordovians, Russian), a
group with the strongest Mongoloid tendency (Bashkirs), and intermediate
groups (Mari, Chuvashes, Tatars, and Udmurts). The first cluster is
characterized by the increased share of patterns without orientation on
medial and proximal phalanges. The structure of within-group correlations
between the traits is similar in all samples. Patterns within each
phalangeal system and among the systems show a weak correlation, with rare
exceptions. Multiple discriminant analysis, cluster analysis, and
multidimensional scaling jointly demonstrate the diagnostic importance of
the medial and proximal phalanges, indicating the expedience of their
further use along with traditional features in the study of group
differentiation.
Key words: dermatoglyphics; digital phalanges, peoples of the Volga-
Kama region


Section HUMAN EVOLUTION

A?IZLI CAVE II: MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC ASSEMBLAGES FROM SOUTH-ANATOLIA
(p. 88)
Baykara ?smail

Yznc Y?l University, Faculty of Letter, Anthropology Department,
Van, Turkey
Most scientists agree that modern humans left Africa relatively
recently, and it was traditionally thought that the route taken was
northwards, overland through the Middle East and beyond. However, there is
growing disagreement about the route or routes taken by humans and when
they migrated out of Africa. In this article, we will discuss about Middle
Paleolithic archaeological evidence from a??zl? II Cave in order to
assess the timing and geographic origins of Upper Pleistocene human
colonization. a??zl? Cave II is a Middle Paleolithic locality situated on
the Mediterranean coast of south-central Turkey. a??zl? II contains
higher densities of lithics and bones as well as residues of hearth
features, indicating a higher intensity or frequency of human
frequentation. The Cave Lithic technology is dominated by Levallois
production and hard-hammer percussion used to reduced the cores. All of the
layers systematic reducing of the core is considered with mainly unipolar,
secondary centripetal Levallois production. Orientation of the production
is mainly flakes and scarcely seen blades manufactures. Typological feature
is characterized with higher proportion of Levallois flake, Levallois
points, Mousterian points, side scrapers types and lower proportion of
upper Palaeolithic tool types. Those technological and typological evidence
shows the cave is in Levantine Middle Palaeolithic assemblages.
Key words: a??zl? II Cave, Middle Paleolithic, Anatolia, Hatay

CRANIAL VAULT MORPHOLOGY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN AND EASTERN SIBERIAN
MESOLITHIC POPULATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (p. 88)
Bulygina (Stansfield) Ekaterina, Pezhemsky Denis, Rasskazova Anna
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

We carried out a morphometric analysis of cranial vault and upper face
in Mesolithic populations of Eastern Europe (Oleniy Ostrov, Zvejnieki,
Popovo, Peschanitsa, Vasilievka III, Murzak-Koba, Fatma-Koba). A comparison
was made with a newly discovered cranium from Lokomotiv (R-8), Irkutsk,
Eastern Siberia. The total number of individuals is 36. Our methods
included 3D geometric morphometrics as well as conventional distances.
Measurements were taken according to R. Martin. Data were subjected to the
principal component analysis. We examined trends of similarity in the
neurocranial and upper facial morphology among these individuals. The
structure of the upper face is determined by how flat the region
immediately below the brow ridges is. Upper facial flatness is usually
regarded as a feature differentiating Asian Mongoloids from other
populations of the world. However, V. Yakimov (1957, 1960) described the
same feature among Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic people of Europe.
Given that the most ancient individuals from Siberia do not have
exceptionally flat upper faces, this characteristic can no longer be
regarded as specifically Mongoloid, in keeping with Yakimov's view.
Lokomotiv-R-8 cranium was found in 1995. So far this is the earliest
complete human skull from Northern Asia, dating to the 7th millennium BC
(8690120 cal. BP, TO-10507). It has very pronounced 'Asian' features in
its frontal bone structure. Hence, its comparison with other ancient
individuals from Eastern Europe is especially interesting. Results of our
multivariate statistical analysis differentiate individuals with short
parietals, short and wide braincase, narrow forehead and large naso-malar
angle from those with the opposite trait combination. Although Lokomotiv-R-
8 fits within the range of variation of Mesolithic individuals from Eastern
Europe, its large naso-malar angle separates it from the rest of the sample
in some of the analyses. Surprisingly, Lokomotiv-R-8 reveals affinities
with Oleniy Ostrov individuals, whose geographical position is the most
distant from Lokomotiv-R-8 within the research area. In conclusion, our
results show that upper facial flatness, which is marked among modern
Mongoloids, appears among some of the earliest individuals from Russia and
Eastern Siberia. However, the patchy geographical distribution of this
feature precludes any inferences about its origin and evolution. The study
was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Grant # 13-06-
00045a
Key words: cranial morphology, craniometry, 3D-morphometry, Mesolithic
populations

AGGRESSION, THE AR GENE POLYMORPHISM AND REPRODUCTION IN MALES: HADZA
AND DATOGA COMPARED (p. 89)
Butovskaya Marina1, Lazebny Oleg2, Vasiliev Vasily3, Dronova Dariya1,
Karelin Dmitry4, Shibalev Dmitry3, Mabulla Audax5, Ryskov Alexsey3
1Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia
4Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
5Department of Archaeology, College of Arts and Social Sciences,
University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

In this paper we test the association between aggression, AR gene
polymorphism and reproductive success as expressed in the number of
children born in males from two African societies (Hadza, nomadic foragers)
and (Datoga, pastoralists). The data on 439 adult African males (210 Hadza
and 229 Datoga males, respectively) were collected between 2007 and 2013 in
Northern Tanzania, Lake Eyasi region. Men with lower number of CAG repeats
of the AR gene rated themselves as more aggressive. Age and the number of
CAG repeats were significant predictors of the number of children born. Men
with lower number of CAG repeats started reproduction in earlier age and
were generally more successful in reproduction in both ethnics. Men with
higher numbers of CAG repeats start to reproduce later in Datoga. Supported
by RFHR, # 12-01-00032, RFBR # 12-04-31869 and # 13-04-00858.
Key words: aggression, androgen receptors gene, reproduction, Hadza,
Datoga

MOLARS FROM DENISOVA CAVE AND PALEOGENETIC DATA OF A HOMININ FROM SIMA
DE LOS HUESOS: PERSPECTIVES OF THE HUMAN EVOLUTION MODELS (p. 90)
Buzhilova Alexandra
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

The much more interesting results of new coming investigations for the
emergence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia are the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
sequence retrieved from few anthropological samples excavated in Denisova
Cave in the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia. The individuals from
Denisova cave represent an unknown type of hominin that shares a common
ancestor with anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals. While both
Denisovan mtDNA sequences from different individuals represent individual
archaic hominin lineages, the Denisovan nuclear genome from one of them
appears less divergent, forming a sister group with Neanderthals. An almost
complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos
(Spain) was quite recently published. The site became famous due to the
largest assemblage of Middle Pleistocene hominin fossils dated about
300,000 years ago. According anthropological investigations, the skeletal
remains and teeth share a number of morphological features mostly closed to
Homo heidelbergensis and also display distinct Neanderthal derived traits.
Data of mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos
show that it is closely related to the lineage leading to mitochondrial
genomes of individuals from Denisova cave. Paleogenetics explained that the
background of Denisova genome derives from a population that lived before
the separation of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans. This
component may be present due to gene flow, or to a more complex population
history (Krause et al., 2010; Reich et al., 2010; Meyer et al., 2012;
2014). Nowadays odontological studies provide additional criteria for
comparing morphological data, because teeth are preserved in greater
numbers than are other parts of the skeleton, they are a closer reflection
of the genotype, they are more directly affected by the forces of naturals
election, and they are easily treated by quantitative methods. The
morphological data gave possibility to stress that two upper molars of
Denisovans preserved some archaic morphological features, and that is why
they are separated from the odontological morphological complex of Homo
neanderthalensis and Homo heidelbergensis, both as AMH. In context of
genomic data Denisovans received gene flow from a hominin whose ancestors
diverged deeply from the lineage leading to Neanderthals, Denisovans and
modern humans. Who is this general ancestor of all the taxa? Data on
odontology allow assuming that Homo erectus sensu lato can be the most
probable applicant for the role. The investigation was done in frame of the
Project of RFBR # 13-06-12035.
Key words: paleolithic, emergence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia, Denisova
cave, Neanderthals and Modern Humans

THE FIRST MODERNS IN ANATOLIA: A?IZLI CAVE AND ORNAMENT USING (p.
91)
Gle Erksin Sava?
Ankara University, Department of Anthropology, Ankara, Turkey

a??zl? Cave is located on the Mediterranean coast in the Hatay
Province, about 10 km South of the point where the Asi River empties into
the sea. The cave is on a steepslope at about 18 m above the current sea
level and was discovered and first investigated in the late 1980s by Angela
Minzoni-Deroche. The current excavation began in 1997 and has been led by
Prof. Dr. Erksin Sava? Gle, from the University of Ankara. Two principal
cultural components are represented in a??zl? Cave. The first, more
recent component closely resembles the Ahmarian complex known from other
sites in the Levant. The second, earliest of these, corresponds to the so-
called Initial Upper Paleolithic phase. The Initial Upper Paleolithic is
considered a technocomplex transitional between Middle and Upper
Paleolithic. Paleolithic deposits preserved within a??zl? Cave span a
period of approximately 12,000 years; Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
radiocarbon dates indicate ages between 29,000 and 41,000 radiocarbon years
(circa 31,000 to 43,000 calendar years). In all layers of the cave abundant
amount of shell beads which used as ornaments, have been found. Advanced
lithic technology and coordinated ornament use found in the cave indicate
the presence of the first modern humans in Anatolia.
Key words: Anatolia, first moderns, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Upper
Paleolithic, ornament using

THE THREE LEAPS IN THE HUMAN EVOLUTION (p. 92)
Kaynak Oktay
Independent Researcher, Izmir, Turkey

Human are very special and very different. These are the only living
being on earth endeavoring in self investigation. Then one can ask if the
evolution processes regarding human are specific to this species only, or
not. My answer is "yes". This species had to experience three consecutive
and important leaps before becoming modern human. 1. The Leap of
Bipedalism. 6-7 mya as a result of Rift and plateau formation in east
Africa, a primate made an adaptive response to that formation. This
adaptive response was hunting and gathering food in shallow waters on two
legs. This shallow water made a selective pressure on that primate to walk
bipedally. 2. The Leap of Mental Overturning. When about 2 mya the body
erection reached a certain angle, the embryo made an adaptive response to
this vertical body posture. The embryo turned upside down. This is the
mental overturning that started the growth of the cranium as well as the
brain. 3. The Leap of Mental Threshold. After chasing its enemy, the chimp
throws the stick and does not say to itself: "This stick has served me
effectively; I better keep it for another occasion". If the chimp had a
brain of 500 cc, would it say: "I better keep this stick and even improve
it". The chimp may not think so with 500 cc brain, not even with a 550 cc
or even a 600 cc brain. But there will be a time and a brain capacity that
such a thought will occur. I call that point "Mental Threshold". Once this
mental threshold was transcended, the hominid that held a stone in one hand
and a stick in the other; had the courage to intrude into the hunting zone
of any animal including the worst predator.
Key words: mentis eversionis, bipedalism, mental overturning, mental
threshold, human evolution

SIDELKINO. ONE OF THE ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF THE DENTAL
MORPHOLOGY DIVERSITY IN THE MESOLITHIC (p. 92)
Khaldeeva Nataliya1, Vasiliev Sergey1, Zubov Alexander , Kharlamova
Natalia1, Borutskaya Svetlana2
1Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia

The lower jaw from the Mesolithic burial ground, Samara region,
village Sidelkino, "Gora Mayak" (2001 year's excavations, leaded by
archaeologist Dmitry Stashenkov) was studied. mandibular teeth remained
constant change, including the third molars. The study of the dental
morphology features was conducted according to the russian odontological
program (Zubov, 2006). Permanent dentition was present completely,
including third molars. The description was divided into grades
diagnostically significant for determining the evolutionary status of the
specimen, its place in the anthropological intraspecific differentiation.
Among archaic features are the following: continuous edge ridge (med-end)
on the left LM1, differentiation of the end, hyd, prd on the left LM3,
vestibular position of the hld on the left LM1, tami on the right LM1,
tuberculum centrale on the right LM3, retromolar space, index of foramen
mentale (62.3% - right side of the mandible). Evolutionary progressive
features: shallow intertubercular furrows, left LM2 - smooth occlusal
surface without additional elements and +4 pattern, 2end (IV) variant on
the left LM3, axial position of hld on the left LM1, poor differentiation
of LM1 surface, prd> med, the absence of developed cingulum, index of
foramen mentale (54% - left side of the mandible), moderate/weak deep of
molars' furrows, parallel furrows on the hypoconid of the right LM3.
"Western" odontological complex expresses in the following features:
pattern "x"5 on LM1, 2med (II), 1hyd (IV), type 1 of the 1med/1prd contact,
variant T (1prd-2prd/II), enamel extention score 3 on the LM2, absence of
dw, dtc, tami, protostylid / and its pit on some molars. Feature of the
Eastern odontological complex: pattern "+" on the LM1. Thus, the
odontological type of the Sidelkino specimen can be defined as specific to
modern humans with a certain level of archaic/dearhaization along with the
significant predominance of the evolutionary progressive traits. It belongs
to europeoid odontological complex with the manifestation of a single
east/mongoloid element. Some metric characteristics of Sidelkino molars
bring it together with modern European populations, but according to some
archaic metric graduations Sidelkino specimen is associated with the Upper
Paleolithic European groups.
Key words: Sidelkino, Mesolithic, dental anthropology, physical
anthropology, human evolution

CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE CHILD OF STAROSELIE INTO THE POSTNATAL
DEVELOPMENTAL CONTEXT OF NEANDERTHALS AND MODERN HUMANS (p. 93)
Lepeshkin Artem, Kharitonov Vitaliy, Buzhilova Alexandra
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

This study aims to integrate the child craniofacial morphology of
Staroselie into the developmental context of Neanderthals and modern
humans. The fossil remains of the child are from the archaeological site of
Staroselie, which is not far from town Bakhchisarai (Crimea). The site was
excavated by A.A. Formozov in 1952-1956 with the burial exhumed in 1953.
The biological age of a child is 1-2 year old. The craniology of the child
appeared to show mixed Neanderthal and modern characteristics, and since it
was considered to be in situ in a Middle Paleolithic context, the site has
attracted considerable international interest since its discovery
(Roginskiy, 1954). New excavations were conducted by a joint American-
Ukrainian team in 1993-1995. The team was highly critical of Formozov's
inexact recording methods. Thus, they stressed that the burial of child is
unquestionably modern dating to the 18th century AD (Alexeeva, 1996). The
authors ignored that the radiocarbon dates for cultural levels upper and
lower of the burial gave the interval 35,5101170 - 36,1601250 BP, because
of absent of direct radiocarbon (AMS) dates from the human remains
(Gvozdover et al., 1986)]. Morphologically the skull cap is large, there is
an absence of a thick brow, and the projection of the head is modern. There
is no doubt that the burial of Staroselie is Homo sapiens. The child of
Pech de l'Az is the same biological age as Staroselie one, thus we used
both of them to study craniofacial morphology into the context of
Neanderthals and modern humans developmental trajectories. The Pech de
l'Az child was first described by Patte and then by Ferembach et al. The
geological age of the specimen is 51-41 cal kya BP (Soressi et al., 2006).
The individual is similar to other Neanderthals by it craniofacial
morphology. Craniofacial morphology analysis is considered as a complex of
three anatomically separated modules of neurocranium, face and mandible
[Kondo et al., 2005]. We compare growth profiles (changes in size) and
allometric relationship of each module for 28 nonadult Neanderthals, 21
nonadult Paleolithic AMH and 470 modern children. Comparative data show the
close allometric relationship of Neanderthals and Staroselie child only in
neurocranium/face developmental trend. Investigation was done in frame of
the grant RFBR 13-06-12035.
Key words: Paleolithic, Neanderthals, Modern Humans, ontogenesis

NEANDERTHALS IN ALTAI HIGHLAND AND THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS (p.
94)
Mednikova Maria
Institute of archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Neanderthal remains in Altai are identified in locations subdivided by
hundreds of kilometers. The purpose of this study is to considertheir
postcranial morphological patterns. Okladnikov Cave. Several specimens
shared a combination of archaic and unique characteristics. While the
totality of postcranial morphological traits suggests that those humans
were Neanderthals, certain archaic traits link them with Homo erectus
(Mednikova, 2011a). They were least similar to early anatomically modern
humans of the Skhul and Qafzeh group and most similar to Near Eastern
Neanderthals such as Tabun C1 and partly Shanidar. Denisova Cave. Recently
studied high-quality genome sequence of a woman indicated Neanderthal
presence in "home cave" of Denisovans (Prufer et al., 2014). The proximal
pedal phalanx of DNA owner from Denisova Cave is broad relative to its
height (Mednikova, 2011b). This opposes the Denisova individual to most
modern members of the genus Homo. The specimen is even broader and more
robust than the phalanges of Neanderthals or early modern humans. The
extraordinary inner robusticity of that bone was atypical even for many
Neanderthals.A distal phalanx of the left (?) hand of Homo, found in level
12 of Denisova Cave in 2011, resembles Neanderthal phalanges in terms of
length, width of apical tuft, and relative flattening, differing from them
by a somewhat greater transversal hypertrophy of the shaft (Mednikova,
2013a). Recent finds from Chagyrskaya cave were more "Neanderthal-like".
E.g., based on dimensions, proportions, pathological changes, and
indicators of habitual activity of ulnaits owner was apparently a
Neanderthal - a robust male similar to certain Near Eastern Neanderthals
such as Shanidar (Mednikova, 2013b). Altai caves became homeland for
Neanderthals who seemed to be various from morphological point of view. The
results can reflect different waves of Neanderthal migration or/and
different level of hybridization with another inhabitants of Central Asia,
like Denisovans. The study was supported by RFBR ofi-m 13-06-1224.
Key words: Altai Neanderhals, postcranial morphology, Chagyrskaya,
Okladnikov, Denisova caves

GENDER PECULARITIES OF HUMAN POPULATIONS (p. 94)
Nazarova Ariadna
Institute of Ecology and Evolution Problems, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Analysis of the chromosomes on archeological material has shown that
the X chromosome is roughly 80 000 years older than the Y chromosome. Thus
it turns out that the male sex chromosome appeared later than the X
chromosome.The most widespread model of the origin of the Y chromosome is
from the autosome (a nonsexual chromosome). As a result, the X and Y
chromosome don't recombine correctly and this leads to the degradation of
the Y chromosome. Some researchers have concluded that the period when
there was no Y chromosome yet mankind was made up of only women. However
there were different categories of women: the usual normal women who had
children, but also hermaphrodites with female phenotypes. Men developed
from the latter category of women. One of the X chromosomes gradually lost
fragments and turned into a Y chromosome containing less than 100 genes.It
has been found out that a polluted environment especially affects the Y
chromosome.There are fewer and fewer normal men. There is a female illness
that the doctors call prolapsus of the uterus. We think that this isn't an
illness but a stage of evolution when women begin to acquire male signs.
The existence of hermaphroditic people in ancient times is confirmed by the
analysis if several drawing in which people with female breasts and a male
sex organs are depicted. The degradation of the Y chromosome is bringing
about the modification of the male gender. Because of the degradation of
the Y chromosome the number of boys being born may go down.
Key words: human populations, gender peculiarities, origin of Y-
chromosome

STUDY OF THE VARIATION OF THE DEGREES OF SUPRAORBITAL RIDGE EXPRESSION
IN ADULT HOMO SAPIENS (p. 94)
Nowaczewska Wioletta1, Ku?mi?ski ?ukasz2, Biecek Przemys?aw3
1Department of Human Biology, Wroc?aw University, Wroc?aw, Poland
2Department of Quantitative Methods in Economics, Wroc?aw University
of Economics, Wroc?aw, Poland
3Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

A large sample of human crania, which included geographically
different populations, was examined (adult individuals only). The grades of
supraorbital ridge (ST) expression were assessed - separately in the male
and female cranial samples - using a quality scoring scale (from 1 to 4 -
from the lowest degree of ST development to the highest degree of ST
development). Several metric traits describing the shape and size of the
whole neurocranium and the shape of the frontal bone were also collected.
Canonical variate analyses were used to establish the sets of variables
that best discriminate the groups of ST grades in the cranial samples
analyzed, and also to determine which of those variables most strongly
differentiated the groups of ST grades. The results indicated that the same
set of variables most discriminated the groups of ST grades in both the
female and male samples, and they also strongly suggest that the size and
shape of the neurocranium influence the ST degree of development. However,
in the case of the female cranial sample, the most discriminating variables
were the size of the cranium and angle describing the shape of the frontal
bone, while in the case of the male cranial sample, the most discriminating
variable appeared to be the relative breadth of the cranial vault. The
results of this study add some important data to the disscusion of the
relationship between the morphology of the neurocranium and the variation
in the grades of supraorbital region development in Homo sapiens crania.
Key words: supraorbital ridge development, canonical variates
analyses, neurocranium
Section HUMANS and ENVIRONMENT

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE CITY AZAC'S POPULATION (p. 95)
Batieva Elena
Institute of Arid Zones, Southern Scientific Centre, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

In total from the Azac's necropolis (the territory of current Azov)
814 skeletons containing 263 male ones, 260 female ones and 268 children's
(32.3%, 31.9%, 32.9%) were researched. Besides the research of the summary
samples, comparative analysis of the bone material was carried out, the
data was taken from different parts of the necropolis that were
differentiated by territory, by rites or by peculiarities of a burial (mass
graves). The examined samples demonstrate differences not only in the
anthropological content but also in paleodemographic and paleopathological
aspects. Specific features of the analyzed group were mostly connected with
the level of people's well being, professional occupation as well as with
the existing rites and gender roles. Among the examined Golden Horde
samples, the wealthiest one appears to be a group that was in a possession
of the central part of the Azac's necropolis and of the part on the current
territory of Moskovskaya street, 95. The central necropolis was covering
the richest districts during the whole time the city existed. The burial
ground in Moskovskaya str. stands out among other Azac's necropolises due
to its specific features of rites and abundance of tools. These groups have
the highest ratings of average lifespan and relatively low percentage of
episodic stress markers. It should be noted that these groups differed in
the types of traumatism in males and apparently in the quality of life for
females. In the central burial ground (and only there) there were recorded
intravital combat skull traumas, and for the male burials in Moskovskaya
str. multiple traumas to the top part of the skull are characteristic. The
rate of episodic stress markers and traumatism in female burials in the
central burial ground is significantly higher than in the Moskovskaya's
burial ground, but the lifespan is shorter.
Key word: Golden Horde, Azac, peculiar parts of the necropolis,
paleodemography

BRONZE AGE FAUNA FROM SALAT TEPE, SOUTH EAST ANATOLIA: COMPARISONS
WITH FAUNA FROM UPPER TIGRIS REGION (p. 95)
Baykara Derya Silibolatlaz
Yznc Y?l University, Faculty of Letter, Anthropology Department,
Van, Turkey

This article is mainly concentrated on the changes or continuity in
patterns of animal exploitation over time. Salat Tepe is 30 km to the west
of Batman in the modern town of Yukar? Salat, ca. 90 km to the east of the
provincial center of Diyarbak?r and ca. 5 km to the north of the Tigris
River. The Upper Tigris Region will be flooded by the lake which will be
formed by the Il?su Dam, thus, it is important to study the animal bones
assemblages in order to complete missing information before the dam
reservoirs would begin to fill with water. Salat Tepe is a multi-period
site and only Bronze Age materials were evaluated in this article. This
study addresses the question how faunal remains could add to our
understanding of the social and economic organization of the region. In
this article the faunal data from several archaeological sites were used,
situated in Southeast Anatolia Region and Northern Syria. General view of a
faunal assemblage in the Bronze Age indicates occurrence of shift in
exploitation across the region throughout the periods, especially for the
faunal remains from Southeast Anatolia and Northern Syria. Therefore,
faunal analysis is essential to the understanding of both local and
regional dietary strategies spanning a Bronze Age and contributes to
interpretation of human-animal interaction within the period.
Key words: Salat Tepe, animal bones, zooarchaeology, Bronze Age, South-
East Anatolia

ISOTOPIC AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS DATA FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE
MOBILITY OF THE BRONZE AGE STEPPE SOCIETIES (p. 96)
Dobrovolskaya Maria
Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Study of the lifestyle of the most ancient of pastoralists from
skeletal evidence is the important direction in anthropology. Isotopic and
elemental studies allow reconstructing the landscape and climatic
characteristics of human environment. Importantly, these analyzes allow the
options to obtain individual characteristics describing the living space of
human or animal specific past, and in certain cases - even during their
lifetime. The stable isotope ratio 13/12C and 15/13N of bone tissue
collagen of humans and animals is used to determine the main components of
everyday diet. 87/86Sr (strontium) in biological objects reflects the local
geological rocks and is used to identify indigenous and immigrant
individuals. Values of the standard deviations for isotopic parameters for
the twelve groups of buried mounds from the Northern Caucasus area were
calculated. Minimum values were determined for a group of sedentary
population of the Early Bronze Age burials of Velikent (0.23). Maximum
values were obtained (1.3 - 1.4) for the Early Catacomb groups of burials
(Peschany, Temrta). Thus, the statistical analysis suggests that during the
arid periods the population could take over large areas. Obviously, in the
more arid pastures biological productivity was low, and pastoralism
provoked large-scale seasonal migrations. So isotopic indicators show
regions of considerable stability in seasonal nomadic populations
associated with the culture of the Early - Early Middle Bronze Age, as well
as the significant impact of climate change on the expansion of
pastureland. The study was supported by RFBR, grant # 13-06-00792.
Key words: Bronze Age, South Russia steppes, mobile population,
paleodiets, stable isotopes, strontium isotopes
RUSSIAN FEDERATION POPULATION DECLINE (p. 96)
Grigulevich Nadezda
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

In demographic processes whose principal characteristics are birthrate
decrease and mortality growth, sharp shifts have been noted in the Russian
Federation starting from the 1990's. Mortality grew from 10.4? to 15? in
1986-1994. The birthrate fell from 2 to 1.3 children in 1987-1993. The
mortality reached to 1.807.400 people in 1992, with the birthrate falling
to 1.587.600 people. The process of depopulation which was called "the
Russian cross" began. Nearly 2 million people died annually in the country
according to the official data of the Russian Federal State Statistics
Service in 1993-2013. A special and a very serious problem is a middle-aged
men mortality that is 7-8 times higher, than in the developed countries.
The present study considers some social-economic and ecological processes,
which promoted the growth of negative indicators in the population
dynamics. We compared the mortality and decline of the population in
different regions of Russia and showed that there is a correlation between
alcohol mortality and decrease of population. A confessional factor is very
important also. The mortality rate is far below the average for the country
in those territories of Russia, where the population is predominantly
Muslim. The demographic transition in Russia is characterized not only by a
drop in fertility, as in the other developed countries, but also by
increase in mortality. The mortality is a real indicator of the socio-
economic and demographic situation for this or that region of Russia and it
should be used by the authorities of different levels for the development
of the area.
Key words: population decline, life expectancy, dynamics of mortality,
birth rate, adaptation, Russia

SECULAR CHANGES IN MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE ABKHAZIANS FOR THE LAST
30 YEARS (p. 97)
Kokoba Elizaveta, Godina Elena, Chizhikova Tatiana
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

The paper presents the results of anthropological studies of the adult
Abkhazian population (aged 20 to 90 years old) of three villages for 30
years. The data were collected in 1980, 1990 and 2010. Secular changes of
stature were examined in the pooled data. The results show that Abkhazians,
born between 1920 and 1990, reveal the existence of secular trend in
stature, with the rate of 0.24 cm for men and 0.85 cm for women for each
decade. Secular dynamics of stature for men is not even, whereas for women
- it is a gradual increase over the entire historical period. Maximal
average values are found in women born in 1981-1990. For men, minimal
average values of stature are found for those born in 1931-1940, as a
consequence of a difficult period of social upheaval (collectivization,
purges, the Great Patriotic War), maximal values - for those born in 1961-
1970, as a result of the acceleration process. Men born in 1981-1990 are
characterized by a slight decrease in their height as a result of the
unfavorable growth conditions in the 1990's. Analysis of the distribution
of individual values for stature indicates the continuation of acceleration
process and its stabilization for women. Comparative analysis of the
skinfolds in the Abkhazians of different generations was also performed,
and body mass components (subcutaneous fat and total body fat) were
calculated with J. Matiegka's equations. The findings show a marked
increase in the skinfold thickness (subscapular, chest, abdominal) in men
and women of the 2010 survey, as well as high rates of age-related changes
in these traits. The same is true for the fat mass. With each subsequent
survey, the younger generation of the Abkhazians is characterized by weaker
physical development as demonstrated by hand grip strength. The results of
the study show that environmental factors have a strong effect on the
physical status of the genetically stable population of rural Abkhazians.
In the former longevity population of Abkhazians there is a trend towards
acceleration of the age-related changes. This may be explained by the
unfavorable socioeconomic processes of the 1990's in Abkhazia.
Key words: physical anthropology, stature, body weight, body-mass
index (BMI), fat mass, secular trend, age changes

VITAMIN D STATUS IN NORTHERN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF RUSSIA LEADING
TRADITIONAL AND "MODERNIZED" WAY OF LIFE (p. 97)
Kozlov Andrew1,2, Khabarova Yulia3, Vershubsky Galina1,2, Ateeva
Yulia2
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Perm, Russia
3Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia

Vitamin D status in the groups of Northern indigenous people of Russia
leading close to traditional (semi-nomadic reindeer herding), post-
traditional (in settlements) or "modernized" (in towns) way of life was
analyzed. The study groups consisted of 328 Nenets and Komi aged 18-60
years living in the Arctic (66-67N). Urban Komi (n=101) living in non-
Arctic area (57-61N) formed a control group. The concentration of serum
25OHD, as a transport form of vitamin D, was assessed by the enzyme
immunoassay analysis. The group average 25OHD levels in both rural and
urban Arctic residents are within the range of the values seen in the non-
Arctic urban subjects adjusted for season: 39.7- 47.7 nmol/l. Abandoning
traditional lifestyle associates with lower vitamin D levels in the
Indigenous Arctic people. Mean standard deviation of 25OHD values among
Nenets were lower in those living in the administrative center (a big
settlement) with a population of 1460 (32.212.90 nmol/l) than in the
residents of small settlements (39.614.08 nmol/l), and in reindeer herders
(42.413.45 nmol/l). Komi people living in towns had lower 25OHD
concentrations (47.712.00 nmol/l) than Komi reindeer herders (68.725.20).
The transition from semi-nomadic to post-traditional and "modernized" way
of life has lead to a decrease in consuming traditional foods among the
indigenous people of the Russian Arctic. Our data support the notion that
the traditional northern diet promotes healthy vitamin D levels, while
adherence to the "western" type of diet correlates with a lower 25OHD
concentration. Supported by 026-F grant of the Perm State Pedagogical
University.
Key words: nutrition, lifestyle, vitamin D, 25OHD, indigenous people,
circumpolar regions, Arctic

TO THE BIOARCHAEOLOGY OF CHILDREN'S BURIALS FROM GONUR-DEPE BRONZE AGE
SITE, TURKMENISTAN (p. 98)
Kufterin Vladimir
M. Akmullah Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa, Russia

The aim of this communication is to discuss the results of
bioarchaeological investigations of the remains from Gonur-depe tombs,
where sub-adult human beings were buried. Gonur-depe is a well-known
Bactria-Margiana archaeological complex site (Southern Turkmenistan, III-II
mill. BC). The skeletal remains of 37 individuals received from 36 tombs in
2009-2010 excavation are analyzed. The sample has such an age structure:
8.3% belongs to the fetus and newborns, 30.6% - to children less than 1
year, 30.6% - to 1-3 year-olds, 8.3% - to 4-6 year-olds, 11.1% - to 7-9
year-olds, 8.3% - to 10-12 year-olds and 2.8% - to 12-15 year-olds. Cribra
orbitalia was the most common stress marker. Distribution of this indicator
shows significant differences between the infantilis I and infantilis II
age subgroups. Variability of the long bones was considered separately for
each age interval. Deviations from the M. Maresh standards were calculated
by dividing the individual values of the parameter to the age standard
ones. Individual deviations from the age standards vary in the range of
0.73-1.02 (average value - 0.90). Proximal segments of the extremities
reveal a greater delay in growth rather than the distal ones. The infants
aged 0.2-2 years demonstrate the smallest "lag" from age standards of
longitudinal growth rates. Primary distal growth in the sub-adult sample is
connected with the dolicho- and mesomorphic types of body proportions
(relatively elongated forearm and calf). Overall, the results of
bioarchaeological research of the sub-adult burials from Gonur-depe confirm
once more the thesis about good adaptation of this ancient group to the
local environmental conditions and show that main body proportions of the
adaptive types according to Tatyana Alexeeva (in this case - the Arid one)
are formed in the early childhood. The investigations are supported by the
Russian Fund for Basic Research (project 13-06-00233).
Key words: bioarchaeology, children's burials, Arid adaptive type,
Turkmenistan, Bronze Age

CROW'S INDICES OF DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY IN RUSSIA'S TWO LARGEST
CITIES: INTERETHNIC VARIATION AND SECULAR TRENDS (p. 98)
Kurbatova Olga, Pobedonostseva Elena
Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

Using Russia's 2002 census data, population replacement parameters and
Crow's indices of the opportunity for selection have been analyzed in
Moscow and St.-Petersburg in 7 cohorts of females with completed fertility
(years of birth from the early 20th century till 1962). During the whole
time period, average number of births per female (kav) in 5 ethnic groups
under study (Russians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Tatars and Jews) was less
than 2, that is not enough even for simple population replacement. In
female 1953-1957 birth cohort kav varies from 1.33 (Jews) to 1.61 (Tatars).
Proportion of infertile females (having no births) in two megalopolises is
considerably larger (up to 20% in the senior age cohorts) than in
populations with traditional culture. Selection component due to
differential fertility (If ) was high in female cohorts born before the 2nd
World War, and later kept stable at 0.3-0.4, mostly due to relative
stabilization of interfamily variation in fertility (family planning and
birth control, predominantly by means of medical abortions). Component due
to differential prereproductive mortality, Im, has shown a 50-fold decrease
during the 20th century as a result of social progress and improvements in
medical care, and nowadays attained negligible values (<0.03). It means
that in these urban populations process of selection relaxation, with
respect to both components - If and Im, has been almost completed. An
important predictable consequence of selection relaxation is an increase of
population genetic load, which implies further development of genetic
counseling. Intensity of intergroup selection (based on interethnic
variation in birth rates within each megalopolis), is many times lower than
that of intragroup selection (interfamily variation), and also tends to
decrease, presumably, as a result of demographic transition - changes of
migrant's reproductive behaviour in urban environment. Judging by 1926
census data, at that time interethnic differentials in vital statistics in
Moscow were much more significant than now, and almost all ethnic groups
demonstrated a positive natural increase.
Key words: Crow's indices, fertility, mortality, selection relaxation,
urban populations, interethnic differentials

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOLCHILDREN FROM
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (p. 99)
Marfina Olga
Department of Anthropology and Ecology, Institute of History National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Comparative analysis of the main indices of physical development of
children, teen-agers and youth at the age of 7-17 years from Belarus,
Russia, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria and Estonia was performed. All samples
were examined in the late 1990's - early 2000's. Through decades and from
one generation to another, changes in physical development of children and
youth, in different territorial and ethnic groups are important to study.
In Belarus, studies of children and youth physical development were
conducted by the team of the Department of Anthropology and Ecology,
Institute of History, National Academy of Sciences, from the beginning of
1980's till the beginning of the 21st century. Studies in Belarus were held
in different parts of the Republic. Total number of the examined was 5744
persons (2900 males, and 2844 females). It was shown that the positive
secular trend was going on in the populations of towns and villages in the
1990's, and that urbanization is an important factor influencing the age of
puberty. The study also demonstrated local variations in growth patterns
under extreme environmental conditions, and exposed different growth rates
in Belarusian schoolchildren at the age period from 7-17 years. Annual
growth rates in stature have been also analyzed in schoolchildren from
different countries. On the whole, the variations of main physical
parameters in children and youth showed similarities and differences in the
examined ethno-territorial groups. Belarusian children of both sexes showed
closest tendencies in growth dynamics with Russians and Poles, and boys
also with Bulgarians. The tallest children are Serbians and Estonians. As
in the case with height, Belarusian children of both sexes are similar in
body weight to the Russians and Poles. Similar to height, the biggest
differences are seen between Belarusian and Estonian children. According to
the rates of growth, Belarusian children of 7 to17 years old are similar to
the other ethno-territorial groups, as maximal growth and weight gain is
seen in similar age periods.
Key words: physical development, schoolchildren, comparative analysis,
ethno-territorial groups
HEALTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS IN BELARUS POPULATION
(ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW) (p. 100)
Tegako Lidija, Zhavnerchik E.
Department of Anthropology and Ecology, Institute of History National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Health is a great value for every human and society as well. Knowledge
of health is multidisciplinary, and takes a great part in different areas
of contemporary science. This knowledge concerns not just medicine, but the
range of biological and humanitarian sciences, including demography,
psychology, sociology, and ecology as well. Anthropology is in the front
row as a science, integrating biological and social knowledge about humans.
Anthropology also covers the complex mechanisms in health support by
adaptation, homeostasis. It also uses data of somatotype, physiology and
biochemistry. Methods of health quantitative evaluation were produced by
anthropology on the basis of those criteria. Anthropological researches of
Belarusian population health status are held through decades by the staff
of the Department of Anthropology and Ecology, Institute of History, NAS of
Belarus. Relevance of those studies even increased after the Chernobyl
disaster, which had a substantial influence on the economics as well as on
individual and public health. State and national efforts were directed to
minimize the effects of Chernobyl disaster through the 25-year period, past
after it. Radioactive nuclides contamination of the territory was
registered in every region. But Gomel, Mogilev and Brest regions suffered
most. A number of 2402 settlements, with 1,141,272 inhabitants are now
situated in the zones of radioactive contamination. Environmental damage
has its negative influence on health and biological status of the
population. It caused local changes in morbidity situation, physical
development and processes of growth in children. Health decline is marked
in the last decades as is evidenced by increasing morbidity in children and
teen-agers, illnesses in newborns, reproductive health decline. That
contributes to negative population growth. Difference in male and female
lifespan also shows poor health state of the population, which is 12 years
in the Republic. A new national Belarusian demographic security program for
2011-2015 was approved in the context of public and individual health
decline.
Key words: health, physical development, ability, morbidity, life span


THE RELATION BETWEEN NEWBORNS' BODY WEIGHT, POPULATION INCOME AND
NUTRITION IN RUSSIAN REGIONAL STATISTICS (p. 100)
Vershubskaya Galina1,2, Kozlov Andrew1,2
1Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia
2Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Perm, Russia

We analyzed regional average body weight at birth, monetary income and
food related data in 42 regions of the Russian Federation for the period
2006-2010. The regional statistics were obtained from the database of the
Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (annual average body weight
at birth), and the Federal State Statistics Service (income and food
related data). The regions where the percentage of ethnic Russians exceeded
85% were chosen to participate in the study. Despite the economic
indicators (monetary income, level of inflation and total food expenditure)
and food composition had been changing during the study period, the
national average weight at birth had remained stable. The regional
statistics do not reveal any connection of birth weight with either per-
capita monetary income, total calorie intake, or the daily consumption of
each of the major nutrients. We suppose, that is natural under the
conditions when dietary energy supply is sufficient in general. Birth
weight, however, significantly correlates (p < 0.05) to the proportion of
the animal-derived proteins, fats and dietary energy (r = 0.52, 0.4 and
0.5, respectively). The fact testifies that, even when caloric intake is
sufficient, the quality of nutrition, and in particular, the proportion of
foods of animal origin, is essential for the status of the newborn.
Supported by 026-F grant of the Perm State Pedagogical University.
Key words: birth weight, income, nutrition, diet, animal-derived foods


EATING HABITS OF TEACHER CANDIDATES (p. 101)
Vitlyos Gbor ron1, Dancs Gbor2, Darvay Sarolta1
1Etvs Lornd University, Faculty of Primary and Pre-School
Education, Department of Natural Sciences, Hungary
2Etvs Lornd University, Faculty of Primary and Pre-School
Education, Department of Mathematics, Hungary

Apart from parents, teachers have a determining role in forming
students' attitude to health. Consequently, creating and forming a health
attitude that meet modern principles has to have a great emphasis in
teacher training. The research includes measuring body composition,
evaluating results and consultation of first-year students of primary, pre-
school and nursery education. Our aim is to screen students belonging to a
risk group because of their nourishment. After investigating the students'
family relationships, we had a questionnaire about their family anamnesis,
health status, eating habits and free time activities. Their physical
status was examined by the In Body 720 body composition analyzer. The
survey sample is 820 female students. With the semi-longitudinal survey we
tried to find out whether students belonging to the risk group accepted our
advice and changed their lifestyle. Their different physical status would
prove that during their second examination, two years after the first one.
The health status of the students is estimated, including their self-
evaluation about their body shape, their nutritional habits, fitness index,
obesity diagnosis, the relationship between parents' education level and
students' nutritional status, and correlation between parents' and
students' BMI. The practical relevance of our survey is that the possible
positive change in students' health comportment attitude will have a good
effect on the lifestyle of the future generations.
Key words: BMI, healthy lifestyle, obesity, In Body 720 body
composition analyzer
A CASE STUDY OF HOMO SAPIENS MANDIBLE VARIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH
HABITAT (p. 101)
Vorontsova Elena, Pupykin Vadim
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Intraspecific variability of a modern human mandible was determined
using a principal component analysis following by a varimax rotation.
Individual standardized data for the following series were included in the
analysis: Eskimo from Ekven, 4-7 centuries AD, - 61 jaws; Eskimo from
Naukan, 19-20 centuries AD, - 23 jaws; Anglo-Saxon from Dunstable, 5-6
centiries AD, - 40 jaws (Dingwall, Yaung, 1933); Ancient Egyptian series,
IX dynasty, - 37 jaws (Woo, 1930); series of Badari culture, Egypt, 5-3
centuries BC, - 32 jaws (Stossiger, 1927); Hokiens, southeast China, early
20 century, - 38 jaws (Harrower, 1928); Hylams, island Hainan, China, - 39
jaws (Harrower, 1928); Tamils, India and Ceylon, - 33 jaws (Harrower,
1928). During the analysis three principle components (PC-1, 2, 3) were
determined. The first PC describes the overall size of a bone and is not
associated with angular dimensions. PC-2 characterizes the variability of a
mandibular angle (M-79) and a height of branches (M-70). PC-3 strongly
correlates with a height of a symphysis (M-69) and an angle of a chin
protrusion ( while the bones from the ancient Egypt and the Tamils series are the
smallest. By this we show that PC-1 reveals the presence of ecological
gradient on the mandible dimension. We discovered that a mandibular angle
and a height of branches are related negatively, therefore jaws with a
vertically oriented high branch occupy the maximum values pole and jaws
with short inclined branch are in the minimum values region. The first
group of the jaws pertains to Anglo-Saxons; the other one is typical to
Eskimo from Ekven. Hylams' jaws show the maximum variability along the PC-1
and PC-2. From the PC-3 we obtain that the greater the angle of a chin, the
higher the symphysis is, and vice versa. Jaws of Eskimo and Hokiens have
the highest chin, the jaws of Tamils, Anglo-Saxons and Hylams are low and
protrusive. On the plot below we show an individual value of PC for each of
the mandible. Jaws of the Eskimo take up a marginal position in all PC.
This is related, probably, to extreme conditions of their habitat. Hokiens'
jaws are the most morphologically similar to the Eskimos series. Opposite
poles of the PC are occupied by different Caucasoid series.
Key words: craniology, mandible, Homo sapiens, environment, principal
components method

THE ANALYSIS OF METHODS OF GENDER DIMORPHISM ASSESSMENT BY EXAMPLE OF
ADULT BELARUSSIAN POPULATION (p. 102)
Zimina Sofya, Goncharova Natalia
Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

According to the hypothesis widely spread in the scientific
literature, the male sex is more sensitive to unfavorable influences of
exogenous and endogenous factors. For confirmation of this hypothesis, a
lot of works is devoted to the analysis of the degree of gender dimorphism.
Parameters used for the assessment of the degree of gender dimorphism are
often interchangeable and demonstrate certain limitations in practice.
Thus, it is important to compare different methods of assessment in order
to reveal the most convenient/informative parameters. We chose four
different indices from the most frequently used ones in the studies aimed
at the investigation of gender dimorphism. Namely: coefficient of gender
dimorphism (GDC), t-criterion, D-index and Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion (K-
S). A sample from a native Belorussian population described in the 1970's
served as a study material. The data were accumulated in accordance with
the complex anthropometric program. We distributed all examined subjects in
three age groups. All four indices were calculated for separated parameters
in each age-specific category. All assessment methods have demonstrated age-
dependent increase of the degree of gender dimorphism in case of
circumferential parameters. The most prominent differences in the degree of
gender dimorphism between age-specific cohorts have been revealed for signs
connected with fat development. The degree of gender dimorphism on these
parameters increases significantly in the senior age group. Based on the
results of the our study, the following conclusions can be made: 1. The t-
criterion is different from the GDC criterion by the multiplication factor
connected with the sample size, and it is not suitable for comparison of
groups differing in the number of subjects; 2. In case the curve of
theoretical distribution is incorrect, a calculated value of D-criterion
does not correspond to empirical data. 3. Among all the studied methods,
the most universal parameters of gender dimorphism are the GDC and K-S.
Key words: anthropometry, gender dimorphism, coefficient of gender
dimorphism, D-index

Section MISCELLANEOUS

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SOME FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY AS THE
GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE GROUP (p. 103)
Bakholdina Varvara1, Titova Elena2, Bobrova Ksenya1, Shimanovskaya
Anna1,
1Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia
2Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia

In this work, data on correlations between anthropometric and
psychological features in four samples are compared: 1) Moscow high school
students (25 boys and 50 girls at the age of 16 - 17); 2) Chinese students
studying in Moscow (24 boys aged 19 to 27); 3) the students from different
countries of the Peoples Friendship University of Russia - PFUR (15 boys
aged 21 to 31 and 10 girls aged 21 to 24); 4) the elderly women from one of
the villages of the Ryazan region (27 women aged 41 to 85). It is revealed
that the trends of associations between somatic and psychological features
in the studied samples vary considerably. For high school students and for
students from China significant negative correlations between absolute body
size and self-esteem were found, but the reasons for such associations in
both samples are different. Foreign students studying in the PFUR, in
contrast, are demonstrating a positive relationship between high self-
esteem, body length, body weight and BMI. In the sample of the elderly
Russian women links between self-esteem and somatic features are not
detected. In two samples gender differences in the level and direction of
morphological and psychological ties were also detected. It can be assumed
that the associations between somatic features and self-esteem largely
depend on the ethnicity, age and gender and can be considered as an
important general characteristic in the anthropological description of a
particular group.
Key words: somatic and psychological features, trends of associations,
gender differences, self-esteem

ANTHROPOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY AND HUMAN DIVERSITY
IN ITS COLLECTIONS (p. 103)
Balakhonova Ekaterina
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

Last year we marked the 130th anniversary of the Museum of
Anthropology. The idea of its creation belongs to a famous Russian
scientist - zoologist and anthropologist A.P.Bogdanov. He devoted 20 years
of his life to overcome difficulties, connected with the organization of
the Museum. First, he established the Society of Amateurs of Natural
history, Anthropology and Ethnography in 1864, then - three exhibitions -
Ethnographical (1869), Polytechnic (1872) and Anthropological (1879). The
key goals of the latter were to acquaint society with essential natural
principles of anthropology, to establish Anthropological museum and to
obtain studying materials for the chair of anthropology. The materials of
this exhibition formed the founding collection of the Museum of
Anthropology. The collection united paleoanthropological, archaeological
and ethnographical objects, to serve as a base for studying ancient history
of mankind. The Museum opened its doors in 1883 and D.N.Anuchin became its
director and main implementator of the Bogadanov's idea. He continued to
hold office for 40 years and created curatorial departments that remained
unchanged till nowadays. They are: Morphology and Human Evolution,
Paleoanthropology, Archaeology, Ethnography and Illustrations. The
department of Morphology and Human Evolution possesses originals and copies
of fossil discoveries of ancient humans across the territory of Russia and
neighbouring countries (Teshik-Tash, Staroselie, Afontova Gora etc.). There
are high-class copies of the main fossil hominids from Africa, Europe,
Asia, skeletons and stuffed models of modern primates also. The department
of Paleoanthropology unites the collections of skulls and skeletons from
Upper Paleolithic to 17-18th centuries across the territory of our country.
The collections of Archaeological department embrace the whole history of
mankind from prehistoric past to the Slavic antiquities, including ivory
figurines from the Avdeevo site. The department of Ethnography houses the
collections from Africa, the Americas, the Pacific and Siberia that were
gathered in the second half of the 19th century and demonstrates native
cultures at the period of the first contacts with Europeans. The department
of Illustrations contains photos, glass negatives, drawings, death masks
and busts of the peoples from different parts of the Earth, including
pencil drawings of the famous Russian scientist N.N. Miklukha-Maklay, made
during his voyage to the New Guinea. The collections of the Museum of
Anthropology are deeply involved in the research process, serving as a base
for preparing scientific articles, term papers, diplomas and theses.
Key words: anthropology, museum, museology, history, collections
ANTHROPOLOGICAL METHODS AS A WAY TO ANALYZE THE ART IMAGE OF ANCIENT
GREEK SCULPTURE (p. 104)
Belikov Anton1, Goncharova Natalia2
1Department of Aesthetics, Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, Russia

Ancient sculpture is one of the best examined objects in the world
culture so it can be used for the verification of some hypothesis in
anthropology and art history. Applying of anthropological methods to
analyze art objects creates a new methodology and reveals tendencies in the
evolution of the image. The essential distinctions between the archaic and
classical images in spite of the paradigm of the anthropological type
stability lead to the search of the reasons for such considerable
differences. The purpose of this study is to detach the anthropological
content from its ideal content determined mostly by the canon of
proportions. The author's photos of ancient sculptures and the archaic
sculptures photographs by Gisela Richter are used. Such characteristics as
height and width proportions of faces, size and disposition of the eyes,
lips and nose were subjected to statistical analysis. The anthropological
methods denote the typological features of different periods. The
differences between the archaic and classic sculptures appear in the
inclination of the eyes, in face proportions, and lips thickness. The
variability of the facial proportions in archaic period is higher due to
the lack of the canon. The differences between the facial proportions of
two periods are the result of the proportional schemes evolution. The study
allows us to mark out the characteristics of the image related to the
proportions regulated by the canon from real anthropological features such
as a structure of the periorbital area and facial horizontal profile. The
stability of the reproduction of these features through time and space
suggests the influence of real anthropological environment on the images.
The change of the image in the VI-V cc. BC presumably reflects the change
of the anthropological type, which took place in the remote past. In art
this change became apparent later. The study of the faces of sculptures
reveals the proportional similarity of the Palmyra funerary sculpture and
the Greek archaic images. However, the structure of the periorbital area of
these two groups differ which can probably be explained by the differences
between the anthropological types of the population.
Key words: ancient Greek sculpture, face proportions, evolution of art
image

ROMAN MEDICINE VS. CRANIAL SURGERY OF THE BARBARS (p. 105)
Bereczki Zsolt1, Paja Lszl1,2, Madcsy Tamara1, Plfi Gyrgy1,
Sskuti Kornl2
1University of Szeged, Department of Biological Anthropology, Szeged,
Hungary
2Hungarian National Museum, National Heritage Center, Szeged, Hungary

Surgical trephination is a tradition known worldwide and it has been
practiced since the Upper Paleolithic. Its earliest written evidence dates
back to the ancient Egypt. Mostly as a method of wound treatment, surgical
trephination was also known in ancient Europe following the works of
Hippocrates, Celsus, Heliodorus and Galenus. Despite the written sources
and the abundance of bioarcheological remains from the era, very few
trephined skulls have been unearthed so far from the territory of the Roman
Empire. More than 130 surgically trephined skulls have come to light in the
territory of today's Hungary. The earliest evidence derives from the
Neolithic. The history of Hungarian trephination research was discussed in
details in the works of Lajos Bartucz (1966), Tams Grynaeus (1996), Pter
Tomka (2000) and Lszl Jzsa and Erzsbet Fthi (2007), but none of these
works cite any Roman relics from the province of Pannonia (today Western
Hungary). A recently published article (Tth-Kiss, 2008) describes a
possible case of surgical trephination from the Roman Age, but the evidence
introduced in the paper better corresponds to the diagnosis of enlarged
parietal foraminae. However, earlier publications have already mentioned 3
cases from Barbaricum, the Sarmatian territory partly enclosed by Roman
provinces (today Eastern Hungary). 3 other Sarmatian cases of surgical
trephination have also come to light during the excavations and the
osteological research of the last decade. The authors wish to give a
detailed description of these 6 Sarmatian cases, compare them with
accessible evidence of Roman trephinations from other imperial territories,
and put forward a possible explanation of the controversy between the
written resources and the osteological evidence.
Key words: surgical trephination, Roman Age, Sarmatians, Hungary,
paleopathology, cranial surgery

PREDICTORS OF ACCEPTANCE OF EVOLUTION IN MILWAUKEE, WI, USA (p. 105)
Campbell Benjamin, Barone Lindsay
Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA

Recent research indicates that less than half of American agree with
the idea that modern humans are the result of evolutionary processes that
shape the biological world. Most attribute the lack of belief in evolution
in the U.S. to religious fundamentalism. In fact, acceptance of evolution
has been shown to vary inversely with the importance of religion across
countries, but these results have not controlled for other factors such as
economic development and education. To explore the role of religion in the
acceptance of evolutionary more deeply, we surveyed visitors to the
Milwaukee Public Museum during summer 2013. Information was collected on
education levels, religious affiliation and practice, and familiarity with
concepts of human evolution. Acceptance of evolution was assessed using the
Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) instrument, a
twenty-item Likert-scaled questionnaire. Based on a total of 259
questionnaires, we found that neither religious denomination nor frequency
of church attendance were related to educational attainment. Now was
religious denomination related to knowledge of evolutionary terms.
Christian affiliation was associated with lower acceptance of evolution,
with nondenominational Christians showing the lowest level of acceptance.
In a multivariate model, knowledge of evolutionary terms was predicted by
both education and religious denomination. Acceptance of evolution was
predicted by education, religious denomination, frequency of church
attendance and knowledge of evolutionary terms. Our results are consistent
with previous findings in U.S. samples demonstrating religious
denomination, religiosity and education as predictors of evolutionary
acceptance among adults. In addition, they confirm our hypothesis that
religion and education represent largely distinct pathways in the
acceptance of evolution. The major impact of religious denomination is on
the acceptance, not knowledge of, evolution. These results focus attention
on understanding what processes allow religious fundamentalists to block
the conversion of knowledge about evolution into evolutionary belief. In
addition, they raise a larger cultural question about the predictors of
evolution acceptance in countries where evolution is more accepted. Is
education level the only predictor or do factors such political
conservatism and personality differences play the role that religious
fundamentalism plays in the U.S.?
Key words: acceptance of evolution, religion, education

MICROSTONYX FROM THE UPPER MIOCENE OF HAYRANLI-HALIMINHANI, TURKEY (p.
106)
Erkman Ahmet Cem1, Gle Erksin Savas2, Van der Made Jan3, Ozkurt
Sakir Onder4
1Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Ahi
Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
2Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Languages, History and
Geography, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
3Spanish National Research Council, National Museum of Natural
Sciences, Madrid, Spain
4Department of Science Teaching, Faculty of Education, Ahi Evran
University, Kirsehir, Turkey

Microstonyx major refers to the Suid remains retrieved from two
different localities that date back to the Late Miocene period, Derindere
Member of the Incesu Formation in the Hayranl?-Haliminhan? area (Sivas,
Turkey). These localities have the potential of yielding hominoid fossils.
Microstonyx teeth display some changes in incisor morphology, which are
interpreted as a further adaptation to rooting. These changes occurred
during a short period of time most probably between 8.7 and 8.121 Ma ago
and it could be related to environmental change. It seems that the
partially open shrubland and savannah grasslands during the early or/and
the Middle Turolian period (MN 11-12) has created a rich faunal diversity
exaggeration in the Hayranli-Haliminhani area. These findings are discussed
within the regional context and how it contributes to our knowledge of
fossil mammals in Anatolia.
Key words: Suidae, Microstonyx, ecology, Late Miocene

THE EXACT DAY AND TIME OF PETRALONA SKULL DISCOVERY (p. 106)
Malkotsis Anastassios1, Poulianos Nickos2
1Anthropological Association of Greece, Athens, Greece
2Ministry of Culture, Greece

In the present-day bibliographical data the 16th of September 1960 is
indicated as the discovery day for the famous Petralona human skull. The
first of the authors is a son of the late Ioannis Malkotsis (BSc Agronomy)
who was one of the six persons present during the very moment of the
skull's discovery inside a small chamber towards the, until then known, end
of Petralona cave. I. Malkotsis was also a person who took the first
photos, mainly due to whom the discovery status of Petralona skull is world
wide known among anthropologists, as well as other scientists and/or
ordinary people. On the opposite side of the photo, by Malkotsis' hand,
instead of the 16th, the 15th of September 1960 is written. Discussing this
matter we concluded that the 15th of September 1960 is the correct day of
Petralona human skull discovery. On the other hand, according also to the
shadows observed on the other two photos, as well as according to a recent
oral communication of Dr. Aris Poulianos (a father of the second author),
the discovery time of about 10-11 p.m. is the most probable. The above
evidence approaches with more accuracy the exact day and time of Petralona
skull discovery, reconfirming once more the very point where it was found
within the Petralona cave underground surroundings.
Key words: Petralona skull, discovery day, Khalkidhiki, Central
Macedonia, Greece

NEW UNIQUE MUSCLE OF THE ELBOW JOINT IN HOWLER MONKEY (ALOUATTA
SENICULUS) (p. 107)
Novikova Mellin
Department of Anthropology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

In this study, we are investigating the group of muscles located on
the preaxial aspect of a forearm in howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus). All
primates, including humans, usually have three muscles in this area: m.
supinator, m. brachioradialis, m. extensor carpi radialis longus and m.
extensor carpi radialis brevis. However, some mammals do not have m.
brachioradialis and have mm. extensores carpi radiales joined in one.
During dissection of a young specimen of the howler monkey, we discovered a
supernumerary muscle. This muscle originates at the condylar ridge of
humerus distally of the m. brahioradialis, runs medial to it and inserts on
the proximal part of the radius. To our knowledge, in the literature there
are no references to such a muscle either in howler monkey, or in other
monkey species. On the other hand, in human surgery there are reports on
the reduplication, anomalous structure and topography of the four typical
preaxial muscles of the forearm occurring at high frequency (up to 50%). A
research of such anomalous muscles is very important for the use of their
tendons in 'hand surgery'. To determine the homology of the unusual muscle
that we found, we compared it with the known abnormal and extra muscles of
the preaxial aspect of forearm in humans and other primates, as well as
some other mammals and reptiles. In this area of forearm, in some lower
tetrapods there is a fifth muscle called m. tractor radii, which is most
similar in its position to the supernumerary muscle of the howler monkey,
but differs from it, as well as from all the other muscles considered, by
its innervation. Since the unique muscle that we describe here in howler
monkey does not have any clear homology with the known forearm muscles, we
suggest calling it the m. contrahens cubiti. This term corresponds to its
function as it decreases the angle in the elbow.
Key words: primates, forearm, extensors, anomaly

CARNIVORES FROM THE LATE MIOCENE LOCALITY OF HAYRANLI (HAYRANLI,
SIVAS, TURKEY) (p. 107)
Ozkurt Sakir Onder1, Gle Erksin Savas2, Erkman Ahmet Cem3
1Department of Science Teaching, Faculty of Education, Ahi Evran
University, K?rsehir, Turkey
2Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Languages, History and
Geography, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
3Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Ahi
Evran University, K?rsehir, Turkey

The locality of Hayranl?-Sivas is one of the few known late Miocene
localities in Turkey with the presence of large mammals. Thus, the study of
Hayranl? is very important to understand the mammal evolution in Turkey.
The locality is situated in the central Anatolian plateau (Sivas, Turkey)
and includes many fossil remains including carnivores. Aim of this study is
contribute to carnivore evolution in Turkey based on the fossil findings in
Hayranl?-Sivas. The study findings indicate the presence of the following
taxa: Hyaenictitherium wongii, Ictitherium intuberculatum, Lycyaena dubia,
and Machairodus giganteus. L. dubia is the first record from the Anatolia.
The material of each taxon was described and determined by comparing with
other materials from various Eurasian localities. During Early or Middle
Turolian 9-7 Ma. (MN 11-12), shrubland and open savanna grassland landlife
might contribute to rich faunal diversity in Hayranl? location Moreover,
carnivores of area represented by four taxa bio-chronologically, have been
adapted to this ecology during the evolutionary processes. M. giganteus in
closed ecosystem locality HAY-91 and H. wongii, I. intuberculatum, and L.
dubia in open ecosystem locality HAY-2 are probably the most dominant
carnivores of the survey area.
Key words: carnivore, fossil, evolution, Sivas, Turkey

THE FIRST PHOTOS ON THE DAY PETRALONA SKULL WAS DISCOVERED (p. 108)
Poulianos Dimitris1, Poulianos Nickos2
1Anthropological Association of Greece, Athens, Greece
2Ministry of Culture, Greece

Since September 15th, 1960, when the Petralona human skull was found
(cf. also another Greek communication to the 19th EAA Congress, concerning
the exact day and time of discovery), several controversial publications
have appeared in the international bibliography. According to the authors
of the present announcement a full re-examination of the available data is
necessary. Towards this direction the first eight photos (some of which
have never being presented in front of a scientific Congress) are shown
here. During the above mentioned discovery day, these photos were taken by
the agronomist Ioannis Malkotsis, who was one of the six men involved.
Thus, on one hand, the pictures regarding the group of the Petralona cave
"explorers" during that same day, and on the other hand, five of the
skull's views (enface, right profile, above, right profile at and view
from below for its basicranion) are visualized for the Congress
participants. The photos were mainly taken keeping the skull on a flat
surface (such as a table), but the basicranion view must have being taken
when holding it, probably in hands of an unknown woman. The 1st photo that
the Petralona man has become worldwide known is that from the front-page of
the Thessaloniki "Macedonia" newspaper, September 18th, 1960. In this front-
page the view of the right profile at , along with the six persons is
presented in a photomontage by an unknown photographer as well as an
unknown journalist of the newspaper. Thus, (standing) Kostas Sariannidis,
Ioannis Malkotsis, Bassilis Avramis, Ioannis Stathis (with the skull), as
well as (sitting) Stavros Hatzaridis and Christos Sariannidis are shown.
All eight photos, scanned at a high digital analysis are also presented and
discussed herewith.
Key words: Petralona skull, first photos, Khalkidhiki, Central
Macedonia, Greece

ANIMALS IN THE FUNERAL RITE AND RITUAL PRACTICE OF THE ANCIENT
POPULATION OF GONUR-DEPE (p. 108)
Sataev Robert
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia

On the Bronze Age settlement Gonur-depe, ways of ritual use of animals
can be divided into three main groups. The first group of animal remains
from burials includes: 1) some dissected parts of animal carcasses placed
in the burial as a farewell food; 2) full and uneviscerated animal carcass
placed in the burial as an offering to the higher powers; 3) animals placed
entirely in the burial, buried next to it or in concomitant construction,
to accompany the deceased to the underworld and become part of its
property; 4) full animal carcass in a cenotaph replaced the deceased and
buried according to the existing burial rites; 5) some carcass parts of one
or more different animals placed in the burial and laid out in a certain
order; 6) grave goods from animal bones (including unprocessed isolated
corneous rods and astragals). Thus different forms of animal use are often
combined. The second group includes separate animal burials or their parts:
1) animals were completely buried in a specially prepared pit or ditch
(with grave goods or without); 2) the full animal carcass buried in a
specially prepared pit in the dissected form, laid out in a certain order;
3) buried isolated animal parts (mainly the head or horns); 4) parts of the
carcasses of animals (or meat food) put in a vessel. The third group
includes burials of the cremated animals or their parts: 1) entirely
cremated animal carcasses left by the burning; 2) the cremated animal
remains placed in specially arranged and issued poles; 3) the remains of
burned animals placed in a specially arranged structures in the form of
cysts.
Key words: Bronze Age, Gonur-depe, animal remains, burials

PLANTS IN LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF GONUR-DEPE (ANCIENT MARGIANA) (p.
109)
Sataeva Liliya
Bashkir State Agrarian University, Ufa, Russia

This research is devoted to results of the study of plant remains from
excavations of a Bronze Age site Gonur-depe (Turkmenistan, Bactrian-
Margiana Archaeological Complex or Oxus Civilization). Plants were widely
used in both utilitarian and rituial purposes. Agriculture was developed in
the settlement. Several kinds of wheat, barley, millet, legumes, fruit
trees, grapes were cultivated. Saxaul, arboresced thistle, tamarisk,
djuzgun, and camel-thorn were used as fuel. Poplar (Populus sp.) and willow
(Salix sp.) were used in the buildings structures (beams in the palace,
roofs of the external walls of the Kremlin). Some types of wood were
brought from afar, and used for making of the artifacts: maple, elm, sumac
or smoke tree (Cotinus corrygria), Vitex sacred (Vtex agnus-castus) and
others. Plants theme is often found in cult things (pottery, seals,
amulets, mosaics). Different images of the "world tree" were found. Among
the finds, there is a unique figure of "the goddess of vegetation" with
accurately executed ears of wheat. On the seals and amulets floral images
which can be interpreted as "tulip", "poppy", "cannabis" are seenb.
Furthermore, large vats and baths for pre-soaking plants, stone graters,
pestles, mortars and strainers (conical vessels with holes in the center of
the bottom) were found. It is assumed that they could be used for making a
ritual drink - like Soma - Haoma.
Key words: archaeobotanical researches, Oxus Civilization, Gonur-depe,
Bronze Age

PALEOANTHROPOLOGY OF KAZBURUN FUNERAL-SETTLER COMPLEX OF SOUTHERN
URALS (p. 109)
Shuteleva Iia1, Shcherbakov Nikolai1, Leonova Tatiana1, Gorshkov
Konstantin2
1Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M.Akhmulla, Russia
2Forensic Medical Examination of the Ministry of Health of the
Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia

The Late Bronze Age in the Southern Transurals (Beta Analytic: 1890-
1750 BC) is characterized by uniformity of obsequies of barrow burials and
Srubnaya culture settlements. In the basin of Urshak river, having area of
23.4 km2, Kazburun archeological region was identified, which monuments
materials were used as a base for a complex of natural science
investigation methods. The Kazburun archeological microdistrict belongs to
homogeneous in archeological material interfluve of Urshak river and Dema
river. A group of investigated sites included the monuments of Kazburun
burial and settlement complex (Kazburun I-III barrow mounds, Muradymovsky
settlement, Usmanovsky I, II and III settlements). They carried out
paleopedology investigations of the Late Bronze Age settlements, belonging
to one cultural tradition - Usmanovsky II settlement (Usmanovo-2,
settlement), Usmanovsky III settlement (Usmanovo-3, settlement), located at
the Urshak river bank, Muradymovsky settlement - at the bank of a small
brook. As may be supposed, people of this culture came to the Urals from
the south, from dry steppes, almost semi-deserts and brought traditions of
house building of gypsum (Sherbakov, Shuteleva, Obydennova, Balonova,
Khohlova, Golyeva, 2010). In the biggest settlement various anthropologic
material was found. In the mound of the settlement there was a grave of a
child (1.2-1.5 years old). A study of the Kazburunovsky I burial mound
provided the following anthropological materials: two adults buried at the
age of 50-59 years. After anthropological analyzes carried out by K.A.
Gorshkov, the cause of death of one of them was found out: a fracture of
the skull base. In addition, the buried human had traces of paleo-disease
that led to the complete merging of the large pelvic bones and femurs, as
well as to the complete immobilization of the spinal column. Also, the
remains of two boys, aged 7 and 14 years, were found in the studied mounds.
The 14-year-old boy was diagnosed with a fractured left femur, most likely
during his lifetime, and that could be a possible cause of death. This
teenager also had "stress marker" on his teeth, which leads to a conclusion
about food irregularity in the diet of human groups in the Late Bronze Age.
The traces of paleo-disease with similar symptoms were revealed in one of
the buried adults in Muradymovskoe settlement (Obydennova, Sherbakov,
Shuteleva, 2006). At present this requires further research.
Key words: Late Bronze Age, Southern Transurals, Srubnaya and
Andronovskaya cultures, paleo-disease

PALEOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SKELETAL REMAINS FROM A 10th-12th
CENTURY AD CEMETERY FROM HUNGARY (p. 110)
Spekker Olga, Plfi Gyrgy, Bereczki Zsolt, Molnr Erika
Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged,
Hungary

The aim of our study is to present results of the paleopathological
investigation of a 10th-12th century AD cemetery from South-East Hungary.
The examination of the skeletal remains of 59 individuals was performed
using standard macromorphological methods of bioarchaeology. Before the
paleopathological analysis of the series, sex and age at death of
individuals and state of preservation of the observable skeletal elements
were also recorded. In spite of the poor state of preservation, the
examined osteoarchaeological series showed a wide range of
paleopathological alterations: skeletal traces of degenerative articular
changes, traumas and infectious diseases were observed. This presentation
focuses on infectious lesions. On the basis of the detected alterations
(rib lesions, superficial vertebral changes / hypervascularisation,
endocranial alterations and potential stress indicators or infection
markers, such as cribra orbitalia and long bone periostitis) the diagnosis
of probable early-stage TB was supposed in five cases. Although a positive
correlation seems to exist between these alterations and TB, they are not
always pathognomonic to tuberculosis. In order to confirm the assumed
diagnosis, further biomolecular investigations are planned. A mature female
individual showed signs of severe destruction of the right maxilla most
probably as a result of periodontal inflammation. The same skeleton
revealed skeletal evidence of symbolic trephination on the middle of the
sagittal suture. It cannot be excluded that this intervention was made for
medicoritual purposes. Our results contribute to improving the knowledge on
health status in historic populations of Hungary at the time of political
and cultural transition from Eastern traditions to feudalism and
Christianity. The support of the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA
NN 78696 and OTKA N 78555 is greatly acknowledged.
Key words: paleopathology, Hungary, 10th-12th century AD,
tuberculosis, periodontal inflammation, symbolic trephination

COLOR AND CONSTITUTION: EXPERIENCE OF STUDYING AESTHETIC PREFERENCES
(p. 110)
Vergeles Marina, Shpak Larisa
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia

It is impossible to draw clear interdisciplinary boundaries in the
study of color concept regarding interactions between human and color-light
environment, and anthropology may be used as a complex approach to this
study combining both science and humanities. In this case we can define
color preference as part of the general human constitution along with
morphological and psychological features. Using a sample of 157 Moscow
students (80 males and 77 females) we examined correlations between color
attitude and somatic (somatotype, pigmentation, dynamometry) and
psychological (anxiety and neuroticism level, extraversion-introversion
trait) features. Color attitude was measured verbally and projectively by
coloring graphic tests with simple and complex shapes. On the basis of
verbal color tests' results we calculated coefficient of color preference
and general color attitude index. Coefficients of harmonious color
combinations are based on the results of graphic tests. Sex differences in
neuroticism, state and trait anxiety levels are valid: females are more
restless and anxious while males are more emotionally stable. Most of the
examined individuals do not have a disliked color or colors, having one is
strongly correlated with higher level of both neuroticism and state
anxiety, correlation is slightly stronger for females. The most common
choice of a favorite color is blue and green. There are sex differences in
the preference of black, white, purple, yellow and turquoise colors: males
prefer achromatic colors relatively more. Most of morphological features
are uncorrelated with color choice; however there are some certain
correlations with eye and hair color. There are some correlations between
color attitude and somatotype: athletic males and mesoplastic females have
a negative color attitude significantly rarely and thus emotionally are
less dependent on color environment. Choice of harmonious color pairs is
psychosomatically determined only for a test with simple shapes. Complex
shapes coloring reveals color associations defined rather by social and
cultural aspects of color perception. However, the amount of harmonious
choices is two or three times bigger than the amount of inharmonious, and
females tend to select harmonious color pairs more often than males.
Prevalence of harmonious color choices to some extent indicates possible
biological expediency of this behavioral adaptation that formed human
aesthetic color perception.
Key words: constitution, color, color preference

Section MOLECULAR ANTHROPOLOGY - NEW ADVANCES
THE GENE POOL OF INDIGENOUS CRIMEAN POPULATIONS: MEDITERRANEAN MEETS
EURASIAN STEPPE (p. 112)
Agdzhoyan Anastasiya1, Chukhryaeva Marina1,2, Kuznetsova Marina1,2,
Skhalyakho Roza1,2, Dibirova Khadizhat1,2, Yusupov Yuldash2,6, Mustafaeva
Lilia5, Atramentova Lyubov4, Villems Richard3, Balanovska Elena2,
Balanovsky Oleg1,2
1Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
4V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
5Medical Centre for the Formerly Deported Peoples, Simferopol, Russia
6Institute for Humanities Research of Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa,
Russia

Crimean Greeks are far descendants of Ancient Greek Colonists of
Crimea and following Greeks migrants. The history of other ethnic group of
the Crimean peninsula - Crimean Tatars - is linked with migrations of
Eurasian steppe nomads in XIII century, which likely mixed with predating
populations of Crimea. Three most informative modern genetic systems were
used for the reliable reconstruction of ethnogenesis of these indigenous
Crimean populations: 1) genome-wide autosomal SNP markers representing the
genetic contribution of both parents; 2) mitochondrial DNA markers
(maternal line); 3) Y-chromosomal markers (paternal line). We analyzed
totally 400 DNA samples from unrelated male volunteers which representing
three sub-ethnic groups of Crimean Tatars (Steppe, Mountain, Coastal) and
two sub-ethnic groups of Crimean Greeks (Urums, Romeis). The results of
uniparental markers analysis (multidimensional scaling, maps of genetics
distances) coincided with that of biparental autosomal SNP markers
(principal component and ADMIXTURE analyses). Gene pool of Steppe Crimean
Tatars carries mainly the genetic component typical for Turkic populations
from Eurasian steppe (Nogais, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kazan
Tatars, Chuvashes). Another genetic component dominant in East
Mediterranean peoples (especially, in Greeks and Turks) is mostly expressed
in Mountain and Coastal Crimean Tatars and in both Crimean Greeks
populations. No notable genetic similarity of indigenous Crimean
populations with their closest geographical neighbors - Ukrainians and
Russians - was revealed. It is the most likely that discovered features of
Steppe Crimean Tatars gene pool reflect the genetic contribution of
medieval Eurasian Steppe nomads. The component predominant in Mountain and
Coastal Crimean Tatars gene pools and in Crimean Greeks suggests that
genetic contribution of East Mediterranean populations continued in Crimea
for many centuries. The work has been supported by RFBR grants 13-06-00670,
14-06-31331 and by grant from the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences
"Dynamics and conservation of gene pools".
Key words: Crimean Tatars, Crimean Greeks, gene pool, migrations,
Eurasian Steppe nomads, East Mediterranean peoples

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF THE HUMAN GENE POOL: THE GLOBAL PATTERNS (p.
113)
Balanovsky Oleg1,2, Koshel Sergey3, Zaporozhchenko Valery1,
Pshenichnov Andrey1, Sychev Roman1, Balanovska Elena2
1Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3Cartographic Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow,
Russia

The studies of genetic variation in human populations started 100
years ago: in 1914, the pronounced differences in frequencies of blood
groups were revealed for the first time. During the century-long history of
intensive research the arsenal of population geneticists has changed six
times. The immunological markers or blood groups (1) were only available
genetic systems for decades until biochemical markers (2) were widely
introduced in 1960s. Both types are now known as "classical markers"; the
datasets on their variation in human variations worldwide are large and
have been summarized by both Western (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994) and
Russian (Gene pool and gene geography of USSR) scientific gene geographical
schools. The classical markers are virtually out of experimental use in
present days. But because their variation has been well described and
analyzed, these generalized conclusions are widely used as a background for
current research. Since 1990s, the mitochondrial DNA (3) and Y-chromosome
(4) became the most popular genetic systems in population studies. Hundreds
of papers were dedicated to their variation, and accumulated datasets
include hundreds thousands of samples from thousands of populations
worldwide. However, the number of papers on these markers decreases each
year, because the genome-wide (5) and full genome (6) markers are becoming
the new favorite tools in the arsenal of researchers, but data on these
genetic systems are not abundant yet. Thus, the crucial task is to
summarize the accumulated data on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal
variation, to extract the generalized patterns and to make the overall
conclusions of the global gene pool structure from these two kinds of
genetic data. Then these systems will be for many decades the great story-
tellers about general trends in human variation and value of these "new
classics" will be high even when no living researcher will remember
experimental methods for their analysis. The talk will present the largest
databases on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal variation worldwide and
the cartographic atlases summing up both particular and universal patterns
of these systems. This study was supported by RFBR grants 13-04-0171, 13-06-
00670, 14-06-00384, 13-04-90420, 14-06-31331 and Presidium RAS program
"Molecular and cell biology".
Key words: gene pool, gene geography, database, classical markers,
mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome, world atlas

BETWEEN ANDES AND AMAZON: GENETIC TRACES OF SEX BIASED SERIAL CONTACT
IN THE ARAWAK-SPEAKING YANESHA (p. 114)
Barbieri Chiara1, Heggarty Paul2, Yang Yao Daniele1, Ferri Gianmarco3,
De Fanti Sara1, Ciani Graziella1, Boattini Alessio1, Luiselli Donata1,
Pettener Davide1
1Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
2Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
3Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanit Pubblica,
Universit degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

The Yanesha are a Peruvian population who inhabit a transitional area
between the Andes and Amazonia; their intermediate position may have
favored contact flows both in their gene pool and in their cultural
characteristics. In particular, the language they speak belongs to the
Arawak language family, which suggests an Amazonian origin. However, a
strong influence by Quechua, the most widespread language family of the
Andes, makes for a more complex demographic past. The Yanesha are
investigated here as a case study of language and population dynamics
across the Andes-Amazonia divide, with 214 individuals genotyped for both Y
chromosome (17 STRs and 16 SNPs diagnostic for assigning haplogroups) and
mtDNA data (control region sequences and 4 SNPs diagnostic for assigning
haplogroups). We uncover sex-biased genetic trends that probably arose in
different stages: first, a male-biased gene flow from Andean regions,
genetically consistent with highland Quechua-speakers and probably dating
back to Inca expansion; and second, traces of European contact consistent
with Y chromosome lineages from Italy and Tyrol, in line with recent
migrations. Most research in the history, archaeology and linguistics of
South America has long been characterized by perceptions of a sharp divide
between the Andes and Amazonia. Our results serve as a clear case-study
confirming demographic flows across that 'divide'.
Key words: Yanesha, mtDNA, Y chromosome, South America, language

THE GENE POOL OF NANAIS FROM RUSSIAN FAR EAST: POPULATION AND CLAN
STRUCTURES (p. 115)
Bogunov Yuriy1, Bogunova Anna1,2, Chukhryaeva Marina3,1, Agdzhoyan
Anastasiya1, Kuznetsova Marina 3,1, Padyukova Asya4,3, Zhabagin Maxat5,1,
Balanovska Elena3, Balanovsky Oleg1,3
1Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Amur State University of Humanities and Pedagogy, Komsomolsk-on-Amur,
Russia
3Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
4Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia
5Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan

Nanai population is 'a white spot' for both genetics and demography,
despite it is the largest indigenous ethnic group of the Amur region. The
variety of dialects of Nanai language (which belongs to Manchu-Tungus
branch of the Altaic family), and Nanai cultural diversity indicate the
complex population structure of the ethnos, which was formed on the ancient
genetic background by following multiple migrations waves. To determinate
the modern demographic structure of Nanais, we analyzed the information
from the household books. 8 villages from 3 districts of the Khabarovsk
region were studied (more than 5000 records). The villages in Nanai and
Solnechny districts (the initial Nanai-area) are mono-ethnic (80% of their
population are ethnic Nanais), while in the villages of the Komsomolsky
district the proportion of Nanais is twice lower. However, the level of
cross-breeding is low (4-11%) in all villages. The obtained results
indicate that Nanai population presents a closed demographic system, and
the probability of its miscegenation by mixing with other ethnic groups is
not significant. The Nanai surnames emerged from their clan names and
therefore represent the patrilinear structure of the population. The
present day number of clans (13) is twice lower as compared to the 19th
century. In every village about half of its population belongs to six
clans: Beldy - 23%, Kiel - 9%, Onenko - 8%, Samar - 8%, Khodzher - 7%,
Gayker and Passar- 6%. Clans have clear geographical areas: for example,
Beldy is frequent in the 'Upper' Nanais while Samar is frequent in the
'Gorin' Nanais. These demographic data are in agreement with the genetic
ones, which we analyzed in the same populations. The four Y-chromosomal
haplogroups are the most frequent in the Nanais: 3-217, 3-48, N1c1-
178, 3-122. The greatest genetic diversity was found in the Beldy clan.
It confirms that Beldy is a conglomerate of smaller clans. The gene pools
of other clans are so homogeneous that Y-chromosomal haplotype of the
clan's ancestor could be reconstructed. The results show that studying the
correlation between clan structure and polymorphism of the Y-chromosome is
a promising way to reconstruct the Nanai ethnogenesis. This study was
supported by RFBR grants 14-06-00384, 14-06-10026-, 13-06-00670.
Key words: Nanais, clan structure, Y-chromosome

GENE POOL OF THE SOUTHWEST ASIA: REFLECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL RELIEF AND
LINGUISTIC STRATIFICATION (p. 116)
Chukhryaeva Marina1,2, Dibirova Khadizhat1,2, Teuchezh Irina1,2,
Kuznetsova Marina1,2, Agdzhoyan Anastasiya2, Yepiskoposyan Levon3,
Pocheshkhova Elvira4, Balanovsky Oleg2,1
1Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
3Institute of Molecular Biology NAS AR, Yerevan, Armenia
4Kuban State Medical University, Federal Agency of Public Health and
Social Development, Krasnodar, Russia

Southwest Asia despite the predominance of mountainous and arid
landscapes was not only the birthplace of the ancient states - according to
the Anatolian hypothesis it was the homeland of the Indo-European language
family. How similar are the gene pools of the Indo-European speaking
populations of Southwest Asia to those who speak Semitic and Turkic
languages? Is the geographical landscape a factor which shaped the genetic
landscape? To answer these questions, we studied the Y-chromosomal gene
pool of the Southwest Asia for published data (over 4000 individuals) and
our new data on five Armenian populations, covering the area of historic
Armenia (436 individuals). The multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot revealed
two genetically different groups of the populations in Southwest Asia. The
first group included mountain-dwelling populations: Turks, Armenians and
different populations from Iran. The second group included populations of
Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Arabian Peninsula, and thus could be called the
"plain" group. The hierarchical analysis of the inter-population
variability (AMOVA) confirms this pattern. Genetic differences between
"highland" and "plain" groups of populations are nine times higher than the
differentiation obtained by grouping populations by standard geographic
parameters like latitude and longitude. Armenians formed a subcluster
within the "highland" group of populations on the MDS plot. Note, that
Georgians (geographical neighbors of Armenians) fall into another (the
Caucasus) cluster together with the Abkhazians and the majority of the
populations of the North Caucasus. The cartographic analysis confirmed that
North Caucasus and Georgian populations are genetically distant from
populations of "highland" cluster. Analysis of genetic differentiation of
Southwest Asian populations under the linguistic stratification revealed
significant differences between the gene pools of the Turkic, Semitic and
Indo-European speaking groups. Indo-European groups - Armenians and Iranian
populations - are clustered together while Semitic-speakers form a separate
cluster. This corresponds well with the geographic division into "plain-
dwelling" (Semitic) and "highland-dwelling" (other) populations and
suggests that the linguistic stratification could be also considered as the
possible factor shaping the structure of Southwest Asian gene pool. The
research has been supported by The Presidium of RAS programs: "Molecular
and cell biology", "Fundamental sciences for the medicine", "Gene pool
dynamics", and RFBR grant 13-04-01711.
Key words: gene pool, Y-chromosome, genetic markers, Southwest Asia,
Indo-European language family

APOLIPOPROTEIN E AND ACE GENOTYPES MODULATE ALLOSTATIC LOAD (p. 117)
Crews Douglas E., Donley Gwendolyn
Department of Anthropology and School of Public Health, Ohio State
University, Columbus, USA

Over a life span, both failed and successful responses to stressors
promote physiological dysfunction, leading eventually to an allostatic load
(AL). Adaptive and maladaptive stress responses depend on biology, culture,
environment, and previous experience. Additionally, age, sex, occupation,
sociocultural factors and self-perceptions affect physiological responses
and structure predispositions to non-communicable diseases and mortality.
Measurement of AL assesses physiological dysfunction secondary to lifelong
responses to stressors. As yet, how genes modulate AL has not been
examined. We examined associations of AL with apolipoprotein (Apo) E and H,
ACE, and ANP genotypes in 284 American Samoans. AL was measured using seven
secondary mediators of allostasis, along with aspects of body habitus and
glucose metabolism. AL differed little by Apo H or ANP genotypes. However,
significant differences in Al were observed across Apo E and ACE genotypes.
Participants with the Apo E 3*2 genotype showed the lowest AL compared to
3*3 or 2*2 genotypes. Women showed the highest AL across all genotypes.
Across ACE genotypes, AL was lower in those heterozygous (I/D), than those
with the homozygous I/I genotype. Samoan women showed higher AL than men,
along with stronger associations of AL with both Apo E genotypes. AL
associates significantly with morbidity and mortality across multiple
samples, our results suggest these relationships may depend in part on
underlying genotypes.
Key words: American Samoans, life span, stress, stressors,
physiological dysfunction
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF INDEGENOUS POPULATIONS OF TUVA REPUBLIC ON SNP -
HAPLOGROUPS OF Y-CHROMOSOME (p. 117)
Damba Larissa1,2, Skhalyakho Roza2,3, Bogunov Anna4, Bogunov
Yuriy2,3, Agdzhoyan Anastasiya3, Dibirova Khadizhat2,3, Yusupov Uldash5,
Zhabagin Maxat6, Balanovsky Oleg3,2
1Research Institute of Medical and Social Problems and Control of the
Healthcare, Department of the Tyva Republic, Kyzyl, Russia
2Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
4Amur State University of Humanities and Pedagogy, Komsomolsk-on-Amur,
Russia
5Institute for Humanities Research of Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa,
Russia
6Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan

Studying of the genetic diversity of indigenous populations of the
Altai-Sayan Mountains creates an additional historical source for
reconstruction of ethnogenesis and ancient migratory ways of the
populations of Southern Siberia. Polymorphism of the Y-chromosome in four
indigenous populations of Tuva (N=333) was studied: Todzhintsy (N=87),
Western (N=75), Central (N=81) and Southeast (N=90) Tuvinians. From 16
revealed haplogroups of Y-chromosomes the most frequent are North Eurasian
haplogroups Q-M242, N1b-P43, N1c1a-M178, which have captured 60% of a gene
pool of Tuvinians and more than 80% of a gene pool of Todzhintsy. At the
western Tuvinians (so-called southern Siberian anthropological type) North
Eurasian haplogroups N1b-P-43 and N1c1a-M178 prevail, and each of them
cover about one-third of the Y-gene pool. Haplogroup Q-M242 is rare, while
at Todzhintsy groups it makes half of the Y-gene pool, and at Southeast and
Central Tuvinians groups it covers about a quarter of the Y-gene pool.
Frequencies of East Eurasian haplogroup C3c-M48 and West Eurasian
haplogroup R1a-M-198 at the western Tuvinians are approximately identical -
everyone presents about 10% of the Y-gene pool. At the Northeast Tuvinians-
Todzhintsy (so-called Katangsky variant of the Baikal anthropological type)
after major haplogroup Q-M242, the second and third places are divided
between haplogroups N1b-P-43 and N1c1a-M178 (overall about 40%). Other 10%
are presented by West Eurasian haplogroups R1a1a-M198, R1b1a2-M269 and East
Eurasian haplogroups C3c-M48 and O3-M122. Gene pools of Southeast Tuvinians
(so-called Central Asian anthropological type) and the Central Tuvinians,
are characterized by the maximum range of haplogroups. More than a quarter
of the Y-gene pool belonged to North Eurasian haplogroups Q-M242, the fifth
part of the gene pool consists of West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a-M198. Not
only haplogroups N1b-P-43 and N1c1a-M178 are presented with frequencies
from 2 to 10%, but also haplogroups C3-M217, 3-M48, C3d-M407, and O3-
M122. The genetic structure of the studied populations of Tuvinians and
Todzhintsy was computed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), with
Fst=0.085. The cluster analysis of the populations of Southern Siberia on
the matrix of genetic distances (average d=0.4) has shown that all
Tuvinians and Todzhintsy formed a united cluster together with Khakas-
Sagaytsy. Our results indicate the general background in the origin of the
populations of Tuvinians and the preservation of an ancient "Siberian"
layer (N1b-P-43, N1c1a-M178, Q-M242) in the gene pool of Todzhintsy in the
conditions of geographical isolation in mountain and taiga areas. It can be
emphasized that the conditions formed a refugium, where the gene pool kept
traces of the ancient population of Southern Siberia.
Key words: Tuvinians, Todzhintsy, ethnogenesis, gene pool, haplogroups


INFLUENCE OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM +1663A/G TNFR2 ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CHRONIC TRUE ECZEMA (p. 118)
Denisova Ya., Chournosov M., Krikun E.
Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, Russia

Among the cases of chronic dermatosis, eczema makes 30 to 40%. The
rise of sickness rate, the chronicity of the disease process, the frequent
recurrence of its course, insufficient effect of the treatment methods make
chronic eczema the most pressing problem in the modern dermatology. At
present the leading pathogenic link of eczema development is considered to
be a marked immunological disorders. The main role here is played by T-
lymphocytes that bear specific receptors to the antigen and discharge a
number of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the factors of tumor
necrosis and their receptors. In connection with this, the object of this
research work is the study of the role of genetic polymorphism +1663A/G
TNFR2 in the development of chronic true eczema. 363 persons were examined
(58 patients and 305 persons of the control group), all of Russian
nationality, natives of the Central Chernozem region of the RF and having
no blood relationship. The extraction of genome DNA from peripheral blood
is made with the method of phenol-chlorophorm extraction. PCR was made on
the amplifier IQ 5 (Bio-Rad) in the real time mode of operation with the
use of DNA polymerases Thermus aquaticus and oligonucleotide primers and
probes. Genotyping of DNA markers is made with the method of allele
discrimination on the base of Tag Man probes. The results of the research
revealed the following rates of genotypes among the patients with chronic
true eczema: +1663 AA - 6.9%; +1663 AG - 63.8%; +1663GG - 29.3%, and the
rates of alleles are as follows +1663A - 38.79%; +1663G - 61.21. The rates
of the genotypes in the control group were the following: +1663AA - 21.64%;
+1663 AG - 45.24%; +1663GG - 33.12% and the rates of alleles were: +1663A -
44.26%; +1663G - 55.74%. According to this comparative analysis, the
statistical significant differences in the concentration of alleles and
genotypes of this locus are not revealed in the group of patients and in
the control group. This allows us to come to a conclusion that the
polymorphism +1663A/G TNFR2 is not associated with the development of
chronic true eczema.
Key words: eczema, genetic polymorphism, natives of the Central
Chernozem region of Russia

DEEP-ROOTING AFRICAN INFLUENCE IN SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: A VIEW FROM
mtDNA IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA (p. 119)
Hernndez Candela L.1, Pereira Luisa2, Dugoujon Jean-Michel3, Soares
Pedro2, Reales Guillermo1, Novelletto Andrea4, Rodrguez Juan5, Caldern
Rosario1
1Departamento de Zoologa y Antropologa Fsica, Facultad de Biologa,
Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
2Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do
Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
3Laboratoire d'Anthropologie, Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), Universit Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
4Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
5Servicio de Hematologa, Hospital Juan Ramn Jimnez, Huelva, Spain

In the past few decades, the gene flow between North Africa and Europe
has been a topic of interest for population genetic studies. Key unanswered
questions include the timing of migration episodes and their real impact on
the European gene pool, the role of physical barriers - as the
Mediterranean Sea - and the most plausible dispersal routes for
transcontinental crossings. In order to address these topics, different
genetic markers have been used. Mitochondrial DNA has shown substantial
traces of bidirectional genetic interchange between Africa and Europe, and
in a more detailed view between the North of Africa and Iberia. We
approached this by analyzing the maternal heritage of the closest Iberian
population to North Africa: Andalusia. mtDNA profiles were characterized in
two southern Iberian subpopulations, represented by 158 samples from Huelva
province and 121 individuals from Granada province. Our results reveal
distinctive local histories among Andalusians regarding their maternal
legacy, suggesting a role of the westernmost Iberian territory as a
noticeable recipient of multiple and diverse human migrations, including
relevant African contribution. The African component in western Andalusia
was characterized by a high prevalence and diversity of U6 lineage. This
finding leads us to further investigate U6 in southern Iberia and northern
Africa, by sequencing mitogenomes of 16 U6 Andalusian samples. In order to
acquire insight into the other side of the Strait of Gibraltar, we also
obtained complete mtDNA sequences from Moroccan Berbers. We then compared
these profiles with around 250 U6-genomes reported from literature. The
resulting phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses show that U6 lineage
has deep temporal roots in Iberia, revealing old transcontinental human
crossings from North Africa to Iberia - and therefore, ancient African
traces in Europe.
Key words: gene flow, migration, haplogroup U6, Mediterranean space,
phylogeography, phylogeny

NOVEL MODEL OF BIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR HUMAN GENETIC STUDY. APPLICATION
TO MUSCULAR MASS AND METABOLITE LEVEL VARIATION (p. 119)
Korostishevsky Michael, Malkin Ida, Livshits Gregory
Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and
Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

We propose a statistical method of bivariate genetic analysis,
designed to evaluate contribution of the DNA polymorphisms such as SNP and
familial effects (additive genetic, common environment) to variation of two
interrelated traits without predefined distribution (i.e. could be
quantitative and/or qualitative phenotypes). Our approach is an alternative
of the liability-threshold concept (Falconer, 1965), and it is based on the
discrete models of genetic and familial effects. In order to take into
account additive effect of the other genes on the traits', we introduce
three independent binary factors ZX, ZY, and ZXY. In our model they
represent genetic factors affecting variation of each trait separately (ZX
and ZY) and both traits simultaneously (ZXY), pleiotropic effect. Gene-
independent effects, caused by random or common familial effects on the
phenotype variation are also taken into account in the model. The model
application to analysis muscular mass, metabolomics and genotyping data in
a large sample of middle-aged UK female twins is exemplified.
Key words: muscular mass, metabolomics, GWAS, bivariate analysis,
additive genetic and environmental factors

GENOME DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION HISTORY OF ETHNIC GROUPS FROM EUROPEAN
RUSSIA AND SUB-ARCTIC TRANSURALIC REGION (p. 120)
Limborska S.1, Khrunin A.1, Khokhrin D.1, Verbenko D.1, Gerasimova
D.2, Kuchin R.2, Rabinovich V.3
1Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia
2Ugra State University, Khanty-Mansiisk, Russia
3Ugra Research Institute of Cellular Technology with Stem Cell Bank,
Khanty-Mansiisk, Russia

Understanding the genetic structure of the European population is very
important from historical and anthropological points of view. Several
studies have examined the fine-scale structure of human genetic variation
in Europe. But populations of Northern-Eastern European area and Sub-Arctic
Transuralic region are less investigated. These territories are inhabited
by different indigenous Finno-Ugric peoples and ethnic Russians. To explore
genetic structure of the region we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms
using different versions of Illumina BeadChips. Principal components (PC)
analysis, ADMIXTURE clustering and Wright's fixation indices (FST) were
used to examine population structure of Khanty, Mansi, Komi, Veps and
Russians. Mansi were indigenous inhabitants of Northern European area prior
to 17th Century AD. This ethnic group undergone trans-Uralic migration and
nowadays inhabits Sub-Arctic Region of Western Siberia. The Khanty, closely
related to Mansi by linguistic classification, are the indigenous
inhabitants of this region. Both the Mansi and the Khanty peoples have
genomic characteristics that differentiated them from all others. Komi are
also inhabitants of the territory at Northern-Eastern Europe. Two
ethnographic groups of them were included in the study - Izhemski and
Priluzski Komi. They formed two neighbored clusters at PC plot. The Veps
are the Finno-Ugric minority that is one of the oldest people of northern
Europe. They still inhabit some territories of northwest Russia. Veps gene
pool reveals similarity with Finns and Komi. Russians are the most abundant
people in Northern-Eastern Europe. Principal component analysis showed
significant differences between Russians of Northern European region and
Russian populations from the central part of Russian Plain. The later
Russian populations formed a single cluster on PC plot. In contrast,
Northern Russians demonstrated close relationships with Finno-Ugric
populations. The results obtained demonstrate distinct ancestry components
in the samples from Sub-Arctic Transuralic region, that significantly
differs them from all other populations studied.
Key words: genome diversity, population genomics, Eastern Europe, SNP
analysis

GENE POOL OF THE TWO GROUPS OF SIBERIAN (TOBOL-IRTYSH) TATARS:
ANALYSIS OF THE Y-CHROMOSOMAL SNP-MARKERS (p. 121)
Padyukova Asya1,2,3, Lavryashina Mariya1, Skhalyakho Roza3,.4,
Agdzhoyan Anastasiya4, Dibirova Khadizhat3,4, Kuznetsova Marina3, Bogunov
Yuriy4, Ulyanova M.1, Tychinskih Z.5, Balanovska Elena3
1Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia
2Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russia
3Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
4Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
5Tobolsk State Social-Pedagogical Academy of D.I. Mendeleev, Tobolsk,
Russia

Gene pool of Siberian Tatars is a "terra incognita" - there is only
data on mtDNA of one population, while the variability of the most
informative Y-chromosome has not yet been studied. Siberian Tatars include
three major ethno-territorial groups of Turkic speaking populations in
Western Siberia: Tomsk Tatars, Barabinsk Tatars and Tobol-Irtysh Tatars.
Ethnogenesis of Siberian Tatars included mixing of Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic
and partly Mongol tribes in proportions, which were different in
territorial groups of Siberian Tatars. Later Bukharian Uzbeks, Teleuts,
Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs and Kazakhs were also included in Siberian Tatars.
Tobol-Irtysh Tatars of Tyumen region is the largest group of Siberian
Tatars. They occupy a central region within their natural area, which was
historically the center of consolidation of the Turkic groups in Western
Siberia. We examined 140 representatives of Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars in
Vagayskii and Tobolskii regions of Tyumen Oblast: Isker-Tobolsk (2
populations) and Ishtyaksk-Toguzsk (2 populations) subgroups. One of the
traits of the Isker-Tobolsk Tatars gene pool was its high diversity: none
out of the 13 identified haplogroups was predominant. Six most frequent
haplogroups (R1a-M198, N1c-LLY22g, Q-M242, H-M69, N1b-P43, R2-M124) cover
80% of the gene pool, with the frequency varying from 6% to 25%. Major Y-
chromosomal haplogroup Q-M242 has been found in over one third of the
Ishtyaksk-Toguzsk Tatars' gene pool. In Western Siberia Q-M242 is frequent
in Selkups (65%) and Kets (90%), and in Southern Siberia it was met in
Altaians and Tuvinians (17%). It may indicate a genetic relationship
between these ethnoses. Next to them, by their frequencies, haplogroups R1a-
M198 and N1c-LLY22g add up to a quarter of the gene pool of both Ishtyaks-
Toguzsk and Isker-Tobolsk Tatars, which indicate their common ethnogenetic
roots. In general, both the spectrum and frequency of Y-chromosome
haplogroups of Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars demonstrate the similarity of
their gene pool with those of Turkic peoples of Siberia. For example,
haplogroups R1a1a, N1b, N1c1 and Q are typical for Shors, Altaians and
Khakases. However, the ratio of these haplogroups varies depending on the
population.The basis of this diversity may lie in particular features of
ethnogenesis: unequal contribution from different (by origin) tribes. This
study was supported by RFBR grants 13-06-00670, and 14-06-00272.
Key words: Siberian Tatars, Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, ethnogenesis, gene
pool, haplogroups

MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL CASE OF POTT'S DISEASE FROM THE RPDIAN-
ERA (p. 122)
Psa Annamria1,2, Khler Kitti3, Maixner Frank4, Zink Albert4, Sola
Christophe5, Plfi Gyrgy1, Mende Balzs Gusztv3
1Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged,
Hungary
2Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
3Research Centre for the Humanities, Institute of Archaeology,
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
4Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
5Institut de Gntique et Microbiologie, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France

It is well known that tuberculosis (TB) causes 1.5 million deaths
every year and one-third of the world's total population is infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (WHO, 2011). These facts give a great importance
to paleopathological TB research too. Due to recent development of
macroscopic and molecular diagnostic methods in paleopathology and
paleomicrobiology, molecular methods for the detection of Mycobacterial
ancient DNA (aDNA) have also been developed considerably in the last few
years. The osteoarchaeological series of Gy?r-Psdomb from the 10-11th
century (western Hungary) has already been the subject of preliminary
paleopathological studies on TB-related bone lesions, an interesting case
with Pott's disease (Grave No. 187) was detected. The total graveyard
contains 217 individuals. Skeletal material of this cemetery was chosen for
the macromorphological investigation, which focused both on
classical/advanced (tuberculous spondylitis, tuberculous arthritis) stage
skeletal TB alterations and atypical/early-stage TB lesions (rib lesions,
superficial vertebral changes, endocranial alterations, early-stage
spondylodiscitis). In addition, the association of possible stress factors
(long bone periostitis, cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii) was also
considered. Earlier some cases had been detected from the Roman Period
Pannonia and the Avar Age by macromorphological methods. Nevertheless the
good state of preservation of this case, the important chronological period
of the Hungarian history and the fact that the presence of classical TB
symptoms from rpdian-era have never been detected aDNA by molecular
methods before encouraged us to carry out an ancient DNA test of TB-related
lesions in this skeleton. Paleomicrobiological analysis was used to study
the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA both in morphologically
positive and negative cases. Samples were examined for the repetitive
element IS6110 in the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The currently ongoing
spoligotyping and sequencing can give a more accurate picture of the
infection by different MTBC pathogens. Our future aims include the
examination of the total series of Gy?r-Psdomb so that we can clarify a
certain degree of the infection in this era. This research was supported by
the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European
Social Fund in the framework of TMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 "National
Excellence Program".
Key words: paleopathology, aDNA, 10-11th century, skeletal
tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Hungary

RECONSTRUCTING THE HUMAN GENETIC HISTORY OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA.
AUTOSOMAL AND UNIPARENTAL MARKERS YIELD PARALLEL RESULTS ON THE PRESENCE OF
AFRICAN SIGNATURES IN THE ANDALUSIAN POPULATION STRUCTURE (p. 123)
Reales Guillermo1, Hernndez Candela L.1, Dugoujon Jean-Michel2,
Novelletto Andrea3, Fortes-Lima Csar2, Rodrguez Juan4, Caldern Rosario1
1Departamento de Zoologa y Antropologa Fsica, Facultad de Biologa,
Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
2Laboratoire d'Anthropologie, Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), Universit Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
3Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
4Servicio de Hematologa, Hospital Juan Ramn Jimnez, Huelva, Spain

The analysis of contemporary human population structure based on
numerous and varied markers in genomic regions, and combined by careful
sampling strategies is helping us to answer many important questions on
human history. Such studies are performed in different geographic scales.
The Mediterranean area - a biodiversity hotspot with well-defined
characteristics in its geography, archaeology and anthropology - seems to
harbour an important fraction of the world human genetic diversity. The
Iberian Peninsula, given its location in the south-western corner of Europe
and in the immediacy of Africa, has had a decisive role in Europe peopling.
Within Iberia, Andalusia - the southernmost region of Spain - deserves a
special attention, as it has been a human crossroad open to numerous and
different human populations and cultures from all around the Mediterranean.
Here we summarize some key results obtained by our team after surveying
western and eastern Andalusian population structure, regarding mtDNA and Y-
C variation, along with other informative autosomal markers (e.g. GM and
APOE). Our data reveal that certain African maternal (e.g. U6 and L) and
paternal (e.g. E-M81) lineages are particularly detectable in Andalusians
and neighbouring Atlantic Iberian populations. APOE polymorphism -main
Alzheimer's disease susceptibility marker- revealed a somewhat similar
landscape in Andalusia and Morocco, thus interrupting its prevalent trend
in Europe. The above scenario is consistent with the relatively high
incidence of the Sub-Saharan GM 1,17 5* haplotype in south-western Iberia.
In conclusion, advances in the knowledge of the genetic structure in
western Mediterranean highlight the presence of African genetic signature
in the Iberia Peninsula, yet its spatial pattern is not uniform.
Key words: mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation, Western Mediterranean
populations, human migrations, genetic structure

MATERNAL AND PATERNAL LEGACIES OF AN EASTERN ADRIATIC GENETIC ISOLATE
- AN EXAMPLE OF VARIOUS HISTORICAL AND MICROEVOLUTIONARY FORCES (p. 124)
?ari? Tena1, ?arac Jelena1, Jeran Nina*, Hava? Augu?tin Dubravka1,
Novokmet Natalija1, Metspalu Ene2, Rootsi Siiri2, Vekari? Nenad3, Missoni
Sa?a1, Villems Richard3, Rudan Pavao1,4
1Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
*Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, at time of
research
2Estonian Biocentre and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology,
Tartu, Estonia
3Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences
and Arts, Dubrovnik, Croatia
4Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia

This study aimed to clarify the effect that evolutionary forces and
historical events have had on the population structure of Mljet, an Eastern
Adriatic island, through the analyses of mtDNA and Y chromosome variability
and comparison between the two markers. As previously reported, island of
Mljet has the lowest mtDNA diversity among the Eastern Adriatic islands. We
used 39 Y chromosome samples and previously published 68 mtDNA. For
comparison, we also used 179 Y chromosome samples from the mainland city of
Dubrovnik together with previously reported 181 mtDNAs. Results of both
maternal and paternal haplogroup lineages on the island fit within the
south-east European context. But, analysis of the mtDNA haplogroup
variability showed very low diversity, which was not expected considering
the relative closeness of the mainland city of Dubrovnik, as reported in
previous research. After Y chromosome analysis, the variation of paternal
lineages showed average diversity as usually expected, but it is not in
concordance with the low mtDNA diversity. Both mtDNA and Y chromosome
results could tell their own separate stories about the shaping of Mljet's
genetic landscape, but combined, they are both an outcome of numerous past
demographic and migration processes. Considering very turbulent and unlucky
historical events that occurred on the island, severe living environment,
the practice of consanguinity and the presence of autochthonous diseases,
the island of Mljet serves as an excellent example for studying the
interplay of microevolutionary forces and demographic actions that shape
the population structure of genetic isolates.
Key words: Island of Mljet, Y chromosome, mtDNA, microevolutionary
forces, historical events, population structure, genetic isolate

GENE POOL OF TURKIC SPEAKERS OF THE CAUCASUS IN THE EURASIAN CONTEXT
(Y-CHROMOSOMAL PERSPECTIVE) (p. 125)
Skhalyakho Roza1,2, Dibirova Khadizhat1,2, Chukhryaeva Marina1,2,
Agdzhoyan Anastasiya2, Kuznetsova Marina1,2, Tagirly S.G.1,2, Pocheshkhova
Elvira3, Balanovsky Oleg2,1
1Research Centre for Medical Genetics of Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
3Kuban State Medical University, Federal Agency of Public Health and
Social Development, Krasnodar, Russia

The complex ethnogenesis of the Turkic populations of the Caucasus
included both the pronounced autochthonous component and influence of the
incoming Turkic speakers. This pattern was reflected not only in the high
anthropological differentiation of the Turkic populations from the Caucasus
but also in their gene pool. We studied Y-chromosomal polymorphism in all
Turkic ethnic groups of the Caucasus (N=870): Azerbaijanians, Balkars,
Karanogais, Karachays, Kuban Nogais, and Kumyks. We identified 39 Y-
chromosomal haplogroups, four of which were the most frequent in the gene
pool of Turkic peoples: R1a1a-M198 (24%), G2a-P15 (16%), R1b1a2-M269 (14%),
and J2-M172 (12%). The phylogenetic analysis of rapidly mutating STRs
markers showed high heterogeneity of the gene pool of Turkic peoples of the
Caucasus. A number of phylogenetic networks including STR haplotypes not
only from Turkic groups of the Caucasus, but also from multiple Turkic
peoples of Eurasia were constructed for the first time. The phylogenetic
network of haplogroup R1a1a-M198 showed an ancient genetic links between
Turkic speakers of the Caucasus and Altai regions, thus indicating the
'steppe' component. The phylogenetic network of haplogroup N1-LLY22
revealed the proximity of gene pools of Kazakhs and Karanogais, and also
the expressed genetic connection between Balkars and Bashkirs. This
connection might indicate the Bashkiro-Nogai migration to the North
Caucasus. The map of genetic distances from averaged gene pool of Turkic-
speaking groups from the Caucasus to multiple Eurasian populations revealed
the greatest genetic similarity in steppes near Black and Caspian seas.
Some similarities could be also seen Southwest Asia particularly in North
Anatolia and Iran. The Eastern European populations, Turkic peoples from
Altai-Sayan and Volga-Uralic region are more genetically distant from
Turkic populations from the Caucasus. Note, that indigenous populations of
East Caucasus are genetically different from Turkic speakers of the region,
despite Kumyks and Azerbaijans dwell the East Caucasus. This study was
supported by RFBR grants 13-03-31331-mol_, 13-06-00670_a.
Key words: Y-chromosome, SNP markers, STR markers, Turkic peoples of
the Caucasus, gene pool

GENOMIC VARIATION OF CATECHOL-O-METHYL TRANSFERASE (COMT), DOPAMINE D4
RECEPTOR (DRD4), DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR (DRD2) AND MONOAMINE OXIDASE A (MAOA)
GENES IN HADZA AND DATOGA MALES (p. 126)
Vasilyev Vasiliy1, Sukhodolskaya Evgenija1, Shibalev Dmitri1, Burkova
Valentina2, Karelin Dmitriy3, Mabulla Audax4, Lazebny Oleg5, Butovskaya
Marina2, Ryskov Alexey1
1Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia
2Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
3Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

4Department of Archaeology, College of Arts and Social Sciences,
University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
5Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia

The study of genetic basis of aggressive behavior is one of the
leading directions of modern behavior genetics. Here we examine the
variability of four candidate genes, associated with aggressive behavior -
COMT, DRD4, DRD2 and MAOA, in two traditional African groups (the Hadza,
egalitarian hunter-gatherers and the Datoga, pastoralists and warriors)
different by the level of culturally permitted in-group and out-group
aggression. The functionally important polymorphisms, VNTRs in promoter
region of the MAOA gene, VNTRs in promoter region (DRD4Pr locus) and in the
third exon (DRD4E3 locus) of the DRD4 gene, SNP in the COMT (rs4680) and
DRD2 (rs1800497) genes, supposedly associated with violent aggressive
behavior were detected. The DNA of the Hadza (n=199) and the Datoga (n=230)
were tested, using locus specific PCR. It was demonstrated that these two
groups differed significantly by the frequency of distribution of genotypes
COMT M/M and COMT V/V: in Hadza (COMT M/M - 0.231 and COMT V/V - 0.287) and
in Datoga (COMT M/M - 0.107 and COMT V/V - 0.433). The difference in allele
frequency of DRD4E3 VNTR with 7 repeats (in Hadza - 0.,093 and in Datoga -
0.213) and in distribution of homozygous genotypes 7/7 (in Hadza - 0.010
and in Datoga - 0.061) was found. Other loci studied haven't showed any
significant differences between these two populations. We suggest that the
differences in distribution of COMT and DRD4E3 genotypes in Hadza and
Datoga are due to the different adaptations for in-group and out-group
social competition. This study was supported by the RAS Program "Molecular
and Cell Biology", RFBR (project # 13-04-00858), RFHR (project no. 12-01-
00032),and the President RF Program (# 2501.2014.4).
Key words: COMT, DRD4, MAOA, DRD2, allelic polymorphism, African
populations Hadza and Datoga, aggressive behaviour
POLYMORPHISM OF THE Y-CHROMOSOME IN KAZAKH POPULATIONS FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF "SHEZHIRE" STRUCTURE (p. 127)
Zhabagin Maxat1,2, Askapuli Ayken1, Sabitov Zhaxylyk3, Dibirova
Khadizhat4,2, Kuznetsova Marina4,2, Balanovska Elena4, Zhumadilov
Zhaxybai1, Balanovsky Oleg2,4
1Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
2Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
3Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
4Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Moscow, Russia

In the perspective of the heritage of the steppe nomads - Shezhire -
the genealogy of Kazakh population represents a complex system of tribal
structure. Shezhire is based on the patronymic tradition memory. Names of
"clan" or "tribe" are inherited like the genetic information on Y-
chromosome. This enables to trace the connection between social (Shezhire)
and biological (Y-chromosomal) relationships and verify the hypotheses of
the origin of some tribes. These data on the fine structure of the gene
pool of Kazakh population provides also information about historical
migrations. We studied the genetic variations of Y-chromosome in three
ethno-territorial units of 14 clans and 20 tribal groups of the Kazakhs in
the perspective of hierarchically organized tribal structure. A total of
1407 samples were analyzed by 40 Y-chromosome SNP and 17 STR markers.
Summary statistics of haplotype variation were calculated, genetic
relationships between subpopulations were estimated, and the phylogenetic
tree of microsatellites haplotypes was constructed. It was revealed that
there are nine dominant haplogroups in Kazakhs: C3 (xC3c)-M217(xM48), C3c-
M48, G1a-P20, J2-M172, N1c1a-M178, O3a3c1-M134, Q-M242, R1a1a*-M198(xM458),
and R1b1a-P297. The genetic diversity in the Kazakh population was
estimated to be 0.869 0.004. "Genetic portraits" of each tribe and clan
were created. The phenomenon of dominance of an individual haplogroup in
each clan was revealed. It suggests that in many Kazakh clans most of their
members trace their origins to one biological founder. Thus genetic data
largely agree with the genealogical structure of "Shezhire". Note, that the
generic (clan) level of organization of the Kazakh population most
accurately characterizes the gene pool structure based on Y-chromosome
polymorphisms that the "tribal" or "regional" levels. This study was
supported by RFBR grant 14-06-31331, Presidium RAS program "Molecular and
cell biology" and Targeted funding of Ministry of Education and Science of
Republic Kazakhstan.
Key words: Y-chromosome, Kazakh population, population genetics,
genealogy


Section PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR GENETIC VARIATION, FERTILITY AND DESIRE FOR
PARENTING IN RURAL KHANTY AND MANSI OF WESTERN SIBERIA (p. 128)
Butovskaya Polina1, Butovskaya Marina2, Fedenok Julia2, Postnikova
Ekaterina2, Vasiliev Vasily3, Ryskov Alexey3
1Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
3Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia

There is a growing evidence of the role of oxytocin receptor gene
polymorphism in attachment, pair-bonding and cooperation (Bakermans-
Kranenberg, van Ijzendoorn, 2008; Feldman et al., 2010; Gordon et al.,
2010). The goal of this study was to test how a SNP polymorphism (rs53576)
of the oxytocin receptor gene relates to fertility and parental efforts in
rural sample of Khanty and Mansi from Khanty-Mansijsky Autonomous District,
Berezovsky and Belojarsky regions. Demography, anthropometry, psychological
data and buccal smears for DNA extraction were collected among a
traditional fishermen population of Khanty and Mansi. The sample size
consists of 182 adult individuals (95 men and 87 women) with the age range
from 17 to 70 years (median 38 years). The SNP polymorphism for rs53576 was
genotyped, using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. The distribution of
genotypes in our sample was: 35.7% AA; 45.1% AG; 13.7% GG. At first, we
tested the association of these genotypes with the number of children born
in both sexes, but found no significant result. Next, we examined a female
sample exclusively and conducted linear regression analyses with the number
of pregnancies and abortions as dependent variables, and age and genotype
as independent variables. Significant effects were revealed for both
predictors. Women, carriers of the AA genotype had significantly more
pregnancies (R2= 0.479, ? =0.202, t= 2.471, p<0.016), as well as abortions
(R2= 0.305, ? =0.238, t= 2.530, p<0.013), compared to the AG and GG
genotypes. These findings are discussed in line with the data on the role
of oxytocin in empathy and stress reactivity. Supported by RFBR, grant 13-
06-00393a.
Key words: oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism, parenting, Khanty-
Mansi, reproduction

2D:4D RATIO AND HORMONAL STATUS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN FROM THREE REGIONS
OF RUSSIA: SEX AND AGE DIFFERENCES (p. 129)
Fedenok Julia1, Butovskaya Marina1, Burkova Valentina1, Selverova
Nelly2, Ermakova Irina2
1Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
2Institute of Developmental Physiology, Russian Academy of Education,
Moscow, Russia

The relevance of 2D:4D ratio to prenatal level of androgenization has
been currently in the center of attention. The data on association between
2D:4D and testostosterone in adult males are highly inconsistent. In this
paper we present the data on 2D:4D ratios on both hands, saliva
testosterone and cortisol levels in the sample of 1545 boys (mean age:
13.49 2.18 years) and 1716 girls (mean age: 13.56 2.16 years) from
three regions of Russia (Central, Volga-river and Northern Caucasus
regions). Mean 2D:4D ratio differed significantly in boys and girls (0.97
and 0.98 respectively) on both hands. There was no correlation between
2D:4D and age with control for sex and the region of study. Both saliva
testosterone and cortisol levels were higher in boys, compared to girls.
The effects of the region and age were significant as well. No association
between testosterone level and 2D:4D ratio were found for both sexes. We
discuss our data in the light of previously publish data on testosterone
and the digit ratio. Supported by RFBR, grant 13-06-00393a.
Key words: 2D:4D, saliva testosterone and cortisol, sex, age

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CIRCADIAN PHASE AND LIGHT BEFORE BEDTIME IN
JAPANESE CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS (p. 129)
Higuchi Shigekazu, Lee Sang-il, Nagafuchi Yuki, Harada Kazuki
Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University,
Japan

It has been pointed out that the children have short sleep time and
late bedtime in some countries. Since we have already reported that
photosensitivity to light in children is larger than that in adults,
exposure to artificial light at night may be a cause of delayed circadian
rhythm in children. In this study, association between lighting condition
before bedtime and individual difference in circadian phase in children
were examined. Twenty children (9.21.9 years) and seventeen of their
parents (41.75.0 years) volunteered to participate in this study. The
study was approved by the local Ethics Research Committee in Kyushu
University. Firstly, in an accommodation facility, salivary samples were
collected every 30 min from 19:00 to habitual bedtime under dim light (< 15
lx) to measure salivary melatonin concentration. Timing of dim light
melatonin onset (DLMO) was determined as a marker of circadian phase. The
DLMOs in children and their parents were 20:58 42 min and 21:58 96 min,
respectively. The DLMO in children was significantly correlated with that
in their parents. This suggests that circadian rhythm of parents can affect
that of children. Next, the illuminance level and color temperature of
light was measured at home in each participant by themselves. The average
and standard deviation of vertical illuminance level at their eye level and
color temperature of light was 140.0 82.7 lx and 3862.0 965.6 K,
respectively. Interestingly, there were significant positive correlations
between DLMO and color temperature in adults and children although
illuminance level was not significantly correlated with the DLMO. These
results suggest that circadian phase of children is affected not only by
circadian rhythm of parents but also by color temperature of light before
bedtime in Japan.
Key words: circadian rhythm, melatonin, sleep, children, light at
night
COMPARISON OF CEREBROVASCULAR AND CARDIOVASOCULAR RESPONSES TO DYNAMIC
ORTHOSTATIC STRESS USING SINUSOIDAL LOWER-BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE (p. 130)
Ishibashi Keita1, Oyama Fuyuki1, Yoshida Hisao1, Higuchi Shigekazu2,
Iwanaga Koichi1, Yasukouchi Akira2
1Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
2Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

In the evolution of human bipedalism, gravity is one of the essential
environmental factors to which humans had to adapt. The high metabolic
demand of the human brain necessitates the upward delivery of a large
proportion of the cardiac output (CO), and the relatively large length of
human legs causes blood pooling in the legs along with orthostatic stress.
The ability of cerebral vasculature to maintain relatively steady blood
flow in the face of changing mean arterial pressure (MAP), termed cerebral
autoregulation (CA), is critical to adapt to gravity. Although CA is an
integral component of the systemic circulation system, little is known
about the relationship between cardiovascular regulation and dynamic CA in
response to transient changes in MAP, such as during changes in posture. We
examined the cerebrovascular and cardiovascular responses to dynamic
orthostatic stress using sinusoidal lower-body negative pressure (SLBNP),
which can simulate orthostatic blood shifts. We measured the middle
cerebral arterial blood flow velocity (MCAv) and cerebral blood oxygenation
(OxyHb), MAP and CO in 13 adult male subjects. Two different periodic
changes (18- and 90-sec of 0 to -40 mmHg) of SLBNP were provided. The
transfer function of gain to MAP (that is, vascular conductance during the
90-sec period) was significantly larger than that of the 18-sec period in
all parameters (MCAv, OxyHb, and CO), but the conductance ratio between 90-
sec and 18-sec was significantly larger in CO compared to MCAv. These
results suggest that the systemic regulatory system including CA could be
responsive to the slow fluctuations of MAP and that CA is relatively stable
over a wide range of MAP fluctuations in frequency. The unique
characteristic of CA could also include the ability to maintain relatively
steady blood flow in the face of changing frequencies of MAP fluctuation.
Key words: cerebral autoregulation, whole body coordination,
gravitational stress

SEASONAL VARIATION IN BASAL METABOLIC RATE AND THERMOGENIC RESPONSE TO
COLD (p. 131)
Maeda Takafumi, Sakurai Hiroki, Takano Shoichi
Laboratory of Environmental Ergonomics, Hokkaido University, Japan

The purposes of this study were to clarify a seasonal variation in
basal metabolic rate and thermogenic response to cold environment. Twenty
healthy men attended to this study, including cold exposure test,
measurements of maximal oxygen intake, vascular function, basal metabolic
rate, daily activity, and air temperature surrounding them in daily life,
in winter and summer. In cold exposure test, subjects were remained supine
rest in the climatic chamber for 90 min, where air temperature was
gradually declined from 26C to 5C in 90 min, with measuring rectal and
skin temperatures, oxygen intake, skin blood flow, and blood pressure.
Basal metabolic rate in winter, compared with summer, increased in 13
subjects (increase BMR group) and decreased in others (decrease BMR group).
In the increase BMR group, oxygen intake, rectal and finger skin
temperatures during cold exposure, and daily physical activity were
significantly higher in winter than summer. In the decrease BMR group,
there were no seasonal difference in oxygen intake, rectal temperature, and
daily activity. In winter, oxygen intake and rectal temperature during cold
exposure, and daily physical activity were significantly higher in the
increase BMR group. Furthermore, an onset of increment in oxygen intake
during cold exposure was observed earlier in the increase BMR group than in
the decrease BMR group in winter. These results suggest that cold-induced
thermogenesis is affected by seasonal variations in basal metabolic rate,
and that a person with increase in basal metabolic rate from summer to
winter has a calorigenic type of cold adaptation especially in winter,
resulting in improved cold tolerance.
Key words: thermogenesis, cold tolerance, thermoregulation, seasonal
variation, basal metabolic rate, oxygen intake
INDIVIDUALLY-TYPOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF RESISTANCE TO THERMAL STRESS
(p. 132)
Martirosov Eduard, Martirosova Karina, Semenov Muradin
Department of Biomedical Support, MGFSO, Moscow Sport Committee,
Moscow, Russia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of
different individual-typological indicators for resistance to thermal
stress (heat stabilization). 38 well-trained athletes and soldiers were
surveyed twice before and after the heat load in a special heat chamber. A
survey of one person was held for two days and took an average of 4 hours a
day. The heat load to +40 degrees Celsius, at 85% humidity was simulated in
a heat chamber. The hardware control via remote sensor and humidity sensor
was provided. The load represented 60-min stay in the cell. The subjects
were not allowed to sit, or drink the water. During all time of staying in
the cell they quietly walked or stood. All participants signed a voluntary
agreement to participate in the experiment. Over 200 different indicators
were taken from each participant prior and after the heat load. As criteria
of stability to thermal stress the following conditional indices of
physical disability were taken: the difference of average work power on a
bicycle ergometer in Wingate Anaerobic Test before and after a stay in the
heat chamber, and others. The differences were taken into account.
Individuals with maximum differences were seen as less resistant to the
thermal stress. Among proposed indicators of physical disability, the
impact of different individual-typological indicators and their complexes,
such as morphological features, personal and psychological traits,
visimetrics indicators, indicators of psychomotoric system, cognitive
index, fingerprint dermatoglyphics, electroencephalographic portrait
(profile), biorythmological characteristics, astrological portrait, as well
as the combination of all those indicators were studied. Some predictors
are selected, and the decision rules are developed, allowing in laboratory
conditions to predict what individually-typological characteristics will
limit physical capacity of a person in the conditions of heat stress.
Key words: individually-typological characteristics, physical
capacity, thermal stability, prediction

INFLUENCE OF ADAPTIVE PRESSING ON ANXIETY PARAMETERS AND CORTISOL
LEVEL IN STUDENTS FROM MOSCOW AND OTHER CITIES OF RUSSIA (p. 133)
Negasheva Marina1, Kozlov Andrew1,2, Kornienko Dmitry2, Vershubsky
Galina1,2, Manukyan Alexandra1, Derish Fedor2, Kozlova Maria3, Otavina
Marina2
1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
2Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Perm, Russia
3State University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

One of the most important directions of medical anthropology is an
investigation of reactions to stressors characteristics for the
contemporary "modernized" society. 490 university students from Moscow
(Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1st place in the rating of Russian
universities, including the level of demand for graduates among employers);
from the city of Perm (Pedagogical University, 42nd place in the ranking of
213 pedagogical universities); and from the branch of this university in
the town of Kudymkar, an administrative center of agricultural region,
(126th place in the rating) were examined. Moscow population is 11,5 mln.
people, Perm - 1,026000,00; Kudymkar - 30,500. Moscow students are
characterized with high anxiety levels and low levels of cortisol in
saliva. These reactions are typical for the dwellers of a megalopolis,
which are developed under the feeling of external threat at constant
gathering of large amounts of people and cause the appearance of chronic
tension syndrome. At the same time, in Moscow sample, the lowest levels of
situational anxiety are registered. It can be suggested that students
receiving their education in a prestigious university are sure in their
professional perspectives and less worried about the future place of work.
The students from demonstrate the highest levels of situational anxiety,
uncertainty and cortisol levels. It can be a manifestation of serious
concern about their future life: education in a not very prestigious
university with relatively low ratings does not guarantee a successful
carrier. But relatively high level of aspirations causes significant
emotional load expressed in the increase of anxiety and cortisol levels.
The lowest levels of cortisol, uncertainty and anxiety are registered in
the students from a small town. It means that the graduates even from a low-
rating university can regard themselves as quite competitive in their low
urbanized region with small number of people with the university degree.
This positive illusion perception of their own qualities and an exaggerated
self-evaluation are associated with reliably lower cortisol levels (Taylor
et al., 2003), during the period of time when this illusion is being
supported. This study is performed within the frames of project # 2684 of
the Ministry of Education of the RF.
Key words: urbanization, stress, cortisol, anxiety

POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE ISLAND OF RAB ESTIMATED BY THE ANALYSIS OF
BIOCHEMICAL TRAITS (p. 134)
Priba?i? Ambro?i? Vanda
Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia

Island population isolates are best for investigating theoretical
hypotheses about microevolution by applying holistic approach.
Anthropological and genetic research of the inhabitants on the Adriatic
coast, particularly of the island populations, was started in 1972 by
Academician Pavao Rudan. Biochemical traits are good indicators of the
microevolutionary influence on the biological structure of the population.
The aim of this research was to study the population structure of the
island of Rab by the analysis of biochemical traits. This research
contributes to anthropological investigations of microevolutional trends
that have shaped the present genetic structure of the population of Rab.
The sample collected in 2002 is comprised of 600 adult individuals from
five island settlements. Biochemical traits (creatinine, urate,
cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose) were
analyzed using multivariate biostatistical methods in order to determine
the degree of heterogeneity among the populations of the island settlements
and the pattern of their variation. Heterogeneity among subpopulations of
the island of Rab in biochemical traits was determined by blood glucose and
LDL cholesterol. Biochemical variability among the populations corresponds
to that of previously established for morphological traits of head and body
and most likely reflects genetic differences, given the fact that those
populations have been exposed to a homogenous physical environment. The
results on biological variability within the population of the island of
Rab are in line with the historical data on settlers from different areas
from the mainland and in different time periods, and with the data on their
reproductive isolation.
Key words: population structure, island isolate, Rab, Croatia,
biochemical traits

THE LINEAR GROWTH: PROGNOSIS CRITERIA IN GROWING UP CHILDREN (p. 134)
Shcheplyagina Larisa
The M.F. Vladimirskiy Moscow oblast Research Clinical Institute,
Russia

The linear growth is an important indicator of health and harmonious
development of child. It is known that dimensions of skeleton depend on
content of calcium in bones. Until now, it was considered that only dual-
energy x-ray absorptiometry made it possible to determine amount of bone
mineral in skeleton bones. However, application of dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry for evaluation of growth processes in children is not
recommended. The implementation of qualitative ultrasound analysis of bones
in pediatrics permitted to establish that this method reflects content of
calcium in cortical layer of tubular bones. During last 10 years it is
proved that linear growth of children of early and preschool age depend on
content of calcium in cortical layer of tubular bones. The original
national standards of bone strength in children from birth to 16 years were
developed to implement qualitative ultrasound analysis into pediatric
practice. The sampling included 2854 examined children from period of
newborn to 16 years. The study used ultrasound device Sunlight Omnisense
(Israel). The indicators of bone strength were determined according speed
of sound - SOS (m/sec) passing along cortical layer. The speed of sound is
an integral value characterizing content of mineral in bone, structure of
cortical level and its thickness. This method is distinguished by its high
sensitivity and specificity, rapidity of application and low cost. The
analysis provides values of bone strength and integral value (Z-score)
expressed in units of standard deviation (SD) towards middle-aged standard
of bone strength for children of the same age and gender. The original
standards of bone strength (Mm) with regard to age and gender were
developed. On the assumption of standards, children with decrease of speed
of sound less than -1SD are referred to risk group with decreasing of
growth rate, skeleton size and insufficient content of mineral in cortical
layer. The application of national standards made it possible to establish
insufficient mineralization of tubular bones in 9.8% of newborns, 10.2% of
children of first year of life, 10.8% of two-year-old children and in 12.5%
of three-year-old children. Besides, it is proved that under value of speed
of sound less than -1SD significantly more frequent low physical
development and body height less than 10th percentile were observed
(p<0,05). This pattern is observed in older age and especially in children
with severe chronic pathology effecting linear growth. Therefore,
monitoring of age-related mineralization of bones using method of
quantitative ultrasound examination makes it possible to form risk group
with disorders of physiological processes of mineralization of skeleton and
linear growth for benefit of practical significance.
Key words: children, quantitative ultrasound examination,
mineralization of skeleton, linear growth.

BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE IN HUMANS: PRESENCE AND ACTIVITY (p. 135)
Son'kin Valentine1,2, Akimov Egor1, Andreev Roman2, Kalenov Yuriy2,
Kozlov Andrey1, Yakushkin Andrey1
1Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and
Tourism, Moscow, Russia
2Institute of Developmental Physiology, Russian Academy of Education,
Moscow, Russia

Over the past 7 years the interest in brown adipose tissue (BAT) has
increased dramatically due to several bright publications in which it was
shown that active BAT is found not only in infants but also in 70-80% of
adults. In animal models, the efficiency of BAT in the prevention of the
obesity and type 2 diabetes has been proven. Therefore, when in January,
2012, a hormone IRISIN was discovered, which is produced by muscles during
their activity and stimulates transformation of white fat cells into BAT
cells or similar ones ("beige"ones), expectations have been raised on the
use of certain therapeutic techniques for the increase in the amount of
active BAT in adult humans. It is shown that the production of irisin in
muscles occurs both at movement, and at thermogenic shivering in cold
conditions. To date, it became apparent that there are at least three
varieties of BAT, differing in origin (from different progenitor cells), in
the ratio of active biochemical mechanisms and methods of activation.
Moreover, it is clear that the amount of BAT in the body itself and even
the content and activity of specific for BAT protein UCP1, uncoupling
oxidation and phosphorylation, do not reflect the real functionality of the
normalization of metabolic processes. It is likely (and this possibility
has been widely discussed in the literature of the past two years) that,
despite the unified mechanisms for energy dissipation, known today as 3
options BAT fundamentally differ in their function. According to one
hypothesis, the original version of BAT, available in neonates and
continuing in a small number of adults, provides thermal homeostasis;
"Beige" version of BAT, formed under the influence of a muscle hormone
irisin, is far more widespread and is involved in the maintenance of
carbohydrate homeostasis and thus is a factor in the prevention of obesity
and diabetes. The third option - "brite" - also, apparently, depends on the
irisin influence, but is intended to solve the problem of homeostasis
during intense muscular activity due to its ability to oxidize lactic acid.
As far as the functioning of these options overlap and whether they can be
compatible solutions for such different homeostatic problems is an issue to
the further studies.
Key words: brown adipose tissue; irisin; homeostasis; adult humans;
functional activity

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO REPEATED INHALATIONS OF TREE ODORS IN
INFANTS (p. 135)
Tsunetsugu Yuko1, Yamashita Yasuko2
1Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
2Central Research Center, Pigeon Corporation, Tsukubamirai, Japan

We investigated the physiological responses to inhalations of odorous
components of coniferous trees in infants. The participants were 57 infants
of 1-3 months old whose parents gave a written informed consent. Each
infant was exposed for two or three minutes to three different odors of ?-
pinene, limonene and a control (air). Two or three minutes of rest were
taken before and after the exposure to odors. During this rest-inhalation-
rest course, cerebral activity (NIRO200, Hamamatsu Photonics KK.) and an
electrocardiogram (Polymate II AP-216, TEAC) were continuously measured.
Heart rate and heart rate variability were calculated from the
electrocardiogram. The measurements were repeated with a 2-week interval
until the infants became 3.5 months old. The data was analyzed excluding
the cases where the infants fell asleep or cried. The cerebral activity was
enhanced in response to all three odors including the control. The heart
rate significantly decreased in response to ?-pinene (p<0.05), but not to
limonene and the control. The heart rate during the inhalations of the
odors decreased as the number of repetition increased (p<0.01). The
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities, which were assessed by
heart rate variability analysis, did not show significant changes. We
consider that the measurement system we have built for assessing infants'
physiological responses to odors is useful, but further investigations are
still necessary as there were many missing data accompanying infants'
crying or sleeping.
Key words: near infrared spectroscopy, heart rate, heart rate
variability, olfactory stimulation

EFFECT OF SINUSOIDAL LOWER-BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE ON CEREBRAL BLOOD
FLOW AND EVENT-RELATED POTENSIALS (p. 136)
Yoshida Hisao, Ootaka Masaki, Ishibashi Keita, Iwanaga Koichi
Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

A decrease in central venous pressure caused by orthostatic stress
reduces the cerebral blood flow. Lower-body negative pressure is used as a
perturbation to the cardiovascular system and has been applied to simulate
the gravitational stress of orthostatic blood shift in humans. However,
little is known about how dynamic changes in the cerebral blood flow affect
brain activity. Using sinusoidal lower-body negative pressure (SLBNP) as a
postural blood shift simulation and event-related potentials (ERPs)
extracted from electroencephalograms (EEGs) of subjects engaged in an
oddball task, we assessed whether mild blood pressure fluctuations
disturbed brain activity. The middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocity
(MCAv) and cerebral blood oxygenation (OxyHb) were measured in 11 healthy
male adults. Two different periodical changes (18- and 90-sec of 0 to -40
mmHg) of SLBNP were provided. We observed that the fluctuations of MCAv and
OxyHb coincided with the SLBNP. We found that the N100 amplitude evoked by
standard stimuli at 18-sec was significantly decreased compared to the 90-
sec SLBNP and to the one without-SLBNP condition, but there was no
significant effect of SLBNP on the P300 amplitude. These results indicate
that SLBNP affected the cerebral blood flow, whose fluctuations affected
brain activity. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship between
mild fluctuations of cerebral blood flow and brain activity.
Key words: cerebral blood flow, event-related potentials, lower-body
negative pressure