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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2014. N 2

Contents

Hermanussen M., Staub K., Amann C., Groth D. Physical connectedness
and body height (p. 4)
Recent evidence suggests that social networks play an important role
in the regulation of adolescent growth and adult height. We further
investigated the effect of physical connectedness on height. We considered
Switzerland as a geographic network with 169 nodes (district capitals) and
335 edges (connecting roads) and studied effects of connectedness on height
in Swiss conscript from 1884-1891, 1908-1910, and 2004-2009. In 1884-1891,
in 1908-1910, and in 2004-2009, 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neighbouring
districts significantly correlate in height (p<0.01) indicating that height
in a district depends on height of physically connected neighbouring
districts. The strength of the correlation depends on the order of
connectedness, and declines with increasing distance. The present data
suggest that people can be short because their neighbours are short; or
tall because their neighbours are tall (community effect on growth). The
vision adds a new dimension to the current concept of growth as a mirror of
health and economic prosperity.
Keywords: body height, connectedness, community effect, conscripts,
Switzerland


Ovchinnikov I.V., Gtherstrm A., Eriksson T., Kholina O.I., Angerbjrn
A., Goodwin W., Lidn K. Horse teeth provide evidence of ancient DNA
preservation in Sungir and a snapshot of mtDNA diversity (p. 10)
DNA was isolated from three horse teeth found in the most recent
cultural level in the Sungir burial site. One tooth was radiocarbon dated
to 18,255±310 years before present (Ua-14511). Fragments of the horse mtDNA
hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) were amplified from all horse teeth. The
Sungir sequences cluster with the modern horse haplogroups L, K, and B as
well as with the Late Pleistocene horse mtDNAs from Northeast Siberia and
Central Europe. The nucleotide diversity, pairwise difference, and qp
values demonstrated that Sungir horses had higher diversity than other Late
Pleistocene and modern horses. Our analysis proved that DNA is at least
survived in some remains found in Sungir. These data along with the
proximity of Sungir to the Pontic-Caspian steppeland favor the model of
horse domestication in this limited geographic region.
Keywords: Sungir, horse teeth, mitochondrial DNA


Butovskaya M.L., Postnikova E.A., Veselovskaya E.V., Maurer A.M.,
Savinetsky A.B., Suroejkin G.V. 2D:4D ratio, facial maculinity and
fluctuation asymmetry as markers of sexual selection in traditional African
populations of Hadza and Datoga (p.18)
It has been suggested that fluctuating asymmetry (FA) reflects the
genetic quality of different populations, which is particularly informative
in harsh environment, poor health and social security. The Hadza are hunter-
gatherers and Datoga are pastoralists from Northern Tanzania. Both
societies are currently living in extreme environmental conditions, with
expressed climatic seasonality and abundance of various infectious and
parasites diseases. The Datoga are cattle breeders and thus might have more
stable food resources. The aim of the present study was to determine
possible differences between Hadza and Datoga by fluctuating asymmetry
rate, masculinity and 2D:4D ratio and the test for correlations between FA,
general masculinity and 2D:4D ratio. The coefficient of fluctuating
asymmetry and the rate of sexual dimorphism were measured on photos of
adults ranged from 14 to 70 years (198 Hadza, 64 Datoga). FA traits were
calculated by taking left and right deviation from the midline, calculated
from inter-pupillary distance, for six facial bilateral points and then
summing the absolute values of individual scores, and sexual dimorphism was
measured by measuring distance between specific points, producing four
ratios: Cheekbone Prominence, Jaw Height/Lower Face Height, Lower Face
Height/Face Height, and Face Width/Lower Face Height. All images were
normalized on inter-pupillary distance.
Keywords: anthropology, fluctuating asymmetry, human face, sexual
dimorphism, gender, digit ratio, hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, composit
photoportrait


Bakholdina V.Yu., Movsesian A.A. The craniology of Pamir highlanders
(by craniometric and discrete various traits data) (p. 29)
The cranial series, representing the ancestors of indigenous peoples
of Gorno-Badakhshan province of Tajikistan were studied by craniometric and
discrete-various traits data. The results obtained reveal the craniological
differences between Pamiri groups which match with ethno-linguistic data.
The comparison of Pamiris with different ethnic groups from Central Asia,
South Siberia and Caucasus has shown the similarity of Pamirian groups with
Scythians, as well as with modern Armenians and Ossetians. These results
can be explained by the possible participation of the Scythians and the
tribes, related to them, in the ethnogenesis of a wide range of Eurasian
peoples.
Keywords: anthropology, craniology, Pamiri peoples, discrete-various traits


Makarov S.V., Karapetian M.K., Balinova N.V., Betz L.V., Spitsyn V.A.
Indel-polymorphism of the chitotriosidase gene (CHIT1) in four ethnic
groups of Russia (p. 38)
In the last decade of the 20th century an enzyme with chitinolytic
activity was found in human blood plasma. It was named chitotriosidase
(CHIT1) and has an important value for human innate immunity. This is a non-
specific product synthesized by activated macrophages. Also, it presumably
helps to combat chitin-containing agents. In human, highly increased
chitotriosidase production (up to hundred folds) is associated with
parasite invasion, infection, several genetic disorders (lysosomal storage
diseases, Gaucher disease), cardiovascular diseases. CHIT1 gene shows
variations in its nucleotide sequence, the widespread one is a 24bp
duplication in exon 10. This mutation leads to abnormally spliced mRNA and
inactivation of the enzyme catalytic centre. It was hypothesized that
individuals, homozygous for the mutant allele, are more susceptible to
chitin-containing pathogen invasion. It is known that minimum frequency of
the duplication is observed in groups of African descent, in Caucasian
groups it demonstrates intermediate values, while maximum values are
observed for Asians.
Because of its clinical significance and possible role in malaria,
human chitotriosidase received quite a lot of attention from researchers.
Thus, the study of CHIT1 gene is of medical and anthropological interest.
This work is aimed at studying CHIT1 gene distribution among different
populations of Russian Federation, perform a comparative analysis with data
for other human populations and determine their relationship using genetic
distance method.
Blood samples of the Kalmyks (n=149), Nenets (n=85), Khanty (n=139)
and Russians (n=106) were genotyped for the 24bp-indel-polymorphism
(rs3831317) in CHIT1 gene. Frequency distributions of alleles and genotypes
are presented. Genotype frequencies for Kalmyks were determined as TT -
23.5%, TH - 54.4%, HH - 22.1%; for Nenets - TT - 16.5%, TH - 49.4%, HH -
34.1%; for Khanty - TT - 36%, TH - 48.2%, HH - 15.8; and for Russians - TT
- 68.9%, TH - 30.2%, HH - 0.9%. Allele frequencies in populations are
compared to those taken from literature sources for other populations.
As a result, the relative positions of studied populations were
determined among other world populations. The CHIT1 polymorphism genotyping
appears to be an effective tool for ethnic anthropology.
Keywords: ethnic anthropology, genetic polymorphism, human
chitotriosidase, 24-b.p.-duplcation, allele frequencies, human population
genetics, phylogenesis


Balanovska E.V., Balaganskaya O., Damba L., Dibirova Kh., Agdzhoyan
A., Bogunov Yu., Zhabagin M., Isakova. J., Lavryashina M., Balanovsky O.
Impact of the environment on the gene pool of Turkic-speaking populations
of mountains and steppes in Altay, Sayan, Tien Shan and Pamir (p. 46)
This study aims to reveal the role which mountainous landscape plays
in shaping the genetic structure of the Turkic speaking groups. This role
could be more important than adaptation: mountains might serve as factor
shaping the pattern of migrations.
Turkic speakers were samples at Altay, Sayan, Tien Shan and Pamir
areas, including both, mountains and lowlands. In Altay, we studied
Mountain Shors, Chelkans, Kumandins, Tubalars, Altay-Kizhi, Telengits, and
Kazakhs. In Sayan we studies Khakassians (including Kachins, Sagays,
Koibal, and Kyzils) as well as Abakan Shors. Kirghiz were represented by
two populations, sampled in Tian Shan and Pamir mountains. The total set of
1100 samples was genotyped by 40 SNP and 17 STR Y-chromosomal markers. Our
Y-base database was used for comparative analysis. Genetic similarities
between popyultions were calculated and visualized by DJgenetic and
Statistica 6.0 software.
In contrast to their close geographic localization the studied groups
occupy different positions in the genetic space. Similarity to the Western
Eurasian gene pool is explained by haplogroups I, R1b1b2, J, and E. The
peculiarity of the Central Asian populations is formed by haplogroups D, Ñ
and O. High frequencies of haplogroups Q, N1b, R1b1b1, N1c1 put some
populations to the Northern Asian cluster.
Three main directions of the gene flow to the studied populations were
Western Eurasian, Central Asian and North Eurasian influences. The ancient
Western Eurasia component was basic for the gene pool, and ancient North
Eurasian component is linked to the Western Siberian populations. The
Central Asian (Mongoloid-like) component partly replaced the previous
components in the historical times. This Mongoloid influence is more
pronounced in steppes rather than in mountains which served as both,
barrier and refuge.
Keywords: gene pool, Turkic, mountains, Y-chromosome, barrier, refuge


Schuplova I.S., Bets L.V. Anthropological approaches to the
investigation of the problem of diabetes mellitus (p. 56)
This work is devoted to the investigation of men and women of two age
groups (from 20 to 40 and from 41 to 60 and older years) that are ill with
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. 215 individuals are ill with Type 1
(106 women and 109 men) and 252 individuals are ill with Type 2 (137 women
and 115 men). There is a vivid trend to higher values of fat and bony
components in comparison to healthy people. We found clinical markers that
could help to differentiate types of diabetes mellitus: the level of
creatinin in blood serum, the level of common cholesterin and C-peptide.
With the help of the anthropometrical investigation we found markers that
characterize the type of diabetes mellitus: the length of a trunk, the
length of an arm and the length of a neck. The analysis of the data of
distribution levels of physical development revealed the distinct age-
related dynamics in the increasing of body mass of patients with Type 1 and
Type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is necessary to pay attention not only on the
biochemical parameters, but also on the morphologic type of patients that
will most accurately assess the nature of the carbohydrate disorders and
understand their reasons.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus, marker, b-cells, C-peptide, length of a
trunk, body mass


Kokoba E.G. Secular changes in body morphology of the adult Abkhazian
population in the last decades (p. 65)
The paper presents the results of anthropological studies of the adult
Abkhazian population (aged 20 to 90 years old) of three villages for 30
years. The data were collected in 1980, 1990 and 2010.
The paper analyzes secular changes in stature, body weight, chest
circumference, waist and hip circumferences, skinfold thickness on the
trunk and extremities; in subcutaneous fat and total body fat calculated by
of J. Matiegka's method; in hand grip strength. Quetelet, or Body mass
index (BMI) was calculated. The material is presented for each survey over
three decades. Significance of differences was calculated with the
Student's T-test. Empirical distributions of some parameters in the three
surveys were analyzed.
Secular changes of body length were examined in the pooled data. The
results show that Abkhazians, born between 1920 and 1990, reveal the
existence of secular trend in stature, with the rate of 0.24 cm for men and
0.85 cm for women for each decade. Secular dynamics of stature for men is
not even, whereas for women - it is a gradual increase over the entire
historical period. Maximal average values are found in women born in 1981-
1990. For men, minimal average values of stature are found for those born
1931-1940, as a consequence of a difficult period of social upheaval
(collectivization, purges, the Great Patriotic War), maximal values - for
those born in 1961-1970, as a result of the acceleration process. Men born
in 1981-1990 are characterized by a slight decrease in their body length as
a result of the unfavorable growth conditions in the 1990s. Analysis of the
distribution of individual values for body length indicates the
continuation of acceleration process and its stabilization for women.
Comparative analysis of the skinfolds in the Abkhazians of different
generations was also performed, and body mass components (subcutaneous fat
and total body fat) were calculated with J. Matiegka's equations. The
findings show a marked increase in the skinfold thickness (subscapular,
chest, abdominal) in men and women of the 2010 survey, as well as high
rates of age-related changes in these traits. The same is true for the fat
mass. Perhaps this is due to metabolic disturbances caused by the stress of
military actions and post-war situation in the 1990s in Abkhazia.
With each subsequent survey, the younger generation of the Abkhazians
is characterized by weaker physical development as demonstrated by hand
grip strength.
The results of the study show that environmental factors have a strong
effect on the physical status of the genetically stable population of rural
Abkhazians. In the former longevity population of Abkhazians there are a
lot of changes in physical characteristics that affect the rate of increase
in age-related changes. This may be explained by the unfavorable
socioeconomic processes of the 1990s in Abkhazia.
Keywords: physical anthropology, morphology, Abkhazians, somatic
characteristics, stature, body weight, body-mass index (BMI),
circumferences, fat mass, secular trend, age changes


Vasilyev S.V., Galeev R.M. Skull angular morphometry of the last
emperor of Russia Nicholas II, his family members and close servants (p.
80)
In connection with the approbation of the method of the skull angular
morphometry in various expert assessments, the aim of our study is to
compare the craniotrigonometry characteristics of all victims of the
shooting in order to identify the kinship between them. To reach this goal,
we have set the following objectives: to identify the shaping features
inherited by the Grand Duchesses from the Emperor Nicholas II and Empress
Alexandra Feodorovna; to trace through craniogramms similar characteristics
of the imperial family; to determine parameters of the skull angular
morphometry of the closest servants of the imperial family.
We studied the skulls of nine individuals. Five of them belong to the
imperial family as forensic and molecular genetic studies established. The
remaining four skeletons were identified as belonging to the closest
servants.
The skulls was measured according to the author's craniotrigonometry
program in 1997. Based on the calculated angular parameters we have
constructed craniogramm for the facial skeleton for the members of the
imperial family. Intragroup component analysis was performed using
«Statistica 7».
Angular morphometry of the braincase. We have calculated and used
angles based on symmetrical points. Principal components analysis was used
to analyze angular characteristics. Since the angular characteristics
depend poorly or almost do not depend on the absolute size, we took into
one analysis both male and female skulls. Emperor Nicholas II and his
daughter Olga are similar by the first and second components. This
similarity on the one hand is due to the relatively narrow occiput and on
the other hand to the high squama occipitalis.
Angular morphometry of the facial skeleton. Comparing the angular
characteristics of the facial skeleton of the daughters Olga, Tatiana and
Anastasia with the characteristics of their parents, we can see a very
strong resemblance of the shape of the face of Nicholas II and his daughter
Anastasia, both numerically and on the comparative craniogramms. There is
also a similarity between Alexandra Feodorovna and her daughters Olga and
Tatiana in the shaping parameters of the zygomaxillare area and orbits.
Identified mosaic traits of braincase shape and facial skeleton of
daughters Olga, Tatiana and Anastasia can be explained by cross-inheritance
of the shaping features.
Keywords: anthropology, craniotrigonometry, skull angular morphometry,
the Russian Imperial Romanov family, shaping angles parameters


Sviridov A.A. Cranial study of population of Loyalty Islands
(Melanesia) (p. 88)
The aim of this work is to study cranial series of 67 skulls from the
Loyalty Islands (Northern Melanesia), stored at Musee de l'Homme (Paris,
France). The tasks of the study are to identify the features of cranial
types of the male and female samples and to calculate preliminary
statistical characteristics of the cranial series from the Loyalty Islands;
to test for homogeneity the male sample, to determine the taxonomic status
of the population of the series studied among the population of Oceania and
Australia.
The collection was mainly assembled during the second half of the XIX
century, at the time of colonization of the Loyalty Islands by the French.
The rest of the materials were received from the archaeological researches
during the middle of the XX century. Skulls measurements were made
according to the standard craniometrical program. Series was tested for
homogeneity using mean square deviations and coefficients of variation.
«Statistica 7» software package was used for component intra-group and
canonical inter-group analyzes.
Skulls from Loyalty Islands have specific cranial characteristics.
They usually can be characterized as dolichocranial, while cranial height
is often greater than biparietal diameter. This cranial type is
characterized by relatively lower and broader face in combination with
relatively high and narrow braincase. The population of Loyalty Islands has
marked alveolar prognathism, rather broad nose, low orbits and expressed
horizontal face profile along with relatively low nasal bridge. Both men
and women have this cranial type. The study of intragroup variability
showed a difference in the cranial types of the population of the Lifou and
Mare islands. The differences basically relate to the size of the braincase
and the height of the nasal bridge. Comparison of the absolute sizes and
craniometric indices of the Loyalty Islands series with some samples of the
Oceania and Australia population demonstrated transitional position of the
Loyalty Islands population between Polynesian and Australian series.
Loyalty Islands series demonstrates morphological closeness with some
Melanesia series mainly due to the shape of the braincase and the facial
skeleton width.
The article describes the specifics of cranial types of male and
female samples of the series from the Loyalty Islands. Some differences in
the male population cranial types of men from Islands Lifou and Mare were
revealed. The results of comparison of the absolute sizes and
craniometrical indices in the Loyalty Islands series and the series of
Australia, Tasmania, Polynesia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia. Inter-group
analysis let us assume that the Loyalty Islands paleopopulation belongs to
the Melanesian race.
Keywords: paleoanthropology, craniometry, Melanesia, Loyalty Islands,
Melanesian race


Lipina Y., Meishvili N., Chalyan V. Interactions of adult male and
infants in macaques and baboons (comparative study) (p. 99)
Parental care is mostly unusual for mammalian males and it is
basically associated with monogamy. In primates, intensive paternal care is
also closely associated with monogamy but it is not always connected with
genetic paternity. The male's care not only raises the infants' survival
rate but also makes bonds between male and female more stable. It is most
typical for multimale primate societies where it is almost impossible for
any male to determine if the infant is his own offspring or not. The study
was carried out in monkeys of some species housed in Adler Primatological
Centre at the Institute of Medical Primatology RAMS. There were rhesus
monkeys (Macaca mulatta), crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis), pig-
tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)
and anubis baboons (Papio anubis).
The groups we investigated consisted of one or more adult males,
residenting there at least one year, and one or more infants from 2 weeks
till 1 year old. For our investigation we used standard ethological and
statistical methods. Altogether, the attitude in 44.5% of all males towards
infants was absolutely indifferent. The most high interaction rate was
shown in crab-eating macaques, the lowest one - in anubis baboons. The most
frequent affiliative interactions were noted in both baboon species, but
pig-tailed macaques did not shown such behavior at all. Cumulative
aggression towards infants was maximum in crab-eating and pig-tailed
macaques, and the rest of species showed rather equal but halved level. The
infants' survival rate was 81.12% in rhesus monkeys, 82.54% in crab-eating
macaques, 58.66% in pig-tailed macaques, 73.24% in hamadryas and 79.03% in
anubis baboons. Thus, we have found out that monkey males must choose
tactics of their behavior towards infants in compliance with various
factors with their own individuality and towards each infant individually.
Keywords: anthropology, primatology, macaques, baboons, males,
infants, survival rate, parental behavior


Medvedev I.N., Amelina I.V. The severity of chromosome aberrations and
the activity areas of nucleus organizing chromosomes among indigenous
people in the Kursk region (p. 109)
The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the level
of chromosome aberrations and transcription activity nucleus organizing
areas of chromosomes on the example of the indigenous inhabitants of Kursk
region.
Material of the research served as a random sample of 215 residents of
Kursk region, assessing the activity nucleus organizing areas and level of
chromosome aberrations.
Found that people with high transcription activity nucleus organizing
areas of chromosomes characteristic of most low level of chromosome
aberrations, which may explain the high proliferative activity of cells in
individuals in this group, as well as more intense protein synthesis.
Received confirmation of the Adaptive value of chromatid breakage of
chromosomes, which prevailed in the group with high activity nucleus
organizing areas of chromosomes (adaptive rate), indicating a functional
relationship Ag-polymorphism and level of chromosome aberrations in human.
Keywords: chromosomal aberrations, nucleus organizing regions of
chromosomes, the indigenous, the Kursk region


Zhitenev V.S. Archaeological context of human remains discovery in the
Holocene layers Kapova cave (p. 114)
The article is devoted to the results of archaeological research of
the cultural layer of the Holocene epoch - the Late Bronze Age (Mezhovskaya
culture) or the early Iron Age (Gafuriysky site type's, which was formed on
the basis of Mezhovskaya culture) with paleoanthropological materials in
Kapova cave in 2009-2012. There were studied the excarnation remains (so-
called «secondary») burial in situ. Presented the archaeological context
(distribution pattern of calcite sinters, ash, bone materials, ceramic
fragments) in the investigated area revealed the burial ground, left Ugric
population of Southern Urals mountain forest zone.
Keywords: The Southern Ural, Kapova cave, Mezhovskaya culture,
Gafuriysky site type's, burial ground, excarnation remains burial, Ugric


Korsakov A.V., Yablokov A.V.,Troshin V.P., Pygach L.I., Sidorov I.V.,
Zhilin A.V., Mikhalev V.P. Features of the cytogenetic status of women in
labor with congenital developmental anomalies of the fruit, living in
conditions of chemical pollution of atmospheric air (p. 122)
To define possible influence of chemical pollution of atmospheric air
on the frequency of cytogenetic violations in a bukkalny epithelium of
women in labor with congenital developmental anomalies of a fruit.
The comparative assessment of frequency of cytogenetic violations,
indicators of proliferation and kernel destruction in a bukkal epithelium
of women in labor of 20-30 years with congenital developmental anomalies of
a fruit and without the congenital developmental anomalies of a fruit
living in territories with various level of chemical pollution of
atmospheric air is carried out. Levels of chemical pollution of territories
of the Bryansk region fluctuate over a wide range - from 0.5 to 13401.2
tons per year on gross emissions in the atmosphere, from 0.5 to 37161.3
kg/km2 on gross emissions in the atmosphere in terms of the area of the
area and from 0 to 171.6 kg/person/year on average annual toxic loads of
the inhabitant. Researches of the cytogenetic status of women in labor were
conducted on the basis of a method of the analysis of microkernels and
anomalies of a kernel in eksfoliativny cells of the person. For half a year
(march-august, 2013) at 70 women in labor the fence of a bukkal epithelium
was carried out. From each woman in labor it was studied from 500 to 1500
cages, then recalculation on 1000 cages (?) was made. In total 68 000 cages
are analysed.
At women in labor both with congenital developmental anomalies of a
fruit, and without the congenital developmental anomalies of a fruit living
in conditions of chemical pollution of atmospheric air, the raised number
of cages with kariopiknozy and kariolizisy is registered that points to
possible negative influence of technogenic toksikant on the cytogenetic
status of a female organism. Thus women in labor with congenital
developmental anomalies of a fruit have a frequency of cages with
kariopiknozy and in 1.3 (ð>0.05), and with kariolizisy in 2.5 (p<0.001)
time exceeds similar indicators of women in labor without congenital
developmental anomalies of a fruit.
The obtained data can serve one of criteria of identification of
groups of the increased risk of formation of congenital developmental
anomalies at a fruit at mass population inspections of women in labor.
Keywords: Congenital developmental anomalies of a fruit, woman in
labor, cytogenetic status, bukkal epithelium, micronuclear test, chemical
pollution of the atmosphere, average annual toxic loadings, Bryansk region


From science history

Perevozchikov E.V. Role of O.M. Pavlovsky in the development of the
composite photoportrait method (p. 129)
O. Pavlovsky gave much effort creating generalized portraits of
different peoples of Northern Eurasia. He created at least 20 portraits
including unique portrait of Papuans. He has worked extensively on the
methodological side, creating portraits and suggested original versions of
illuminations images. Oleg Mikhailovich was familiar with photography and,
in addition, had the abilities of an artist. He also had another talent, a
very accurate «eye» for the density of each individual negatives and,
accordingly, its share in the total image exposition gallery. Establishment
of generalized portraits at that stage of traditional photography methods
in many respects resembled art. Pavlovsky, developed and applied the method
of conversion of photographic images in to graphic. These illustrations
were often more understandable to readers than the original photo. When he
created a composite portraits of Georgians and Armenians he got unexpected
results which led him to the idea of «ethnically recognized» portraits
created by the small numbers (10-15 people). Informative small samples for
«ethnic recognition» O. Pavlovsky explained by the argument that these
small samples create portraits were all the individual images are involved.
O. Pavlovsky introduced a powerful contribution to the development of the
method of composite portraits at the initial stage of the reopening of the
method from nothingness.
Keywords: anthropology, composite portrait, Oleg Pavlovsky


O. Pavlovsky gave much effort creating generalized portraits of
different peoples of Northern Eurasia. He created at least 20 portraits
including unique portrait of Papuans. He has worked extensively on the
methodological side, creating portraits and suggested original versions of
illuminations images. Oleg Mikhailovich was familiar with photography and,
in addition, had the abilities of an artist. He also had another talent, a
very accurate «eye» for the density of each individual negatives and,
accordingly, its share in the total image exposition gallery. Establishment
of generalized portraits at that stage of traditional photography methods
in many respects resembled art. Pavlovsky, developed and applied the method
of conversion of photographic images in to graphic. These illustrations
were often more understandable to readers than the original photo. When he
created a composite portraits of Georgians and Armenians he got unexpected
results which led him to the idea of «ethnically recognized» portraits
created by the small numbers (10-15 people). Informative small samples for
«ethnic recognition» O. Pavlovsky explained by the argument that these
small samples create portraits were all the individual images are involved.
O. Pavlovsky introduced a powerful contribution to the development of the
method of composite portraits at the initial stage of the reopening of the
method from nothingness.
Keywords: anthropology, composite portrait, Oleg Pavlovsky