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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2014. N 4

Contents

Molecular and Physiological Anthropology

Goodkova L.K. Variability as a concept and as the main content of the
physiological (ecological) anthropology. Part II (p. 4-17)
The main purpose of the article is concretize the concept of adaptive
variability at point of view of physiological anthropology.
Introduction. Adaptive variability is the biological variability
resulting from various environmental causes: climatic, geographical and
socio-cultural. The adaptive modification changes caused by different
environmental deviations are expressed, first of all, as increase in the
variability of physiological variables within a reaction norm.
Materials and methods. In studying of adaptive variability the most
valuable information comes from comparison of ecologically contrasting
populations. The physiological status of the populations from the arid
zone, the arctic zone and a medium altitude was examined. The climatic
conditions of the arctic and arid zones are extreme environments. The
levels of physiological blood characters - hemoglobin, serum proteins
(total protein, albumen, a1-, a2-, b-, g-globulins), serum cholesterol -
were determined by standard spectrophotometer methods.
Results and discussion. Under the influence of extreme factors the
levels of physiological characters of a person may change differently and
the degree of the reactions expression is very variable between different
persons. The integrative influence of the environmental complex of factors
on the population depends on the characters of every person and the
physiological differences between them. The increase of intergroup
variability and the extension of the variability curves of physiological
characters of Turkmen and Kazakhs, investigated in the hot period, is the
reaction of a population to unfavorable changes of the environment. The
populations of the arctic zone as well react to the extremity of the
environment by the increase of intergroup variability of physiological
characters. Comparison of the curves of distribution of characters in Coast
Chukchi and Eskimos and a number of biological, medical, demographic,
historical, etc. facts indicate a lowering of the Eskimos` adaptivness to
the environment. We conclude that the analysis of diagnostic possibilities
of the coefficient of variation has a crucial role in assessing of the
fitness of populations in time and space.
Conclusion. Because the environmental deviations primarily affect
individual variability of ecosensitive characteristics, analysis of
intergroup variability of physiological variables is crucial to
understanding the adaptive capacity of the contemporary human populations.
Keywords: physiological (ecological) anthropology, human population
physiology, variability, fitness (adaptation), environmental deviations,
variation coefficient


Human Morphology

Evteev A. The analysis of the correlation structure of mid-facial
dimentions as the basis for the optimization of the craniometric program
(p. 18-30)
Objective. Better knowledge of correlation structure of craniometric
variables describing middle facial skeleton could potentially help to
achieve parsimony in the set of measurements commonly used when studying
this part of the skull. Thus by analyzing that structure we were aimed to:
- find potentially informative variables among those that are rarely
used at present
- figure out what variables are redundant due to their high correlation
with the others.
Methods. The sample comprises 362 male skulls representing many
craniologically divergent populations from around the world. 44 additional
variables were measured from each skull by the author according to
previously published protocol [Evteev, 2010] as well as 26 variables of
«standard» craniometric blank [Alexeev, Debets, 1964; Howells, 1989]. Two
exploratory statistical methods we applied: PCA based on correlation matrix
and non-metric MDS based on matrix of correlation distances among the
variables.
Results. On the first stage of the analysis it has been shown that
numerous measurements of mid-facial protrusion are strongly correlated
among themselves while being distinct from all other variables. The same is
true for measurements of breadth of either frontal process of the maxilla
or the nasal bones. The analyses done after exclusion of those distinctive
measurements revealed much less «structured» picture of inter-variable
correlations, in other words there were no clusters of strongly
intercorrelated measurements apparently falling out from the general
scatter. Nevertheless there were also several interesting tendencies to
point out:
- singularity of variables describing orbital contour including height
of the frontal process of the maxilla and measurements of the zygomatic
process of the same bone
- sagittal length of the maxilla is not fully correlated with neither
its height nor its width
- height and width of the choanae as well as breadth of the palate are
weakly correlated with most of other variables
- some measurements of the lower part of the piriform aperture possess
their own tendencies of variation independent from total height or breadth
of the aperture
- lower and upper parts of the nasal bones seem to be relatively
«independent» from each other
- upper facial height (48 Mart.) is strongly correlated with alveolar
process height which is known to be strongly epigenetically influenced.
The last analysis which included a number of neurocranial measurements
confirmed well-established "autonomy" of two main cranial regions. But two
variables, biauricular breadth and maximum cranial breadth were found to be
much stronger correlated with the maxilla's measurements than all other
neurocranial dimensions.
Conclusions. Several practical recommendations based on the results of
the analyses conducted are formulated. There are several "positive" points
stating which from rarely used variables could have potentially been useful
in providing additional data about mid-facial form if included in the
craniometric program, and also «negative» ones - what measurements can be
excluded from the program without losing important information.
Keywords. craniology; craniometry; viscerocranium; correlation
structure


Sheikh-Zade Yu.Rh., Baybakov S.E., Bahareva N.S., Chuprunova N.S. Key
questions of human physique theory (p. 31-41)
During mathematical analysis of the height (H, m), mass (M, kg) and
wrist circumference (C, dm) in 154 girls and 58 young men aged 19 years the
fundamental dependence of expected body mass (Me) on its length, describing
all normally built people, have been established (Me=kH3, where «k» was
12.68 conv. u for girls and 12.17 conv. u for young men). At the same time
specific and high-sensitive body fatness index, unrelated with the type of
constitution, was found (BFI=M/HC2, where H was expressed in dm). Last
allowed to obtain the universal formula of due body mass (Md) for person of
any physique (Md=HC2(BFIm), where BFIm - middle statistical BFI
constituting 1.47 conv. u for girls and 1.32 conv. u for young men).
Besides, the formula to calculate the individual density of body was
offered. As a boundaries of normal variation of any index have been taken
±10% from its average value that corresponded to ±3s for the height, which
is being the main anthropometric parameter. In conclusion it was shown that
constitution of human body is closely linked with its thermoregulation,
which predetermines the isometric (normosthenic) or allometric (asthenic,
hypersthenic) variant of physical development of every man.
Keywords: human body constitution, dependence of body mass on its
length, body fatness index, due body mass of man, isometric variant of
physical development, allometric variant of physical development


Fedotova T.K. The dynamics of the level of sexual dimorphism of somatic
traits through the 8-17 age period (p. 42-51)
The introduction includes the discussion of the hypothesis of
independent direction of somatic variation between two sexes. The results
of the Deryabin' study of body composition of adults are cited,
illustrating the fact that andro-ginecomorphy is not the independent
intergroup conformity of continuous body composition variation, but is the
atribute of intragroup variation. The main aim of the present work is the
analysis of sexual dimorphism of 8-17 year old children using a set of
somatic parameters and the method after Kullback. The value of Kullback
distance for different traits are quantities, expressed in the parts of
their standard deviations, thus they are completely comparable for the
whole lot of body dimensions with different units, absolute size and the
degree of intragroup variability. To get the lines of sexual dimorphism
dynamics for different traits we used 4 data sets of Moscow school
children: 1) longitudinal data 1982-91, collected by Yampolskaya, quantized
by Fedotova while preparing the common monograph [Deryabin et al., 2006];
2) The longitudinal data 1960-69, literary data [Vlastovsky et al., 1977];
3) longitudinal/crosssectional data 1968-72, literary data [Solovieva et
al., 1977]; 4) crosssectional data 1996-99, literary data [Godina et al.,
2003]. The common picture of the age changes of the sexual dimorphism value
through 8-16 year interval for the major part of traits - body length and
mass, the longitudinal parameters of the trunk and the leg, biacromial and
pelvic diameters - may be approximately described by the parabola of 4th
parabola with 3 bend points. The first point is viewed at the end of second
childhood for boys and the beginning of puberty for girls, when the
acceleration of their development leads to the change of the direction of
sexual differences. The second point is viewed during the first phase of
pubertal period, when boys have more intensive growth processes which leads
to abolishing of the effect of the first growth curves cross and forming of
the definite value of sexual dimorphism. The third point characterizes the
beginning of the youth period when the intensity of sexual dimorphism
growth decreases. The skinfolds have the different age dynamics of sexual
differences. Through second childhood and the beginning of puberty the
higher development of the traits belongs to the girls, the mean
standardized level is 0.2-1.0. At the age of 12 the increase of the fat
development in girls leads to the increase of sexual dimorphism, reaching
at the age of 16-17 the levels of 0.8-2.2 standard deviations, which is
close to the definite adults levels of the traits. The common pattern of
age changes of the sexual dimorphism value through 8-16 years for skeletal
and muscle traits is described by the parabola of 4th parabola with three
bend points, connected with the differences of pubertal processes of two
sexes. The skinflods are characterized by small values of sexual
differences through second childhood and the beginning of puberty and
gradual increase of the level from 12 years and forth till the definite
adult levels in the youth. The total level of sexual dimorphism of the set
of traits increases to 17 years up to the definite adult level.
Keywords: anthropology, auxology, somatic traits, 8-17 age period, the
method after Kullback, the age changes of the sexual dimorphism value


Chernysheva F.A., Islamova N.M. Secular changes of the physical
development of newborn children in the industrial city (p. 52-61)
The urgency of the work is due to the lack of basic regional research
of children's development variability during the early stages of postnatal
ontogenesis that has occurred in last decades. This work is devoted to the
investigation of the environmental quality impact on the physical
development of infants (1987, 2007) born in Mendeleevsk - the center of
chemical and mineral fertilizers. In the 50s of the XIX century in
Mendeleevsk were constructed two chemical plants. The time period of
environmental pollution, the local nature of its intensity in this region
are comparable to the environmental situation in some big cities. Though
now in Mendeleevks live just about 22 thousands people. The aim of the
investigation was to study the changes in anthropometric characteristics of
the profile of newborns of 1987 and 2007 born in Mendeleevsk.
Material and methods. We used an archival material from Mendeleevsk
maternity hospital, 400 medical records of newborns in 1987 and 2007. For
investigated years, the histories of neonates were selected randomly for
each month. The data analysis was conducted separately for boys and girls.
Sexual dimorphism was evaluated as a significant difference in a body size
among the members of different sexes. The obtained data is mathematically
processed using the methods of variationtional statistics.
Results and discussion. In terms of body length, head circumference
children of both sexes seem to be a quite homogeneous statistical
population, as it's seen according to the coefficients of variation in the
range 4.4-6.9%. Variability of body weight is higher (12.3-14.5%), that is
caused by birth of children with signs of prematurity of different degrees
and children with a big weight (from 1900 to 4700 g.). The first degree of
prematurity was detected in each gender group in both years of the study.
The second degree of prematurity is typical only for boys in 1987 and 2007
birth years in equal measure. In comparison with 1987 a decrease in the
proportion of children with big weight to 5% of boys and 8% in girls is
observed, as well as the proportion increase of underweight girls from 3%
(1987) to 12% (2007). Variability of anthropometric rates of the examined
groups of children is in the normal range. The averages of the body length
during 20 years are decreased by 1.4 cm for boys and 2.1 cm for girls.
Changes in the head circumference of babies are smaller. For boys there is
an increase by 0.3 cm and for the girls, on the contrary, a decrease by 0.7
cm. We don't give the data about the chest circumference as this option was
not fixed in medical records in 1987. Sexual dimorphism is mostly typical
for the modern newborns.
Conclusion. Secular trends indicate that changes in the physical
development of the investigated groups of newborns are diverse and are due
to the complex influence of environmental factors and socio-economic
nature. In towns (with populations less than 50 thousands) the
environmental condition influence on the physical development and health of
infants is determined by the level of pollution, the solvability of socio-
economic and demographic problems of city residents, as well as by the
health level. Averages for the anthropometric characters can be used as the
criteria and the «zone of adaptive norm» in monitoring studies.
Keywords: infants, physical development, regional characteristics, an
industrial city


Batsevich V.A., Mansurov F.G., Yasina O.V., Danilkovich N.M. Ecological
variations of maturation rates of hand bones in children and adolescents
(p. 62-73)
This research aims at studying the influence of ecological factors on
the maturation rates of hand and wrist bones of children and adolescents.
It is based on the radiographs of the left hands, collected in the course
of the expeditions of the Institute and Museum of Anthropology through 1964-
2013 periods in 19 ethno-territorial child groups, aged 8-17 years, and the
total number is 6841 individuals. The Tanner-Whitehouse method (TW-2) is
used to determine skeletal maturation.
As to the European part of the former USSR the highest rates of
skeletal maturation belong to the rural school children of Arkhangelsk
region and Karelians of Olonetski region with the exceeding of skeletal age
compared to chronological almost through the whole age interval. In the
groups of Russian of Yaroslavl region and Belorussian the skeletal age
falls behind chronological, which is stronger manifested in Belorussian
girls from longevity population (over 0.7 years). Maturation rates of hand
skeleton of Chuvash and Bashkir are close to each other and 0.25 years
lower than British standard. Significant changes of maturation rates of the
hand and wrist bones through 25 years occurred in Abkhazia. The recurring
results of skeletal age of Abkhazian children in 2004 showed significant
acceleration of maturation rates in the long-lived population of the
Abkhazian. The changes are more evident in the population of the Ochamchiry
region as compared to Gudauta region. The differences between longevity
population of Chlow with the delayed rates of physical development and the
control group from Duripsh, marked at the 1970th -1980th joint, almost
smoothed. Concerning child groups from Central Asia, Khalkha-Mongol and
Tuvinian have the slowest maturation rate of hand skeleton, 0.6 years less
than British standard. Altaian and Stolypin migrants descendants are
characterized by accelerated rate of physical development and high
maturation rates of hand skeleton (0.4 years above the standard). In the
Middle Asian region the highest maturation rates belong to the Turkmen
urban school children from Chardzhev, the slowest maturation rate in this
region is in rural Tajik children from Varukh. Growth and maturation rates
depend on abundant environmental factors that are climatic, geographic and
social. Differences of skeletal maturation in the observed groups may be
interpreted in the context of maintaining (Khalkha-Mongol, Tuvinian, and
Tajik) or transformation (Turkmen, Chuvash, Bashkir, Altaian, Russian) of
the traditional way of life. Social stress, connected with the military
operations, caused acceleration of maturation rates in longevity group of
the Abkhazian. Longevity populations are traditionally characterized by the
low rates of growth and development (Abkhazian Ochamchiry region till 1991,
Belorussian).
Keywords: skeletal age, TW-2, maturation rate, human ecology


Human Evolution

Anikaev A.E., Chalyan V.G., Meyshvili N.V. A comparative study of
ability to conscious choice in rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) and baboons
hamadryas (Papio Hamadryas) (p. 74-87)
The availability of consciousness in animals has been for many years
does not leave the minds of scientists somehow related to this problem. The
solution to this problem would primarily deal with the evolution of the
mental function and development during its anthropogenesis. Also clearly
confirmed the fact of consciousness in animals will require a revision of
measures for their use and conservation.
But until now, researchers have not agreed on the availability of
consciousness, nor regarding the methods that should be used to define it.
Some scientists are inclined to admit the existence of an elementary
consciousness even of invertebrate animals. In General, however, research
is conducted on highly organized animals. The most common are those based
on self-recognition, «theory of mind», and language learning intermediary.
The most popular object of study is mainly monkeys and higher. And
rightly so, because the use of modern primate species as models of
ancestral forms gradually gives you the opportunity not only to thoroughly
understand the mechanism of the human mind, but also allows us to analyze
the development of this function at different stages of evolution and
anthropogenesis order as a whole. Today, the development of mental
functions primates increasingly associated with increased intra-group
competition, manifested primarily in relation to social skills, and the
complication caused by environmental conditions. In view of this it is
interesting to compare primates characterized by different social
structure. For this reason, this work is devoted to comparison of rhesus
monkeys and papio hamadryas. Each of these is characterized by rigid social
organization with a fairly strict hierarchy. But rhesus monkeys have
matrilocal and matrilineal pronounced social structure, and papio hamadryas
- patrilokal and harem herd structure. In addition, the habitat of these
species differs to a certain extent: papio hamadryas - inhabitants of open
semi-desert and savannah, rhesus monkeys live in forests and scrublands. As
a criterion for evaluating the presence of consciousness, we chose the
ability to take a conscious, willful decision used for this modified test
Piaget - «A not B». Our goal - to find out the availability of this ability
in these species, and a comparative analysis of the data and discuss the
possible relationship with the differences in the social organization of
these species, to explore gender, age and individual differences.
Keywords: papio hamadryas, rhesus monkeys, Piaget «A not B» test,
conscious choice, age differences, gender differences


From science history

Aksyanova G. Creative contribution to anthropology of Eurasia made by
T.A. Trofimova (p. 88-100)
The historiographical plan article focuses on the scientific advances
of Tatiana Trofimova (1905-1986) - the known Russian anthropologist.
Competent assessment of contemporary researchers about her significant
contribution to study anthropology of Tatars from Volga-Urals and West
Siberian regions, paleoanthropology Volga region and Central Asia, the
ancient Khorezm, craniology eastern and western Slavic tribes of the Middle
Ages is given. A large expeditionary activity, which began as early as her
student years under the leadership VV Bunak, BS Zhukov, ON Bader,
PI Zenkevich, formed professional qualifications and scientific outlook.
She was a member of the same young team followers of AI Yarkho (a
theorist and practitioner in the study of human races) as the outstanding
scientists of the twentieth century NN Cheboksarov, GF Debets, MG Levin.
Her carefully executed and largely pioneering research works shut a white
spots at the historical anthropology of Eastern Europe and Central Asia
peoples, and the main conclusions are not lost scientific value. The book
«Ethnogenesis Volga Tatars in light of anthropology» [1949] and
«Paleoanthropology of Central Asia» [1972 - in collaboration with
VV Ginsburg] remain among the reference books of professionals. The article
informs also the continuation of the anthropological study of the Turkic
peoples of the Volga region and Western Siberia in the complex
methodological basis. List of TA Trofimova's publications is attached to
the article (54 titles).
Keywords: T.A. Trofimova, the anthropology of Volga Tatars and Siberian
Tatars' population, Central Asia paleoanthropology, Ancient Khorezm


Short Communications

Spitsyna N.Kh., Makarov S.V., Bets L.V., Limborskaya S.A., Karapetian
M.K., Bichkovskaya L.S., Pay G.V., Alexeeva N.V., Spitsyn V.A. New
information about gene pool of eastern Khants (p. 101-106)
Results of population genetic study among eastern Khants from a
collection of biological material of ecological genetics lab. RCMG were
presented. On a wide range of biochemical-genetic markers (HP, TF, GC, PI,
ACP, PGM1, GLO1, ESD) and autosomal DNA polymorphisms (CHIT1, ABCC11,NOS3 )
among Khantian population of Yugan and Agan rivers drainage-basins were
analyzed. The gene pool of eastern Khants includes characters peculiar to
both for eastern Eurasian and western Eurasian populations. One of the main
objectives of our work was establishment of the ethnic anthropological
importance «new» autosomal DNA polymorphisms. High degree of CHIT1
polymorphism efficiency in the anthropological relation was established.
The share of western Eurasian genetic component in studied Khantian group
forms 43.3% and eastern Eurasian proportion was 56.7%. Our data about
serological and biochemical genetic markers (AB0, MN, RH, TF, GC, C'3, PI,
ACP, PGM1, ESD, GLO1) allows to estimate genetic relationship between
Khants and neighboring and more remote Finno-Ugric and Turkic populations.
As one expect, Khants finds the greatest genetic proximity to neighboring
Mansi.
Keywords: eastern Khants, biochemical genetic polymorphisms, DNA
markers, mixed population


Perevozchikov E.V. Craniological variability of East Slavs in X-XIV
centuries A.D. (p. 107-111)
In a previous work [Perevozchikov, 2013] an intra-group statistical
analysis of men's craniologist series of East Slavic tribes. Reason for it
was an unexpected, at least for the author, result of the discriminant
analysis of Slavic series with close in time and geographical position
series of other ethnic groups. The result of this analysis can be
interpreted as that the Eastern Slavs had a particular anthropological type
[Perevozchikov, Vorontsova, 2008]. The analysis was conducted at two
hierarchical levels. Initially we analyzed the whole sample of skulls
leaving aside its divisions into separate tribes. And then the analysis was
conducted on the tribal level. The distribution pattern of variability was
most consistent with a process of consolidation of ethnic groups throw gene
flow, but the morphological specifics of individual tribes still remained.
In view of the considerable interest in Slavic ethnogenesis it was decided
to repeat the analysis on the women's part of the sample, despite its
significantly smaller number (N = 260). Analysis of the total sample was
similar to the analysis on men. But tribal analysis showed slightly
different results compared to the male half of the sample. The main feature
was the apparent morphological separation of women from Novgorod with other
Slovene women samples and great proximity to the rest of the samples.
Women's sample morphologically are more similar with one exception. The
Novgorod Slovenki clearly stand out from the other women's by a more
orthognatos face.
The statistical analysis of craniological series of medieval Eastern
Slavs, one can make an assumption that their population structure was close
to a S. Wright's model of a system of semi isolated populations, which is
believed to have evolutionary advantages over other population structures.
Keywords: anthropology, craniology, Eastern Slavs, craniological
variability, population structures


Pestriacov A.P., Grigorieva O.M. Craniology of Egypt and adjacent
regions: variability of size and shape of the cranial box (p. 112-118)
The paper primarily deals with geographical and chronological
variability of the cranial box of the populations of Egypt and adjacent
territories. The measurements were taken from literature and analyzed using
a specialized program developed and routinely utilized by the authors. We
analyzed the variability of nine parameters characterizing cranial size and
shape.
Generally, the analyzed Egyptian population falls in between
paneukumenical craniotipes - tropids and golarktids (closer to the first
type): in average, the cranial vaults are of medium size, mezocranial and
medium-high.
The earliest (pre-dynastic) populations appears to have had oblong and
high, always dolichocranial cranial, close to those of the modern Ethiopian
and Somali populations. Later series (dynastic and antique periods) are
typically characterized by lower and somewhat shorter cranial. Cranial
index of the latter populations often increases towards mezocranial type,
for example, in some groups of the third and later dynasties.
Notably, such changes of the cranial shape of the Egyptian populations
have been recorded since the early dynasties of the Old Kingdom, as if
marking the developmental changes of the state, certainly related to more
intensive cultural contacts with adjacent populations of Southwest Asia. As
an inevitable consequence of this process, the mixing of ancient Egyptian
population with the new migrants from Middle Eastern occurred, and it
resulted in the aforementioned changes of the cranial features.
Keywords: craniology, craniotypes, tropids, pacifids, golarktids


Plohenko B.G. The study as an example of faunal remains in
ethnoarchaeology paleoeconomical renovations (p. 119-129)
The studying of the interaction of man and nature plays the primary
role in modern science, because for ancient people, the hunting prey was
not only the meal, but the source of raw materials and fuel.
The purpose of the article is the investigation of a relatively new
method of the faunal remains study, which was developed by C.W. Marean.
This method is based on the analyses of ethnoarcheological materials and
meant for showing up the hunting strategies. C.W. Marean divided parts of
the skeleton of an animal into two categories of preservation, based on
their exposure to destruction in the process of hunting prey utilization
and nutritional value of the carcasses.
To achieve the formulated goal, several problems should be solved:
1. The investigation of a method of the faunal remains study, which was
developed by C.W. Marean.
2. Determination of the main characteristics of the complexes of faunal
remains, the identification of similarities and differences in proportions
of animal bones.
3. Comparison of the received data of the factors affecting the
formation of faunal remains analysis.
4. Determination of the applicability of this method to identify
seasonal specifics of hunting strategies.
As a result of research we can conclude that many factors, such as
seasonality of hunting, removal from the place of slaughter and many others
influence on the formation of faunal remains. The study of their influence
allows to make the most complete renovation features of the transportation
and disposal of the hunting prey on sites.
Summarizing the article, we can say that the analysis of faunal
remains, developed C.W. Marean, with proper use, may be informative to
determine behavioral strategies of ancient hunters.
Keywords: archeology, ethnoarchaeology, research method K.W. Marean,
faunal remains, Eskimos nunamiuty, paleoekonomika

Krivitsky V.V. Somatotypic features of dynamics in morphofunctional
parameters of cadets and students of two Minsk high schools (p. 130-135)
Dynamics of physical development parameters depending on a variant of a
constitution (somatotypes) of Minsk high schools students are resulted in
this work. Two methods of somatic types identification were used. The most
intensive accretion of hypodermic adipopexisis parameters was found in the
group of students with asthenic and leptosome constitution. Young men with
mezosome somatotype (with a medial degree of development of a muscular
tissue and hypodermic fat) were characterized by the most positive dynamics
of the activity of cardiovascular system and hand dynamometry.
Keywords: somatotypes, physical development, anthropometry, students,
cadets

Instructions for authors and manuscripts submission (p. 136)