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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2015. N 3

Contents

Anthropology

Goodkova L.K. The value of works of Y.Y. Roginsky for the development
of physiological anthropology (p. 4-9)
The works of Y.Y. Roginsky on variability, correlation and integrity
were of great importance for the development of physiological, ecological,
anthropology. An approach to the study of variability and the coefficient
of variation as an extremely informative index is the main content of
articles of Y.Y. Roginsky, published in 1940-1960 years. Working on the
problem of variability of quantitative characters, Y.Y. Roginsky in
parallel worked on the correlation. In the article «Patterns of
relationships between characters in anthropology» [Roginsky, 1962] he
comprehensively considers the problem of correlation: from the historical,
theoretical and methodological aspects. The last section of the article is
directly related to the methodological foundations of physiological
anthropology. In all his works Y.Y. Roginsky pays attention to the
importance of system and holistic approaches. Attaching great importance to
the application of mathematical statistics, the author has consistently
pointes out to scientists for the need of a «qualitative analysis of the
biological nature of phenomena» [Roginsky, 1954, p. 77].
Keywords: physiological (ecological) anthropology, Y.Y. Roginsky,
variability, variation coefficient, correlation, integrity


Kharitonov V.M. Problems of evolutionary anthropology in Roginsky's
works (p. 10-18)
The main works of Y.Y. Roginsky in the field of evolutionary
anthropology were dedicated to issues of a modern human's origin and his
ancestral homeland. Y.Y. Roginsky devoted many works to criticism of a
hypothesis of «presapiens's» existence in Europe. Attracting
paleoantropological and archaeological data he also made up a lot for
justification the concept of «a Neanderthal phase» in a family tree of H.
sapiens. Y.Y. Roginsky is the author of developed detail concept of «wide
monocentrism» in a question of an ancestral homeland of H. sapiens. He
stated his own points of view on problems of neoanthrop's origin and
environment. Y.Y. Roginsky developed such problem as «ruptures of
gradualness» and the speed of evolution of human ancestors. Development of
philosophical aspects of anthropogenesis is essential. The scientist paid
much attention to anthropological works of Ch. Darwin, allocated the main
achievements in development of anthropogenesis model, and explained
limitation of some theoretical provisions. Y.Y. Roginsky considered
importance of the establishment of arboreal forms' existence in a human
family tree. At last, in some works Y.Y. Roginsky concerns at the problem
of relations between ontogenesis and filogenesis of hominids.
Keywords: Y.Y. Roginsky, anthropogenesis, hominids, hypothesis of
«presapiens», «wide» monocentrism, origin of a neoanthrop, anthropogenesis
according to Ch. Darwin, relation between ontogenesis and filogenesis of
hominids


Vasilyev S.V., Borutskaya S.B. Western Asia hominids. In line with the
research of J.J. Roginsky (p. 19-33)
The position of the so-called «disputable finds» in the modern
taxonomy of fossil hominids is a very complicated. Among them the
Palestinian hominids are most hotly discussed. Mosaic structure of the
skull and skeleton of these hominids forced the scientists to accept the
different points of view concerning their status. One believed, that
Palestinian hominids were half-breeds, the others supposed that they were
transitive forms, third scholars considered them as predecessors of Homo
sapiens. We carried out the analysis of a line of the disputable
Paleolithic forms according to supraorbitalis and zygomaxillaris areas,
trigonometrical angles of neurocranium and facial cranium, and also
parameters of the postcranial skeleton (Kebara II) and dental
characteristics (Qesem).
As a matter of fact our research confirmed once more non-uniformity of
development of various parts of a skull and dependence of taxonomical
importance of some attributes on disbalance of their phyletic development.
This considerations force us to describe the origin of the Palestinian
hominid as the form of the neanderthalo-sapientoid (Skhul), erecto-
neanderthaloid (Tabun, Amud) or erecto-sapientoid (Qafzeh 6) type. It also
identified the adaptive parameters of the postcranial skeleton (Kebara) and
suggested supplies dental materials from Qesem the taxon Homo
heidelbergensis. We determine taxonomical rank of the Palestinian hominids
according to their predecessors'specious. The results of the study support
theoretical ideas of J.J. Roginsky wide monocentrism.
Keywords: Human evolution, Palestinian hominids, wide monocentrism,
taxonomic status Palestinian hominids


Bakholdina V.Yu. The hypothesis of Yakov Y. Roginsky about the
evolutionary fate of Homo neanderthalensis (p. 34-40)
The Neanderthal problem today excites researchers in the same way as
in the first half of the last century, when in this matter became
interested a young anthropologist Y.Y. Roginsky. One of the ideas about the
disappearance of the Neanderthals is their mentality, especially the
increased levels of aggression compared to modern humans. This idea formed
the basis of the hypothesis of Y.Y. Roginsky, which was outlined in several
works. The constructions of Y.Y. Roginsky was based on data of anatomy,
paleoanthropology, and ethology. The continuation of the works of Y.Y.
Roginsky in this area were the investigations of E.N. Chrisanfova. Today,
researchers are making new attempts to understand the possible reasons for
the departure of the Neanderthals from the historical scene. They
reconstruct features of the structure and functioning of the Neanderthal
brain, the specifics of the analyzing system, the various testimonies of
the Neanderthal diet. In one of the latest hypotheses the differences in
the division of gender roles in the populations of Neanderthals and modern
humans are examined as possible explanation of the cause of the
disappearance of Neanderthals. Despite the large number of papers devoted
to the Neanderthal problem, articles and monographs of Y.Y. Roginsky still
remain relevant and of great interest and importance for modern
researchers.
Keywords: anthropology, Y.Y. Roginsky, human evolution, Neanderthals,
modern humans, aggression, gender roles


Godina E., Savostyanova E., Sukhova A. Y.Y. Roginsky and auxological
studies (p. 41-46)
The studies of an outstanding anthropologist, one of the founding
fathers of Russian anthropology, in the field of human auxology are
discussed in the paper. Of special interest is one of the first Roginsky's
scientific papers dedicated to the primary teething. The author analyzes
such factors as the birth order and number of births, nutrition and weight
of the newborn, parental education and profession, etc. Race of the child
is also mentioned as a possible factor. Y. Roginsky was particularly
interested in age changes of different anthropometric and anthroposcopic
traits in children of different ethnicities. He analyzed age changes in
head and face dimensions, body proportions, hair and eyes coloring, some
other anthroposcopic traits and came to a conclusion about great similarity
in age dynamics of the studied characteristics in children and adolescents
of different races. The results obtained by Y. Roginsky are described in
the context of modern studies of the aforementioned problems.
Keywords: anthropology, human auxology, Y.Y. Roginsky, newborns, age
changes, anthropometric and anthroposcopic traits in children of different
ethnicities


Zadorozhnaya L.V., Romashko K.S., Godina E.Z. Gender ethnic and age
influences on the self-perception of their body in schoolchildren (p. 47-
58)
In 2008-9 schoolchildren (boys and girls from 7 to 17 years of age) in
the cities of Akrhangelsk and Elista were examined. The program included
anthropometric measurements, antroposcopic methods, evaluation of
somatotypes, and questionnaires. Relationships between morphological
characteristics, self-evaluation of one's own physical attractiveness and
the choice of a strategy for body modification have been studied. Self-
ratings in girls of higher grades of Russian and Kalmyk ethnicities were
compared. As a result, 1) significant associations were found between self-
ratings and somatotype of the individual, as well as her BMI value; 2)
higher than in boys and an increasing with age critical attitude of the
girls towards their bodies was found; they also showed more interest in the
weight control; 3) similarities in the standards of an "ideal body shape"
and similar self-ratings were revealed in the schoolgirls of higher grades.
Keywords: anthropology, somatic status, self-esteem indicators, school-
age children, Russian, Kalmyks


Prosikova E.A., Butovskaya M.L., Veselovskaya E.V. Facial proportions
and behavioral traits in young men (p. 59-70)
Objectives: the goal of this study was investigate the association
between facial masculinity and behavior. Two contrast groups were compared:
young wrestlers of high achievement and control group. Two new indexes of
facial proportions were proposed and proved to be highly informative.
Methods and materials: standard anthropological anFas photos were measured
in «Photoshop» program: men-wrestlers (87 individuals) and control group
(61 individuals). Digit ratios (2D4D) on both hands were calculated. All
respondents filled in a seat of questionnaires (NEO, Buss-Perry on
aggression, Risk-taking). Student's T-tests and correlation analyses were
conducted. Results: two samples (sportsmen and control group) were
significantly different by 2D4D ratios (lower in group of wrestlers) and
certain facial proportions. Out of all indexes used in this study two new
indexes appeared to be the most informative for estimations of masculinity
with in the male sex. As for the basic personality features of masculinity,
these include stress resistance (low ratings on neuroticism), higher
extraversion and conscientiousness. Men with more feminine facial features
predominantly have higher willingness to take risks. Young men with larger
values of the relative height of the mandible rated themselves as more
aggressive in our study. Conclusion: in this paper we present the results
about most informative indicators of the masculinity: the low digit ratio,
the relatively high chin, the specific facial height ratios, associated
with proportionally small forehead and eyes together with large proportion
of the lower face area.
Keywords: anthropology, masculinity, femininity, sportsmen, facial
proportions, 2D:4D, aggression


Bondareva E.A., Anisimova A.V., Khomyakova I.A., Godina E.Z.
Associations of C/T polymorphism of the alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene with
some morphological characteristics (p. 71-75)
Background. Investigations by different authors of the associations of
C/T polymorphism of the ACTN3 gene with morphological characteristics
showed the influence of a given marker on the possibility to weight
increase, the degree of bone mineralization and flexibility in athletes and
non-athletes of different age and ethnicity. Aim of the present paper was
to study the associations of C/T replacement in the ACTN3 gene with
skeletal traits in males of two ethnic groups of Russia. Materials and
Methods. 320 males were studied: 220 Russians of 16-37 years old, athletes
of different sports specializations; and 100 Kalmyks (16-35-year-olds),
half of them constitute a control group and another half (50 individuals)
represented athletes of different combat sports. Genotype of DNA samples
for the polymorphic system ACTN3 (rs1815739) was determined by a
minisequencing method with the following detection by MALDI-TOF.
Anthropometric program included 30 characteristics measured according to
standard protocol of the Institute of Anthropology. Results and discussion.
For the Russian males significant associations were found between the ACTN3
genotypes with morphological traits characterizing the development of
skeletal parameters: with breadth of bone epiphyses (R=0.21, p=0.04) and
with body diameters (R=0.25, p=0.007). In Kalmyk males, the carriers of two
mutant alleles (ACTN3*ÒÒ) had higher stature and elbow breadth than the
carriers of ACTN3*ÑÒ, ACTN3*ÑÑ genotypes (R=0.38, p=0.02). Conclusion. The
results of the study prove to demonstrate that phenotypical expressions of
the ACTN3 gene depend not only on specific genotype but also on ethnicity
and way of life.
Keywords: sports anthropology, ACTN3, morphological characteristics,
Russian males, Kalmyk males


Semenov M.M., Martirosov E.G. Prediction of sport talent of women
wrestlers, considering the range of somatometric, functional and
neurophysiological indicators (p. 76-81)
Considering the complex morphological, functional and
neurophysiological characteristics, surveyed 170 strongest wrestlers women,
specializing in freestyle wrestling. Selected predictors of giftedness
developed decision rules to assess their potential. The results are put
into practice of selection of potentially gifted athletes to pick groups of
highest sports skill and national teams.
Keywords: forecast; sports talent; somatometric features; functional
and neurophysiological indicators. screening; sports fitness. abilities;
model characteristics


Vergeles M.O. Definition of race in American physical anthropology (p.
82-93)
The article presents historical analysis of different approaches to
understand human biological diversity in American physical anthropology.
Long-term debates got its intermediate result in 2007 symposium «Race
reconciled? How biological anthropologists view human variation». All of
the participants agreed that there are differences between human
populations although questions about reasons and characteristics of this
diversity remained unanswered [Edgar, Hunley, 2009]. Term «race», as many
of USA scientists claim, means that human populations are discrete,
individuals in each race are homogenous and even that there is a hierarchy
with Europeans seen as superior, Asians as second best and Africans as
inferior [Lieberman, Kirk, 2004]. This definition does not correspond to
understanding of race accepted in Russian anthropology, where race defined
as population with common gene pool and origin [Problema rasi. 2002]. Thus
term «race» in Russian science is more similar to American term «ancestry»
than «race». First steps in understanding variability of mankind were held
in the framework of typological approach that was widespread till mid XX
century. New genetic methods and studies of such scientists as R. Lewontin
have played the key role in the change of paradigm. The new approach
proposed denial of races because diversity within each race is much bigger
than diversity between them [Lewontin, 1972]. Methods geneticists use to
study human diversity were often criticized, for example Lewontin examined
every genetic marker separately with no correction for possible correlation
between them although this correlation influences markers' distribution in
populations [Edwards, 2003]. Some of actively developing fields of human
diversity studies nowadays are studies of genetic diversity and specifics
of distributions of different features, development of models able to
explain origins of modern pattern of human variability. Models most
consistent with reality are the complex ones, combining population
fissions, migrations, bottlenecks with constant gene flow between
populations. Race is also widely studied as social construct that
influences biology and health of humankind. Lots of studies show possible
ways to divide humanity into populations using genetic, craniometric and
other data. Thus at the moment most scholars accept existence of distinct
groups in mankind with notion that these groups have high level of within-
group variation. Race and ethnicity studies are used in medicine, forensic
science, paleoanthropology, pharmacology and other fields of knowledge.
Further research of human diversity has broad scientific and practical
importance.
Keywords: anthropology, race, population, population genetics, DNA,
classification


Movsesian A.A., Pezhemsky D.V. Was there a genetic continuity between
the Cis-Baikal Neolithic populations of different chronological stages? (p.
94-104)
Craniological intergroup variability of the Neolithic and Early Bronze
Age populations of the Baikal region was studied. We used craniometrical
data on the Early Neolithic (Kitoi stage), the Late Neolithic (Serovo
stage) and the Bronze Age (Glazkovo stage) groups from the Angara, Upper
Lena, Southern Baikal and Trans-Baikal territories. The Mahalanobis
distance and canonical analysis were used for groups' comparison. It is
shown that by craniometrical data, as well as by non-metric cranial traits
data, the Early Neolithic Kitoi groups and the Late Neolithic Serovo groups
were carriers of different gene pools. The isolated position of the Kitoi
group from Southern Baikal Shamanka 2 burial was revealed. At the same time
the similarities were found between the Kitoi group from Angara region and
chronologically distant Bronze Age Glazkovo groups from Angara, Upper Lena
and Trans-Baikal territories. It is hypothesized that the morphological
diversity of Glazkovo groups could be due to their mixing with the
descendants of the Kitoi groups who have left the Cis-Baikal region and
later migrated back from the neighboring territories. It is assumed that
the population of the Trans-Baikal which exhibited extremely stable
anthropological composition from the Early Neolithic to the Bronze Age
penetrated in Glazkovo stage in the Cis-Baikal region and influenced the
formation of the Early Bronze population's gene pool.
Keywords: anthropology, craniometric traits, Baikal region, Neolithic
and Early Bronze Age populations, Kitoi, Serovo, Glazkovo


History and archaeology

Efimova S.G., Sukhova A.V. Collections of drawings in funds of the
Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University (p. 105-114)
Two collections of drawings made by Y.Y. Roginskii during the
anthropological expeditions of 1927-1928 are kept at the Museum of
Anthropology of the Moscow State University. Collection ? 5 contains
portraits of Tungus (Northern Baikal, 1927). Collection ? 6 contains
portraits of Crimean Tatars (Crimea, village of Uskyut Sudak district,
1928). The purpose of the article is to acquaint the scientific community
with the history of the drawings and to show their scientific, cultural and
historical significance. Gallery of portraits created by Y.Y. Roginskii at
the very beginning of the great scientific biography describes him as a
multi-talented scientist and man.
Keywords: anthropology, drawings of Y.Y. Roginskii, Tungus, Crimean
Tatars, Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University


Shpak L.Y. Aesthetic perception as biological characteristic of Homo
sapiens (Y.Y. Roginsky's opinion on the origin of art) (p. 115-122)
Art as a part of human culture shapes human values, and the
contribution of each individual to cultural creativity and the development
of society is valuable and unique. Y.Y. Roginsky stated this in his works
(1965, 1969) about «age-old types of characters», as well as the
implications of paleolithic art for the anthropology. All existing
hypotheses of the origin of art do not explain the reasons of human art
activity. Y.Y. Roginsky (1982) proposed his origin of art hypothesis based
on the biological basis of our perception. Ability and need of the human
mind to be «excited with novelty» and to have aesthetic experience of the
visual aesthetic stimuli lead to the development of visual art («art-
image») and the need to eliminate the arrhythmic operations of our brain
potentiates the development of musical and verbal creativity, and dance
(«art-rhythm»).
Aesthetic forms of behavior are inherent to many animals, including
primates. According to archaeological evidences, the manifestation of the
aesthetic component of hominid tool usage begins with the Lower
Paleolithic. The gradual awareness of aesthetic experiences in the Upper
Paleolithic has culminated with the emergence of Homo sapiens' art. The
rhythm, the symmetry, the color, the proportion, the shape - these
perceptual stimuli tuned our analyzers in phylogeny, they determined the
development of a sense of beauty and harmony in hominids. In humans
aesthetic experience is closely associated with emotional assessment, and
the concept of «beauty» is identical to «good» to all peoples and all
cultures. Ever since ancient times philosophers believed that beauty is
related to such concepts as proportionality and order, in contemporary
aesthetic biological bases of aesthetic sense are valued more and more
often. Modern neuroaesthetic studies suggest that our brain responds
directly to certain aesthetic stimuli according to universal laws and
principles in the search of beauty and harmony in nature and the
surroundings, same laws that allow us to perceive and evaluate art.
Keywords: origin of art, paleolithic art, anthropology, Y.Y. Roginsky,
aesthetic perception, biology of beauty


Balakhonova E.I. A.P. Bogdanov and foundation of the first Russian
anthropological association (p. 123-129)
The article is devoted to the 150th anniversary of the Anthropological
Department of the Society of amateurs of Natural history. The idea of the
society foundation, as the base for development of anthropology in Russia
was conceived by Anatoly Petrovitch Bogdanov (1834-1896) in 1862 during
scientific discussions with his colleges. He achieved the success in the
official establishment of the Society of amateurs of Natural history at the
beginning of 1864, and the Anthropological department inside it in the end
of the year. This department became the first Russian Anthropological
Society. The main tasks of the Anthropological department were diggings of
tumuli, composition of paleoanthropological collections, ethnographic
investigation of the Moscow region inhabitants and gathering collections on
ethnography. The activity of the Anthropological Department of the Society
of amateurs of Natural history was determinative in the organization of
Ethnographical (1867) and Anthropological (1879) exhibitions. The
exhibitions' materials served as a base for Ethnographical museum in Moscow
and Anthropological museum in the Moscow University. Nevertheless, only
outstanding managerial abilities of A.P. Bogdanov and his great social,
popularizational and publicistic activity guaranteed obtaining money and
permission for the opening of anthropology chair, development of
anthropology as the academic science and organizing of the Anthropological
museum in the Moscow University.
Keywords: history of science, MSU, anthropology, A.P. Bogdanov,
Anthropological museum, ethnography, museology, exhibitions


Chronicle of Russian and Foreign Anthropology

International Conference «Anthropology in Belarus - 50 Years of
Development» (Goodkova L.K.) (p. 130-134)

International Conference - 2016 (p. 135)

Instructions for authors and manuscripts submission (p. 136)