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. . ---- : "The Depth and Breadth of John Bell's Physics" ( R. Jackiw A. Shimony, arXiv:physics/0105046 v2 14 Jun 2001). , . , () , , , ( ) http://www.chronos.msu.ru/RREPORTS/aspek_teorema_bella.pdf, , , . " ?", www.chronos.msu.ru. .., 5.11.2006 ----1. (192890) , . ( , ""). . , , . () , . , . , , ( ) , . , , . (secondary education), , , . 1944 , (a junior technical assistant) , Karl Emeleus Richard Sloane. , ,

. , 1948 (a first class Honours BSc in Experimental Physics). , 1949 (a first class Honours BSc in Mathematical Physics). , Peter Paul Ewald, . , "" , . 2. , , , , . 1949 1960 , (UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment - A.E.R.E. - at Harwell). , 1949 . (Malvern) , , 1951 ., , . 1949 . (Mary Ross). . , 1950 ., , . 2- T.R.E. . , , ( ) 1947 . . 1954 . , , , , 1990 . " (Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics [5]): " . . , ." 1953 1954 (Paul Matthews) (Rudolf Peierls) 1956 . . , , PT-, , [1], Proceedings of the Royal Society. Tony Skyrme [2, 3, 4]. , , - . 1960 . , (Theory Division), ,

(Accelerator Research Group). . . " (quantum engineering)." , "". (19631964), , Brandeis, [6, 7] . [6] ( ) . " " (. 2). , , , . , [8]. . , , ; 25 , . , , , , . (., , [9][15]), , .. , . , , , , - [16, 17], . " " , ( , ) . , 1972 . . : (the Reality Foundation Prize), . . (J.F. Clauser) 1982 ., (Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences) 1987 ., (1988), (1988) (1988), (the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics) (1989) (the Hughes Medal) (1989). , . , .

1 1990 . , . , , , , . 2. 2.1. , . " " (Quantum Profiles) [18] (Jeremy Bernstein), , (Andrew Whitaker) [19], (Lesley Kerr), , . (Sloane), , . , , , . . . . . , . . . . , ` ' . , , . , , , , . , (. [20], 5). 2.2. : " (beables)" , , , , , . , , , , .

, , . , : 1967: , . "" , - , `'. , . - . . . , - , , . . . [21] 1973: , . `', . , - - , , . [22] 1975: "" . , , . . . . "- (be-able)" "- (observ-able)" , . , , ( ) . . . . `' "". "" ( ) . [23] 1981: `'? . . . -, , , . [24], . 1 1990: . . , . [25] 2.3. [20], , , . (

"hidden variables ( )", , "beables ( "), .) , , , . , , , , , , . , , "Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance ( "[26], , , , [27] . , , , . , , , 1952 ., . "" "Reviews of Modern Physics" " (On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics)" [7] : " 1952 . F. Mandl ." Mandl , . " `' (A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of `Hidden' Variables)" [28], , , , . Mandl , , , . E(A), E(B) .. A, B .., . , , , , : E(A + B) = E(A) + E(B) (1)

A B , - , . ( 1966 ) : . , ( ) . ,

: . , x . y , (x + y) () . . - , . , . [7], . 3 Ѕ, , . , (A) , A. , - Ѕ ( ): <|A|> =

A() d

(2)

, , "" , Ѕ, . , Ѕ, , . [7] Andrew Gleason [29], 1957 Josef Jauch . Gleason , , ( ) . m :

1. m(Q) Q ; 2. m(I) = 1, I ; 3. {Qi} , m(Qi) = m(Qi).

Gleason' , , - m(Q) = <|Q|> (3)

, ; , m - m(Q) = Tr(QW) (4)

W , .. . , Tr(QW) , 0 1 Q, , , , , W , .. . , Gleason' , - , ; , , . , , - . , , [7], Gleason' , . , Gleason, ; ( ), , Gleason', , . , . 5 [7]. Simon Kochen Ernest Specker [30]. , , [7] . , , , , , . : ", , ." : , , " , ." A B , , , C , A A(C) B B(C). A B B, C, A B , C, A B. , A B , A B .

, "" A , . [28] , . , , " , , " [31]. 2.4. " -- (On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox)" [6]. Published in 1964, [7], . , [7] Reviews of Modern Physics. [6] , " ", , . " " , , . , ( , (Henry Stapp) [32, 33] ), . (i) , - , (ii) , . [6] , 1 2. , "", 1, , : +1 and -1. , "b", 2, : +1 and -1. 1 A(a, ) = ±1 (5a)

2; 2 B(b, ) = ±1 (5b)

1. a (, b) , . , , [7] ,

. , a a 1 , 1, 2; b b. , , : A , 2, B , 1. . , , : S2 , S1, . [6], 2 [6] 1 2 Ѕ - . a b , 1·a , a, 2·b , b. , a b , 1 2 , , , -1. , , ( ) , d ()A(a, )B(a, ) = -1. A(a, ) = -B(a, ) (7) (6)

( ) . [6], , . (5), (6) (7), 1 + P(b, c) |P(a, b) - P(a, c)| P(a, b) = d ()A(a, )B(b, ) (9) (8)

( , a b). (8) , " ". - , 1 2

<1·a 2·b> = -a · b

(10)

(8) (10) , [6]. . ("On the EinsteinPodolsky-Rosen [EPR] Paradox") - [16] , . 2, , , , , - , ( , ). , , 4 [6], , , (8). , 2 . , , 6 , , " ". , . " . . . " [34]. , 1964 , Aspect, Dalibard Roger 1982 [15]. 1971 [35] , . (a) (2), . . [36] 1969 . , , . (b) (5), 1 2, , 1, a (, , ), , 2, b. , b, . 4 , (5)

, 10 , , , , . , |P(a, b) - P(a, b)| + |P(a, b) + P(a, b)| 2 (11)

(11) , (10), . , (11) , . " (The theory of local beables)" [23], , , " (La Nouvelle Cuisine)" [37], , " (Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics)". . , , , , a b, 1 2, - . ( , , , " well-separated particles".) 3 - , 1 2 , , (Region 3 is bounded by two nonintersecting space-like surfaces, both cutting through the backward lightcones of both 1 and 2 in such a way that the intersections of the later surface with the two backward lightcones are nonoverlapping, while the intersections of the earlier surface with the two backward lightcones overlap). 3 c , , , 3 ( c), 3. A B , , a, b, c , , {A, B | a, b, c, }, : {A, B | a, b, c, } = {A | B , a, b, c, } { B | a, b, c, } (12)

, , c 3, , - , .

{A, B | a, b, c, } = {A | B , a, c, } { B | b, c, }

(13)

, (13) " A B , (b a ), (a b ) , c ." (13) , [35], , , (12) (13). ( 2 4 [23] J. Jarrett [38].) (13) , a b , , c, : E(a, b, c) =

A, B

AB {A | a, c, } {B | b, c, } {| c}

(14)

(11) , [35] [36], .