Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.philol.msu.ru/~otipl/new/main/people/kibrik-aa/files/Speaking_writing_Navajo@CAIL_1996.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Thu Feb 7 14:45:26 2008 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Sat Sep 6 04:20:18 2008 Êîäèðîâêà: IBM-866

SPEAKING AND WRITING NAVAJO Andrej A. Kibrik (Institute of Linguistics, Moscow / University of Oregon)
Conference on American Indian Languages, San Francisco, November 21, 1996

1. DATA: A Navajo story " 'ats?y??zh d  ts'œ nœlñ?'" (`Are you an eaglet?') Story told by: distinguished Navajo storyteller and writer Bernice Casaus (from the New Mexico part of the Navajo reservation) Two versions: 1) spoken (recorded by Kibrik, transcribed and translated by Casaus and Kibrik) 2) written (written and glossed by Casaus) 2. LENGTH: The written version is significantly shorter: the number of clauses in it is 1.5 times less than in the spoken version. (1) Spoken: This story is about a small eagle. Long time ago an eagle sat over her two eggs. Slightly touching them and moving around, she sat on them. She was repeatedly looking at them for a while, and then she stopped. After a while she looked at them again, and then one slightly moved. Maybe it just seemed to her, for some time she looked again. Then the egg moved again. Then it sat without movement. Then she sat upon them again. Repetition (A: 3, B: 3, C: 5) and additional Written: Long ago an eagle's children were expected. A. She sat on two eggs. B. One morning the eggs that were under her, moved, C. she felt. B`. Beforehand they moved once in a while.

detail in the spoken version

3. LENGTH OF SENTENCES: Written sentences are shorter than spoken sentences: the mean number of clauses in the former is 1.9, in the latter 2.2. 4. LE
XICAL STRUCTURE OF CLAUSES

Spoken and written clauses have almost the same mean number of words (3.5 and 3.3, respectively), but these words are qualitatively different: spoken clauses have fewer nouns and much more discourse particles
Nouns
Spoken Written P a r

0.31 0.46

*

Demonstr. 0.11 0.04

*

Quantif. 0.16 0.14

Indef. 0.04 0.02

*

Connectives 0.44 0.28

*

t i c l e Adverb. Epistem. 0.32 0.31 0.39 0.11

s Exclam. 0.01 0 Ideophones 0.02 0

*

*

*

Other 0.63 0.45

*

Overall 2.04 1.43

*

Table 1. Word types: number of occurrences per clause (asterisks mark interesting differences, italics mark statistically significant differences) (2) Sp. '?œ shññ ch'??h k•°jiil'ùùh that probably in vain she.pushed.it `She [the eagle] was pushing it [the egg] in vain'

Wr. '??d•• 'ats?h-±  'ay¹¹zhii t'•• si'?n-¾¹ ch'??h y??dilch'i' then eagle-that egg just it.sat-REL in vain she.touched.it `Then the eagle was touching the egg that was just sitting, in vain'


5. MORPHOSYN

TACTIC PHENOMENA
Number of preverbal full NPs in clause, % No full NPs One full NP Two full NPs 62 35 3 53 43 4

Spoken Written

Table 2. Percentages of clause types (classified by number of full NPs) For nouns (see Table 1), chi-square is significant, p<0.05; non-significant, p<0.025 For full NPs (Table 2), chi-square is non-significant, p<0.1
Afterthought NPs 0.014 0 Dependent clauses Adverbial Complement Relative 0.21 0.02 0.02 0.22 0.05 0.07

Spoken Written

*

*

*

Adverbial clause after main clause 0.04 0.01

*

Linear clause embedding 0.014 0.02

Table 3. Morphosyntactic phenomena: number of occurrences per clause (asterisks mark interesting differences, italics mark statistically significant differences) (3) Sp. °t'??' «a'-±  '?œ t'•• si'± ji°, then one-Def that just it.sat they.say `And the other one was just sitting, the egg' 'ay¹¹zhii egg

(4)

Sp. h??hg••shññ n?adii'na' ji°, d?ezhch'ah-go mightily he.got.up they.say he.had.mouth.open-Sub `Mightily he got up, with his mouth open' Wr. 'aad•• h??hg••shññ nœdiich'ah-go yaa-nœdiidz? from.there mightily he.opened.mouth-Sub about.it-he.began.going `Mightily, with his mouth open, she started moving around' jinœ they.say

6. ADDITIONAL PECULIARITIES OF Intonation units with no verbs: (5) Sp. 'a«k'id±±' long.ago shññ probably

THE SPOKEN VERSION

'ats? l?i', eagle some

'ay¹¹zhii naaki yik'i-sid? ji° egg two on.it-it.sat they.say `Long ago there was an eagle, and it was sitting on two eggs' Intonation units with no content words: (6) Sp. '?ayee' and.then [t'?? d•• just and t'•oyee' it.could.be yee' t'•• very just 'at'?egi 'at'?, Ptcl Ptcl yee' 'at'?-gi 'at'? very Ptcl-at Ptcl]

°zin-go shññ ... she.thinks-Sub probably `She thought that it h ad just seemed to her, and...' 7. SOME
EXPLANATIONS