Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru/mirrors/1999_11.pdf
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PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
S. A. NOVIKOV More than half a century has passed since the first nuclear explosion... At present very different opinions exist on role and prospects of explosive nuclear energy in the modern world. The basic problems of nuclear explosion applications, which have been in the focus of leading nuclear countries for the past period: nuclear explosions for industry, for scientific research, and for power engineering are considered. ÅÓΠÔÓÎÛ,ÂÍ Ô Ó?ÎÓ Ò ÏÓÏÂÌÚ Ô ,Ó,,Ó fl ÌÓ,,Ó ,Á œ,... Ç ÌÒÚÓfl , ÂÏfl ÒÛÂÒÚ,ÛÚ ÒϜ Á̜ ÚÓ~ÍË Á ÂÌËfl Ì ÓÎå Ë Ô ÒÔÂÍÚË,œ ,Á œ,ÌÓÈ fl ÌÓÈ Ì ,,ËË , ÒÓ, ÂÏÂÌÌÓÏ ÏË Â. Ç ÒÚÚå ÒÒÏÓÚ ÂÌœ ÓÒÌÓ,̜ ,ÓÔ ÓÒœ ÏË ÌÓ,,Ó ËÒÔÓÎåÁÓ,ÌËfl fl ̜i ,Á œ,Ó,, ÍÓÚÓ œÏ Á ËÒÚÂÍ?ËÈ Ô ËÓ ÛÂÎflÎÓÒå žÓÎå?Ó ,ÌËÏÌË , ,ÂÛËi fl ̜i  Ê,i: fl ̜ ,Á œ,œ Îfl Ô ÓÏœ?ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚË, ÌÛ~Ìœi ËÒÒÎÂÓ,ÌËÈ Ë Ì ,,ÂÚËÍË.


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