Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru/mirrors/1999_12.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Jan 13 15:51:53 2009 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Tue Oct 2 00:06:41 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: Windows-1251

RADIOACTIVITY
Yu. E. PENIONZHKEVICH General concepts of nuclear stability with respect to radioactive decay are presented. A description is given of some new types of radioactive decay - proton and cluster radioactivity, spontaneous fission, whose investigation allows to obtain important information on the properties of nuclear matter. ÑÌœ ÓžËÂ Ô ÂÒÚ,ÎÂÌËfl Óž ÛÒÚÓÈ~Ë,ÓÒÚË fl ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ?ÂÌË Í ËÓÍÚË,ÌÓÏÛ ÒÔÛ. éÔËÒÌœ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ œÂ ÌÓ,œÂ ÚËÔœ ËÓÍÚË,ÌÓ,,Ó ÒÔ - Ô ÓÚÓÌÌfl Ë ÍÎÒÚ Ìfl ËÓÍÚË,ÌÓÒÚå, ÒÔÓÌÚÌÌÓ ÂÎÂÌËÂ, ÍÚË,̜ ËÒÒÎÂÓ,ÌËfl ÍÓÚÓœi , ÔÓÒÎÂÌ , ÂÏfl ÔÓÁ,ÓÎflÚ ÔÓÎÛ~ËÚå ,ÊÌÛ ËÌÙÓ Ï^Ë Ó Ò,ÓÈÒÚ,i fl ÌÓÈ ÏÚ ËË.

( 100- )
û. ù. èÖçàéçÜäÖÇàó
åÓÒÍÓ,ÒÍËÈ ,,ÓÒÛ ÒÚ,ÂÌÌœÈ ËÌÊÂÌ ÌÓ-ÙËÁË~ÂÒÍËÈ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ (ÚÂiÌË~ÂÒÍËÈ ÛÌË, ÒËÚÂÚ)

¿ èÂÌËÓÌÊÍÂ,Ë~ û.ù., 1999

1903 " , , , ". - 24 1896 , . . , , - , , . , . 1898 , - . , 1996-1998 . , . . - -, , , , , - . . , .
áÄäéç êÄÑàéÄäíàÇçéÉé êÄëèÄÑÄ

. t N , dN dt N

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55


d N ( dt ) = - ---------------- , N

(1)

, , . . , , , , . , . , ( ) ( Z A ). : E = 14,0A - 13,1A
2/3

, . (1) . , . (1) N(t) = N0e-t, (2)

N0 - t = 0. t1/2 , . N = N0 /2 (2), t
1/2

0 ,693 = ------------- .

(3)

. , . t N(t) = = N0e-t , t t + dt - dN(t) = N0e-tdt. t t N0e-tdt. t,


- 0,585Z(Z - 1)A-1/3 - (7)

- 18,1(A - 2Z )2A-1 + 8A-1.


0



t N 0 e dt .

- t

1 - t - t = ----- t N 0 e dt = t e dt . N0


0


0

(4)

, 1 = -- . (5)

, - , . t1/2 = 0,693. (6)

. 3,7 1010 . - (). 1 1 0,027 ( = = 1 10- 9 = 37 ).
ùçÖêÉÖíàóÖëäàÖ ëÇéâëíÇÄ üÑÖê

, , ,

- ( ), , . , . , . , , , , . () , , 2/3. , Z Z - 1 , - . , -1/3. , . Z > 20 , . , , | N - Z | = | A - 2Z |, , , ( ) ( - 2Z )2. -1 , , - , , .

56

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, , (7) , , Z N . - (Z N ). . , , , , . . 1 . . . . , , 4, 12 16, (. 1). , . , . ( = - ). f ( f = / ). f . , , ,

. , 44 , 45, 46, 47, 48 11,13; 7,36; 10,31; 6,46; 9,23. , , . , - . - (4 4,00260) 235U ( 235,04393) 231h (231,03635). 231,03635 + + 4,00260 - 235,04393 = - 0,00498 ..., 4,64 . , 235U 231Th 4. - "" 140. Z , (7). , , M = ZMH + (A - Z )Mn - , (8)

n - (938,77 ) (939,55 ). (7) (8) M = 925,55A - 0,78Z + 13,1A2/3 + 0,585Z(Z - 1)A-1/3 + + 18,1(A - 2Z )2A-1 - A-1. (9)

8,9 , 8,6

9 8
4


16 12

24

C

O
20

Mg

7 6 8,3 5 8,0 4 3

He 9 Be

Ne

6

Li

3

H

7,7

2 1

7,4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260 A

0

10

20

30 A

. 1. 15 2 30 ( )

255 ()

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Z, :
2 aa Z 2 M = c - a c --------- + ---- ( A - 2 Z ) + --- . 1/3 A A A



67

(10)

65

, (10) . ( = 0) , ( = +1) , 2 / , . ( ) -, . . 2 (10) 28 Z 30 = 65. . , , . , . , 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 126 . . , (, ) (Z = 82). 208Pb 209Bi 126 . 298114 [1]. [7].
êÄëèÄÑ çÖëíÄÅàãúçõï üÑÖê

63 30 67Zn 61 29 65u

29 63u , n , 60,490 28 61Ni z E Z
65



,

Ge
+



10 60,485
65

o
- 65

Ga
+

60,480
65

5

Ni
- 65

: , , . : , , , . , . > 140, -

65

Cu 29



+

Zn 0 32

27

28

Z

30

31

. 2. 28 30 (). = 65.

. 65 u ( )

. , . .

58

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, , , , . , - , . , - , . [2], -, - -. , , .
è ÓÚÓÌÌfl Ë ,ÛiÔ ÓÚÓÌÌfl ËÓÍÚË,ÌÓÒÚå

. , , 165, 166, 167Ir, 171Au, 185Bi (, 16- 18 ). - .. [3]. (Z 50) Z. , , , ( (7)) () (Z ) () ((Z - 1) - 1). , , , , , . , , .
äÎÒÚ Ìfl ËÓÍÚË,ÌÓÒÚå

: . , , -, - . , - , . , . , , (7). , -, - , . , , (1/2 1 ). , (Z < 20) - . Z, , , , ,

1984 223 R 14. , - (14, 24N, 28Mg, 32Si), [4]. . . : -. . , . Qf , , ,

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. , ( ), , . , . 3. . , , 12 , . , , 1928 . -. Rh = r0 ( A
1/3

1 lg ( T 1 / 2 , )


223 230

lg ( T 1 / 2 , ) - 12,2 24,8 23,4 25,8 25,7 11,8 25,6 23,1 26,0 25,9 11,0 24,6 23,4 25,7 25,3 + + + + + 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,25 0,16

Ra Th 231 Pa 238 Pu 238 Pu

(14C) (24Ne) (24Ne) (28Mg) (32Si)

, . , - ( / 10-16). .
ëÔÓÌÚÌÌÓ ÂÎÂÌË flÂ Ë ÒÔÓÌÚÌÌÓ ÂÎflËÂÒfl ËÁÓÏ œ

+A

1/3 f

),

(11)

"" . T
1/2

2 = ln --------- P L , 2

(12)

P L L Q PL = exp (-QL ). (13) . 1 , -. .
V

0

A1 A
2

. 3. V

- . 1940 .. .. , . - . (. . 3), . . , , , . , , . , . , - . . , Z . , 238 U 1016 ,

60

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- 4,5 109 . , 106 - . -. Z 100 . . , 232Th , 1022 , 258Fm 300 10- 6 . P P exp [ -

V, 0 -2 -4 -6
290

110

4 2 0 -2 10 5 0 -5 -10 0 0,2 0,4 0,6

242

Pu

202

Pb



V ( ) M d ] ,

(14)

V - , - , - , . , . 1962 , [5]. . .. , . , , , . . 4 , . , Z 88 ( ) 0,25. , 0,6 . . , ( ). , , - - . 34 [6].

0,8

1,0

. 4. V .

ãàíÖêÄíìêÄ
1. .., - .., .. // . .: , 1986. 167 . 2. .. . .: , 1983. . 1: . 3. .., .., .., .. // . .: , 1972. 4. .. . - // . . . 1990. . 21, . 2. . 537. 5. .. // . .: , 1977. 6. .., .., .. // . .: , 1992. 7. Oganessian Yu.Ts. et al. // Nature.1999. 400. P. 242.

*** , - , - , . .. . - , , , . 200 , , , .

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