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Дата изменения: Fri Oct 5 09:12:28 2007
Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 22:00:30 2012
Кодировка:

e

-

e

c s

-

-

8g , , W , W , Z
+ -

u d

t b

-
0, 511

-

J =12

-

105, 7 1777

< 3

e

< 0,19 < 18, 2

, . . -- . , ,:

me c = 0.511 , m c = 105.7
2 2

m c = 1777
2

.

m e c < 3 , m c < 0.19
2 2

m c < 18.2
2

J = 1/2 .

1897 .

Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940)

1/2 J, mec2, 0.51099892±0.00000004 , -(1.60217653±0.00000014)·10-

19

, e /2mec 1.001159652187±0.000000000004 > 4.6·1026 , Le +1 L , L

0

1906 . - . . . .

me c , 0.51099892 ± 0.00000004 , -(1.60217653 ± 0.00000014) 10-19 J , 12 , e 2me c 1.001159652187 ± 0.000000000004
2

,
26

> 4.6 10 +1 0

Le
L , L

s -- . . , , , :

s,

e = 2me c
, :

1 , s= 2

e = s mc

.

1 sz = + 2

1 . sz = - 2

.

Willis Eugene Lamb

Polykarp Kusch

, -- , . 1953. . , 2s1/2 2p1/2 -- :

E

4 e4 = 3 c mc

2

u

( 0)

2

2 2c 2 ln 4 4 10-6 e

- ( ). :

e2 = 1 + = (1 + 1.15 10 2 c

-3

)

1955 . . . , . . . .

1932. .

Carl David Anderson (1905-1991)

, , . , .

1936 . .

1/2 J, mec2, 0.51099892±0.00000004 , (1.60217653±0.00000014)·10-19 , e /2mec 1.001159652187±0.000000000004 > 4.6·1026 , -1 Le

L , L

0

-- ( ) -- . 1928 . . , , , . , . , . . , ? . . .

e- e+ ?

1931. . -

n p + e +
-

e

E E
1

2

1956. . , . .

1953 1956 . , . +

+ pe +n

e + e 2
+ -

~10

n + Cd ( A) Cd ( A + 1)* Cd ( A + 1) + (3 - 5)

( p) = 10

-43

2

(1)
1956 . .

+ p e+ + n

.

(*)

. - - -, - , (*). 200 , (CdCl2+H2O). -, .

e + e 2
+ -

.

- (3 1200 ), . 100 . . ( n , ) . ~10 . . 3-5 . - 10 - .

(2)
, , .

+ pe +n
+

. , 200 , 567 , , 209 .

( p ) = 10
.

-43

2,

L t , (1956 - 1959 ..), 10-43 2.

n p + e- + e .

,

N ( x) = N (0) exp( - n x),

n -- . L , , L = 1/ n n = N A / A , N A -- , -- , A -- . = 1 /3, A(H 2 0) = 18 .

1 A 18 L= = = n N A 1 /3 в 6 1023 в 10 = 3 10
20

-43

2

=

= 3 1015 .

L 3 1015 t= = = 1010 320 , c 3 105 / (1 3,156 107 ).

J,

2

1/2 <3 0 < 10
-10

,

, , e /2mec / , / L
e

L, L

>7·109 ( ) >300 ( ) -1 0

,

ve ve ?

e + n p + e

-

(*)

, (*) . ,

e + n p + e

-

e + p n + e

+

(**)

((*) (**)) () 10-43 2. , , . 1946 . . : Cl 37Ar + - . (***) (*) , , 37Cl, , 37 Ar 35.04 . 37 Ar, (*).
+
37

37
37

ve ve
-

?

(***) , , 10-43 2. 4000 . 2 . 37 Ar . 37Ar . (***) . e + n p + e-

+ Cl Ar + e

e + n p + e- (

) < 0.2510-44 2,

45 , . , , .

e /

e

e
Le

.

e

Le ( e ) = +1, Le ( e ) = -1.

e + p n + e
Le L L

+

-1 0 0

0 0 0

p

u d u
e

0 -1 00 00

W

-

u d n d

e
-

+

e + n p + e
Le L L

-1 0 0

0 0 0

0 +1 00 00

e + n p + e
Le L L

-

+1 0 0

0 0 0

0 +1 00 0

0
u d p u e
+
-

n

u d d

W

-

e

e + p n + e
Le L L

+1 0 0

0 0 0

0 -1 00 00

, . , , - , . . h

h=

Sp Sp

.

( h = +1 ), -- ( h =-1).

S

h =-1, Le,

,

=+1

h = +1, Le,

,

= -1

, ( h =-1 ),

( h =+1 ). . , . . , . , . .

- - +
Le L L

0 0 0

0 +1 0
-

0 -1 0

+

u
d
+

W

-

-

+
Le L L

0 0 0
+

0 -1 0

0 +1 0

u
d

W

+

+

?

0 e + e

, . s 1/2, . s 1/2, . , , . e e J = s + s = 1 . , -

0 - 0,
J i = J , J f = s + s = 1

1937. , , , (Seth Neddermeyer, Carl Anderson, Jabez Street, and Edward Stevenson) , .

J, 1/2 2 105.6583692±0.0000094 , , e /2 1.0011659203±0.0000000007 , (2.19703±0.00004)·10-6 +1 L 0 Le, L

e + e +
- - + +

e + e +

e +e +
- -

Le L L

0 +1 0

-

+1 -1 0 0 0 +1 000
W
-

e-

-

e

e +
-

Le L L

0 +1 0

+1 0 0

0 0 0

.

, m c 105.68583692 ± 0.000094 , -(1.60217653 ± 0.00000014) 10 J , 12
-19

2

, e 2m c 1.0011659203 ± 0.0000000007

, (2.19703 ± 0.00004) 10-6 L = +1, Le = 0, L = 0 - - e

e + +
+ +

e + e +

, . 200 . . . 200 , 200 . . . . , ( ). ( 10-6 )

+, - - . + + - -

+

.

+

+ p +n - + n + p
+

+ p e + n - + n e + p
+

. .

(1)
, -, . , , , , -. : , -, , -? . , . . 1962 , , -, . , , , .. . 15 + - . + - . + --.

+
+ +

+
- -

(2)
l = 20 -. , , . 20 . , , 9 ~110 110 2.5 . ~1 . , . . ( ) . ~10 . , , -, , .

+ p + + n + n - + p + - + p e + n + n e + p

(*) (**)

(*) (**) , ( ) e ( e ) . Le L .

+ n + p
-

0 L +1 L 0
Le

0 0 0

0 +1 0

0 0 0

n

u d d

W

+

u d u

p
+

+ p + n
+

0 L +1
Le L

0 0 0

0 -1 0

0 0 0

0

J, 2 , , e /2mc /, / L L, L

1/2 < 0.19 0 < 6.8·10-10 > 15.4 +1 0

1962.

Melvin Schwarz

Jack Steinberger

Leon M. Lederman

.

+
+ - +

+
-

/

e

/

e

1988 . - . , . , . . .

- -

-
1975. -.

Martin L. Perl

- -

1995. - . . -

-
J, 2 , , e /2 , L Le, L 1/2 1776.99±0.28 1±0.06 (2.906±0.011)·10-13 +1 0

e + e +
- - - - -

17.84% 17.36% 63%

+ +

+

-

-

W

-

e (e ,u )
e ( , d)
- -

W - -, - . W - - , : · - , e , · - , , · d, u . d u , , W - - , - - .

- - ,

- e- +e +
Le L L

0 0 +1
-

+1 -1 0 000 0 0 +1

W
-

-

e-

-

e

+ +
Le L L

0 0 +1

000 +1 -1 0 0 0 +1

-

W
-

-

+ e+ + +e
Le L L

0 0 -1
+

-1

0 +1 000 0 -1 0

W
+

+

+ e
e

+

+ +e
Le L L

0 0 -1
+

0 0 -1 -1 +1 0 000
+

+ +e
Le L L

0 0 -1

0 +1 -1 +1 0 000
0

-
, , . e + + e- + + - , -, - + + - , . . -, .
- - 2.910
-13

- - - + - e +e + + +

(*)

- -, , . , (*), .

-
DONUT (Direct Observation of the NU Tau)
.

-
DONUT (Direct Observation of the NU Tau)

-

-

-, -

+ n + p
+

+ p + n

(*)

107 4 (*).

-
- 2000 . DONUT (Direct Observation of the NU Tau) :

+ n + p
-

(*)

+ p + n
+
DONUT , . - -, 1 . 107 4 (*).

-
- J, 2 , , e /2 L L, L 1/2 < 18.2 0 < 3.910-7 +1 0

e, , ?

, -.

L
e

L

L

e

-

e

e +

e -

+ + - -

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 +1 +1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +1 +1 -1 -1

+

-

+

, Le, L, L. , , , . . . Le, L, L , , , Le, L, L. .

Le, L, L
, Le, L, L . :
:

+ p e+ + n + n + p
-

- - +

- e- + e + - e- + e +
:

- - + +

e +
- - + -

+ p + n + n e + p
w( - - + )/w( - - + e + ) < 10
-11

,
-12

w( - - + - + + )/w( - - + e + ) < 10

,

w( - - + )/w( - ) < 310-6, w( - - + )/w( - ) < 10-6.