Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://chem.msu.ru/rus/teaching/shibajev-nauchpop/shibajev-soros-1996-11.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Mar 27 17:13:47 2012 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Sun Apr 10 17:46:35 2016 Êîäèðîâêà: Windows-1251

UNUSUAL CRYSTALS OR ENIGMATICAL LIQUIDS
V. P. SHIBAEV This article is a short introduction in chemistry and physics of liquid crystals, which combine anisotropic properties of solid crystals and fluidity of liquids. These seemingly conflicting qualities define the unusual physicochemical properties of liquid-crystalline (LC) compounds, which find the widest applications in development of a variety of electrooptical systems, as well as play an essential role in the biological processes. ëÚÚåfl ÔÂÒÚ,ÎflÂÚ ÒÓžÓÈ ,,ÂÂÌË , iËÏË Ë ÙËÁËÍÛ ÊËÍËi ÍËÒÚÎÎÓ,, ÒÓ~ÂÚËi ÌËÁÓÚÓÔ̜ Ò,ÓÈÒÚ, ÍËÒÚÎÎÓ, Ë ÚÂÍÛ~ÂÒÚå Óžœ~Ìœi ÊËÍÓÒÚÂÈ. ëÓÂËÌÂÌ̜ ,ÏÂÒÚÂ, ÚË, ÍÁÎÓÒå žœ, ÔÓÚË,ÓÂ~Ë,œÂ Í~ÂÒÚ, ÓÔÂÂÎflÚ ÌÂÓžœ~̜ Ò,ÓÈÒÚ, ÊËÍÓÍËÒÚÎÎË~ÂÒÍËi ÒÓÂËÌÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚӜ ?ËÓÍÓ ËÒÔÓÎåÁÛÂÚÒfl Îfl ÒÓÁÌËfl ÁÌÓÓžÁÌœi ÎÂÍÚÓÓÔÚË~ÂÒÍËi ÒËÒÚÂÏ, ÚÍÊ Ë,,Ú ÒÛÂÒÚ,ÂÌÌÛ ÓÎå , žËÓÎÓ,,Ë~ÂÒÍËi ÔÓ^ÂÒÒi.


Ç. è. òàÅÄÖÇ
åÓÒÍÓ,ÒÍËÈ ,,ÓÒÛÒÚ,ÂÌÌœÈ ÛÌË,ÂÒËÚÂÚ ËÏ. å.Ç. ãÓÏÓÌÓÒÓ,

ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ

¿ òËžÂ, Ç.è., 1996

" ", , , , , , . , , 1 , "" () , , , - -. , , (, , !) - , - , , , . - , "Notebooks", , -, . - , , . , . . , , , - , -, - . , ,
1 - (, , .) . .

òàÅÄÖÇ Ç.è. çÖéÅõóçõÖ äêàëíÄããõ

37


, . , , .
àëíéêàü éíäêõíàü ÜàÑäàï äêàëíÄããéÇ

, 1. - , . 20-30- . . -. , 85 . . , . . , .. .. 30- . 60- , . 60- , , , . , ( ) -, "" , , , .. , , : , , . "Molecular Crystals", "Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals". . 1986 - "Liquid Crystals", 1990 (International Liquid Crystal Society), "Liquid Crystals Today".
1 .

. , - (. 1). -

CH O C6H
5

3

CH

3

CH

3

CH

CH (CH2)3 CH CH

3

3

CO
T


T



120 130 140

180 190 200 T, œC

150

160

170

145œ

179œ

. 1. - , -.

(), 145œ, , , 179œ . , , (). , , . , , , , . , , . , (, ) (), . - , - - ( "" - ).

38

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <11, 1996


70-80- , - . , ?
åéãÖäìãüêçéÖ ëíêéÖçàÖ à ëíêìäíìêÄ ÜàÑäàï äêàëíÄããéÇ

, (, .) - , , -, - . . 1 - , () () ( "sanidis" - ). . 1, , (-CH=CH-, -CH=N-, -NH-CO- .). - ,

, , . , , - ( "" - ), , -

1. , () ()

CH3O

CH N

C4H

9

R RCO C O O O O O R C O O O

R R R R

R

CH3O

N+ N O
-

OCH3

C R

O

C OO CR

R R

CH3O

CH CH COOH

R = C nH C nH

2n + 1

, CnH

2n + 1

O , CnH

2n + 1

COO ,

2n + 1

COO

()

CH3(CH2)7CH CH(CH2)7COOK

CH O RCO

3

CH

3

CH CH
3

(CH2)3

CH CH CH

R
3

1

R

1

O NH C

R2 O C )p R2 O n = 7-11

( NH R
1

3

R

1

R1 = CH3(CH2)n O C R2 = CH3(CH2)n O

òàÅÄÖÇ Ç.è. çÖéÅõóçõÖ äêàëíÄããõ àãà áÄÉÄÑéóçõÖ ÜàÑäéëíà

39


( ) () .
íÂÏÓÚÓÔ̜ ÊËÍË ÍËÒÚÎÎÎœ

, , -: , . , ( ). . 2 - .
n z

P n

n

. 2. (-) () : - , - , - , - (n - ).

( ), ( ). , n (. 2, ). 2 () () () (. 2, ). , . (), ( ) , . , - - . , , , , , . , . , ; (1-2 . %) . . 2, , , . - , "" . , ( ) . , max : P=
max

/ n,

(1)

1 () . , ( ).
1

n - . . , , max
2

"" - . .

"" - . - , .

40

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <11, 1996


, - - , , . , ( ), , , 104-105 , . , , , . , . , "", - . . - (. 3, ), (, , ) "". ( "" - ). . , (. 3, ), - . , , (. 3, ). , ( , , .).
ãËÓÚÓÔ̜ ÊËÍË ÍËÒÚÎÎœ







. 3. (), ( ) () : - , - , - .

, , , . , . -

. , , . : "" () "" [CH3(CH2)n-]. , , , , , , , . (. 4, ) ,

òàÅÄÖÇ Ç.è. çÖéÅõóçõÖ äêàëíÄããõ àãà áÄÉÄÑéóçõÖ ÜàÑäéëíà

41


, , , (. 4, , ). , , : . , . , .

, , "" (, .), . , , , in vivo. , , , . . : " - , , ".
Äçàáéíêéèàü îàáàóÖëäàï ëÇéâëíÇ - éëçéÇçÄü éëéÅÖççéëíú ÜàÑäàï äêàëíÄããéÇ





2 1

, , , . S, .. 40- : 1 S = -- (3 cos2 - 1), 2 (2)

. 4. , : - , - , - ; - , (1 ) (2 ).

, , - . , -, , "" , , (. 4, ). , ,

- , n (. 2) ( ). , - S = 0, S = 1. 0 1. . , (n) (), : n|| = n|| - n || = || - , (3)

n|| , n || , - , (||) () . n -

42

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <11, 1996


, 0,3-0,4. , , n 0,01. , ÷, . , , :

÷ C6H
13

O

NN

CN

|| = 20,5; = 6,5; = +14,0 CH3O NN
+

C4H

9

÷ O- || = 5,08; = 5,34; = - 0,26
, , n , - T . ( ) "" ( , ), . - , -.
äÄä ìèêÄÇãüíú ÜàÑäàåà äêàëíÄããÄåà

. - (1,5-3 ) . , , ( ), , . , . n . .. , ( ) . , . 5, . , ( < 0), . ( > 0) (. 5, ).
6 54321

, . 5. , , (, ). , 5 50 ( ), , "" "" (. 5). ,





. 5. "" c () : - - -. 1 - , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 - , 6 - .

òàÅÄÖÇ Ç.è. çÖéÅõóçõÖ äêàëíÄããõ àãà áÄÉÄÑéóçõÖ ÜàÑäéëíà

43


. , - (. 5, ). , . -, . - , . , , - . , (. 6, , ). , , , , ( ). , - , -, (. 6, ). "" . , - (. . 5, 6, ). -

. ( ) , "" - , , (. . 6, ). , , . ( > 0) - , , , (. 6, ). , , , , , , . 6, , . , . , , (, ) , , , (. 6, ). -. (1,5-5 ), (1-10 ), , (,







. 6. - -: - , - , - - , .

44

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <11, 1996


), . - , , , - .
äÄä ìèêÄÇãüíú ïéãÖëíÖêàóÖëäéâ ëèàêÄãúû

, ) . , ( , ) , . - (1-2 ) , . , , , . , . , , . , , "" . , . , ( ). .
, 700 600 500

, , . (. . 2, ) . , , , , (1) . , "" 0,01-0,001œ, , . , , max (. 7). , . 7 - 0 , 1 , 2 3 - . , , , . , , , , "" . . , . , , ( , , ), ( ,

400 T 75,0
0 3

74,5 T T 2

T

75,5
1

T, œC

. 7. max - .

òàÅÄÖÇ Ç.è. çÖéÅõóçõÖ äêàëíÄããõ àãà áÄÉÄÑéóçõÖ ÜàÑäéëíà

45


áÄäãûóÖçàÖ

, , , . , , . , . , . , -, -, . , - , , -, (, , , ..). , - , -

.
êÖäéåÖçÑìÖåÄü ãàíÖêÄíìêÄ
1. .. . .: , 1980. 2. .., .. . .: , 1980. 3. .., .. . .: , 1982. (- ""; . 20). 4. .. . .: , 1983. 5. .. . .: , 1987. 6. .., .. / . .. . : , 1994.

*** , , . .. . , - . . (IUPAC). . 400 , , , 20 .

46

ëéêéëéÇëäàâ éÅêÄáéÇÄíÖãúçõâ ÜìêçÄã, <11, 1996