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XIII.
. . II­VI III­ V . d-. d-. Mn. . . . . . . ( -). . . . - (spin FET).

. , , , . , , XI. , (GMR), - , , -. ­ , GMR (. XI [1]). - ­ MRAM. - ­ , . - GMR . MRAM (DRAM) (. XIV [2]). - , Fe, Co Ni 40% [3]. , -. . , . , , , . (qubit-quantum bit) ­ () , . , , . . , , Fe, Co Ni -. - «» «». , - . , ,


, . , , - , - , , . 80- (), 35 [4]. [5]. . 35 26, . , . Cr- , Eu- and Mn- , . , < 100 . 3d- 4f ­ . : Cd1­xCoxSe, Ga1­xMnxAs, Pb1­xEuxTe, Si:Er. 1970- [6-8], Mn 26(Mn) . 1990- , - (), . , . A2B6 , , , , , Ga1­xMnxAs x 0.07 1020 ­3. 26, Mn [9,10], T 100 [11] , [12] [13,14] - (A2, Mn)B6 , . II­VI III­V . d-. [15]. : (1) , s p (2) , d- . .12.1 [D(0/+), ] [(0/-), ] (2)- , , II­VI III­V. [17,18]. . 12.1


. , , (, Sc CdSe), , . 13.1. d- (, Mn GaAs). , ( ) , ( ) () II­VI (b) III­V [16]. ( III . 3.3). d-. - sp d- . H = - JsS [7,8,19,20], J ­ (s) (S). , s- s-d Jsd 0.2 ( Sc CdS, ). , . p- d- . , .. , |Jpd| 1 [7,8,19, 20]. sp-d , . Mn. . , . Mn IIVI. , d- Mn sp3- , , . 13.1, , d5 () d6 () , , . .. Mn , (S =5/2 . 13.2. () 3d5- Mn2+ , . . 3.3). () , III-V-, () [16Dietl]. Mn ,


3d4 Mn3+, . 3.3, , . , , Mn d5+h. ( ) . . 13.2. () () () . (.%) Mn. Ga1­ xMnxAs ( ) [11], Zn1­xMnxTe:N ( )[14-10], p-Cd1­ xMnxTe ()[13,21], Zn1­ xMnxTe:N:P ( ) [22]. ­ [23] 3D 2D. ­ RKKY (Ruderman­Kittel­Kasuya­Yosida) [14]. , , . . 80% Mn (Ga, Mn)As [23] 100% TC (Cd, Mn)Te, [13,24]. , M/Msat . 13.3. (a) 5 K , (b) 25 K ( ) , ( ) M/Msat ~(TC ­ T)1/2 T (Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) TC 1 - M/Msat ~ T 5/2 T << [25, 26]. TC. , . . 13.3 (a) 5 K (b) 25 K ( ) ( ) (Ga, Mn)As/GaAs(001) . . , , . 13.4. (MCD-magnetic circular
Zn1­xCrxTe (x=0.20) [27.71Kar].


dichroism) , . 13.4 Zn1­xCrxTe (x=0.20). MCD (1 ) ( = 2.2 ). , [27]. . ­ , , , . , , N(EF), . = 100%. CrO2, . . , Fe3O4 , , , Zn, (Zn: ). () . d- , 3d , 3d . , 4s , , EF. , , 4s EF. , . , 4s- 2p- . 3d . 13.5. . . , . , ­ , , . , . : CrO2, Fe3O4, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Sr2FeMoO6.


. . 13.5 ( ) ( ) . EF ­ , Eµ ­ , - , sf

.13.6. . ­ , I ­ . Sc , h ­ .

. : (a) IA (, CrO2) (b) IB (, , Sr2FeMoO6) 3d , , , . (c) II I, . , , , . (, Fe3O4). IIB I II . (n+ n) . .13.7. -. () , , . (b) , (n- n) dN/dE, . , n n . () - , , . . =0. (d) III . IIIA (, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3). (a)


t2g eg . 3d-. . . 13.6 P = {N(EF) - N(EF)}/ {N(EF) + N(EF)}, (13.1) N,(EF) ­ . - , - . , . (13.2) P = {N(EF)w -N(EF)w}/{N(EF)w +N(EF)w}, . - , (, ). , 5-10 , . . , , Al2O3 SrTiO3. . MR = (Rp ­Rap)/Rap, (13.4) Rp Rap ­ . , . , (JulliÕre): (13.5) MR = 2P2/ (1+ P2) MR [28]. MR ­ , . . . , . , . ( -). [29]. , . .


. . 13.7. . , (13.6) = [(4 -2 ) - (1 -3 )] / [4 -2 ) + (1 -3 )], ­ . . , . ­ . 13.8. () (V)/n . , 2, . (b) Pb/CrO2 P = 98.4%. (),(d) ­ . . . , =0 , =1 [30]. , , .12.8. (0) n, (0)/ n = 2(1-P). (13.7) , , , . . , . , , . ­ , . . 13.9. . 13.10 . , , . ­ ~ 200 1100 [31-33]. , (NiMnSb, PtMnSb) (Co2MnSi, Co2MnGe, Co2MnSn, Fe2MnSi) 100% ,


. [34,35,36-39].

. 13.9. .

.13.10. .

13.1. Ga1­xAlxAs or InAs. Ni2MnA Ni2MnGa Ni2MnG Ni2MnIn1 Ni2MnIn Co2NiG Co2MnGa l e .7 a TC (K) 350 340 320 290 170 670 690

() 2010 [40]. , , . ­ - (spin FET) [41]. ­ , , . FET , . , , , , . , -


(spin-RTDs) [42-47], - [48,49], - (spinLEDs) [50], [51], . , . [52,53] >100 [54,55], , GaAs. [45,48,49] [43,50,52,56-58] , . . - (spin-LED) .13.11 [50]. - , , AlGaAs/GaAs(001). .13.11. () - . EL ­ , QW ­ , (b) , - . 400, 300 200 . . , , , Pcirc, - , Pspin [59,60]. QW-GaAs, Pspin = Pcirc, GaAs, Pspin = 2Pcirc. .. , . - (): , -.

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