Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://geonew.phys.msu.ru/junior_students/course_quot_fundamentals_of_geophysics_and_ecology_quot/2011%20Lecture%2002.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Mar 20 21:33:41 2012 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Sat Feb 2 21:42:41 2013 Êîäèðîâêà:

q q q q


?

5-70

. .
?


1. U, Th, 40K, 26Al, 60Fe 2. 3. 4. 5. ( )




Q = W1 - W2
= 5518 /3

PREM (Preliminary Reference Earth Model)




dW = -G
2

M dM r

dr

r
(r )

dM = 4r (r )dr

^ 2(r )dr M = 4r ^ ^
0

r


^2 W = -16 G r 00 4 3 = M R 3 16 2 2 5 W = -G R = 15
R r 2

^^ (r )dr r (r )dr

= const f (r )
- 3 GM 5R
2

= -A

4 A = G 3
1/ 3

1/ 3

3 5

M

5/3




^2 ^ ^ W = -16 G r (r )dr r (r )dr 00
R r 2

W1 = -2.24 10 ( = const )
32

W2 = -2.55 10 (PREM )
32

Q = W1 - W2 = 0.31 10
32






~

R

2

6 371 000



3 10
12

5 10 / c
2

-7

[2/]

9 !!! 4.6·10

R = 270





1 ...
1. - 2.


2 ( )
4 . . H2O, CO2 . (H2S, CO, H2, N2, CH4, NH3, HF, HCl, Ar) q O2 q ,


2 ( )
4 . . H2O, CO2 . (H2S, CO, H2, N2, CH4, NH3, HF, HCl, Ar)

«-2» ( )
(. L) : H2, N2, CH4, CO, H2O, etc.


2 ( )

«» :
H2O - , , ... CO2 - N2 - , , 2 - 1.5 . , : ( ),


3





­ ,

v

K2

= 2GM / R 2gR 11.2 / c



v = 2kT / m


T = 300 K v v
H N
2

2

1.5 / c < 11.2 / 0.5 / c


v

K2


«Standard Atmosphere»


«Standard Atmosphere»

: «» =>


· ­ · ­ .



(!)

v << v

K2



kT m

<<

GM R

***







~5 ·1018 ~6 ·1024

90% 16.3 99% 32.2 6371


«Standard Atmosphere»


p = p0e

-z / H

H 8




% 78.11 20.957 0.937

% CO2 0 ­7 0.01 ­ 0.1 0 ­ 0.01



N2 28.016 O2 31.9986 Ar 39.942 Ne 20.182 He 4.003 Kr 83.80 Xe 131.3 H2 2.016 CH4 18.043 N2O 44.015 %



78.110 20.957 0.937 0.001818 0.000524 0.000114 0.0000087 0.00005 0.0002 0.00005



% H2O 18.005 0­7 O2 44.009 0.01 ­ 0.1 - 0.032 O3 47.998 0 ­ 0.01 SO2 64.064 0 ­ 0.0001 NO2 46.007 0 ­ 0.000002








«Standard Atmosphere»


. tropos ­ ,




q ~6.5 K/ q : Tmin= - 62oC, : Tmin= - 45oC q , q , , , q 7-8 15-16




, ( 1899 )




. stratum ­ ,




q ~50 q q




q ~50 , q 0oC




. esos ­ ,




q 50 80 q




~ 80




q 1000oC q




«Standard Atmosphere»
,










:
· · · ·


()
1. , 2. 3. ( : 647.3, 22.12)
, : .


q ( ) 4 . q () 3 . q ( 250 . ) q 71% (361 ..)



1.E+00

1.E+01



1 370 323 59 000 26 0 00 3 5 00 2 50

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E-01



2 50 50 6 1 13

, .
3






, 0-200 200-3000 3000-4000 4000-6000 2500-4000 >6000 ~0.005 ~0.1 0.002 (.) ~0.01-0.1 ~0.001-0.01

, -



:

H1, H2, H3, H

4 19

O15, O16, O17, O18, O




, H12O16 H12O18 H12O17 H1H2O16 H1H2O18 H1H2O17 H22O16 H22O18 H22O17 % 99.73 0.20 0.04 0.02 0.00006 0.00001 0.000003 0.000000006 0.000000001

800 .




s=

m m




+m

[



]

­ ,
1 , , , (Br, I) , 480
m , , .. (, )




*** (, ), , .

m , , .. (, )
:
35 0.5
~ 4.9·1019 ~ 150


(% )

( ) 0.3%

1 3·10-10


()


150W




-