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Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 5
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University

September 3rd, 2010

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Origin of organs and tissues
Increasing of biomass competition 3D growth increasing of weight Support tissues further increasing of weight ? Camb?? m iu
?? ?? ?? ?? Li g @A

Life on thejair j jj j jjjj jjjj tjjjj

and TTnder the sun u TT

TTTT TTTT TTTT T* oo ooo ooo wooo

drying O OOO O

OOO '

Anabiosis
ED

Poikilohydricity My

water abs? btion o ?? ?? ? Absorbin cor? iza h ?? tssues i ?? ? Vascular /

Epidermis wit cuticlOOO h e

OOO OO'

transpiration Stomata

g

tissues

Homoiohydricity

ni n Root system
/

Big height

separation from gametophyte Seed
Shipunov BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Outline

1

Meristems Vascular tissues Xylem Phloem Other tissues Periderm

2

3

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Outline

1

Meristems Vascular tissues Xylem Phloem Other tissues Periderm

2

3

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Outline

1

Meristems Vascular tissues Xylem Phloem Other tissues Periderm

2

3

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Apical meristems

Centers of plant development Locate on the very ends of roots (RAM) and shoots (SAM) Produce intermediate primary meristems which form all primar y tissues

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

SAM

Coleus sp. stem apical meristem (LM в100)
Shipunov BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

RAM

Corn (Zea mays) root apical meristem ( c D. Webb)
Shipunov BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Lateral meristem: Cambium

Originates from procambium which in turn originates from apical meristems Usually arises within vessel bundle or vessel cylinder, right between two vascular tissues Main function: produces secondary vascular tissues

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Primary and secondary tissues

Primar y tissues originate from stem or root apex through primar y meristems Secondar y tissues originate from lateral meristems

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Xylem
Occurs in vascular bundles or vascular cylinder Types of cells: tracheary elements (tracheids and vessel members), fibers, and parenchyma Tracheids have pits; vessel members have perforations; all of them are dead cells Primar y xylem has mostly tracheids and vessels with scalariform perforations; secondary xylem has mostly vessels with open perforations Xylem elements (except parenchyma) are rich of lignin and are main components of wood Main functions: water transpor t and mechanical suppor t

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Tracheids vs. Vessel members

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BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Tracheids

Pine (Pinus sp.) tracheids with pits
Shipunov BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Vessels

Ash (Fraxinus americana) secondary xylem with vessels (LM в26)
Shipunov BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Perforations

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BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Scalariform perforations

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Phloem

Usually occurs adjacent to a xylem Types of cells: sieve tube cells, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma Sieve tube cells have plastids and sieve plates between cells but no nuclei, companion cells have nuclei Secondar y phloem usually has more fibers than primary phloem Main functions: sugar transpor t and mechanical suppor t

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Cells of phloem 1

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BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Cells of phloem 2

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BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Sieve plates 1

Cross-section (TEM)
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Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Sieve plates 2

Frontal view (LM)
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Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Sieve plates 3

Sieve plate, a pore in the end wall of a sieve-tube member, through which phloem sap flows (SEM в4800)
Shipunov BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Primary vascular tissues

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Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Secondary vascular tissues

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BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Xylem Phloem

Xylem vs. Phloem

Dead vs. live cells Water vs. sugar Up vs. down Big biomass vs. small biomass

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Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Periderm

Periderm 1

Secondar y dermal tissue Arises inside the stem ground tissue, closer to surface (cor tex) Complex tissue: includes phellem, cork cambium, and phelloderm* Old periderm includes some other tissues and becomes a cork Cells of phellem are dead cells rich of suberin Main function is defense

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Periderm

Periderm 2

Structure of periderm
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Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Periderm

Summary 1

Apical meristems are primary centers of plant development Secondary tissues originate from lateral meristems (i.e., cambium) Periderm is a secondary complex tissue, old periderm become a cork Xylem transpor ts water, consists of dead cells Phloem transpor t sugars, consists of live cells

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BIOL 154.5

Meristems Vascular tissues Other tissues

Periderm

Summary 2

Simple and primary tissues: ...* Simple and secondary tissues: ...* Complex and primary tissues: ...* Complex and secondary tissues: ...*

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BIOL 154.5

Appendix

For Fur ther Reading

For Fur ther Reading

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy. Plant Biology. 2nd edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006. Chapters 4.24.3.

Shipunov

BIOL 154.5