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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 8
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University

September 12th, 2010

Shipunov

BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Monday test (5 points)

1

Differences between xylem and phloem (> 1)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Monday test (5 points)

2

Example of absorbtion tissue (> 0)

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BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Monday test (5 points)

3

What is protoderm?

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BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Monday test (5 points)

4

What is ataktostele?

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Monday test (5 points)

5

Components of bark (> 1)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Outline

1

Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

2

3

Shipunov

BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Outline

1

Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

2

3

Shipunov

BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Outline

1

Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

2

3

Shipunov

BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Two taxonomic terms

"Gymnosperms" All seed plants except angiosperms = Spermatophyta - Magnoliopsida "Dicots" All angiosperms except monocots = Magnoliopsida - Liliidae

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Conifer wood

Simpler structure, few cell types Simple rays Sometimes have resin ducts; resin secreted by epithelial cells

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) wood (not a conifer, but gymnosperm)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Resin duct in pine wood ( c BSA)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Monocot "wood"

Most of monocots do not have lateral meristems and therefore have no true wood Palms have only primary tissues; their trunk widens from bottom to top Some monocots (dragon trees) have anomalous secondary growth

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Cross section of palm (Phoenix canariensis) trunk

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Dragon tree (Dracaena draco)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Anomalous secondary growth in Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Types of plant body

Thallous (flat, with non-differentiated organs) Shoot body (roots are absent) Bipolar body (root and shoot systems)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Organs of bipolar plant

Leaf: flat lateral organ with restricted growth Stem: axial aerial organ with continuous growth Root: soil organ modified for absorption Floral unit (FU): stable element of generative system

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Pseudo-organs

Hypocotyl : transition between stem and root Epicotyl : first internode of plant Bud : shoot "embryo" Fruit : temporar y structure, ripe FU Seed : chimeric structure, has two or three genotypes

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Hypocotyl and epicotyl

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Organ systems

Vegetative shoot system Generative shoot system Root system

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Organs vs. organ systems

...

Leaf Stem Root FU

Vegetative shoot system + + ± -

Generative shoot system + + ± +

Root system

- ± + ±

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Components of vegetative shoot system

1 2 3 4

Main and secondary shoots Terminal and axillary (lateral) buds Nodes and internodes Leaves

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Components of shoot

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Winter shoot

1 2 3

Vegetative, flower, and mixed buds Leaf and bud scars Leaf traces

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Winter shoot of maple (Acer platanoides)

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Types of branching

Monopodial: buds do not degrade, all shoots continue to grow Sympodial: terminal buds degrade, the lateral shoot closest to terminal bud becomes terminal shoot

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BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Monopodial (left) and sympodial branching

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Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Arrangement of leaves

One leaf per node: spiral arrangement Two leaves per node: opposite arrangement > 2 leaves per node: whorled arrangement

Shipunov

BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Spiral arrangement

Multiple types of leaf spiral leaf arrangement mostly follow Fibonacci rule Formulas of leaf arrangements is very similar to Finobacci 5 fractions: 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 13 , et cetera* 2358 Numerator is number of spiral circulations, denominator is number of leaves

Shipunov

BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Formulas of spiral arrangement

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BIOL 154.8


Wood Plant body Morphology of shoot

Components of shoot Branching Arrangement of leaves

Summary

Conifers have the simpler structure of wood Monocots usually do not have true wood, but some of them have anomalous secondary growth It is possible to divide plant body to different organs and/or organ systems Bud, fruit and seed are pseudo-organs Sympodial branching is evolutionary more advanced than monopodial Spiral arrangement of leaves follows Fibonacci rule

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Appendix

For Fur ther Reading

For Fur ther Reading

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy. Plant Biology. 2nd edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006. Chapter 5.

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BIOL 154.8