Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/biol_240/en/visual_statistics.out Дата изменения: Fri Apr 8 04:10:51 2016 Дата индексирования: Sun Apr 10 19:42:47 2016 Кодировка:

\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter*.2}{Foreword}{}% 1
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.1}{The Data}{}% 2
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.1}{Origin of the data}{chapter.1}% 3
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.2}{Population and sample}{chapter.1}% 4
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.3}{How to obtain the data}{chapter.1}% 5
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.4}{What to find in the data}{chapter.1}% 6
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.4.1}{Why we need the data analysis}{section.1.4}% 7
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.4.2}{What data analysis can do}{section.1.4}% 8
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.5}{Answers to exercises}{chapter.1}% 9
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.2}{How to process the data}{}% 10
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.1}{General purpose software}{chapter.2}% 11
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.2}{Statistical software}{chapter.2}% 12
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.2.1}{Graphical systems}{section.2.2}% 13
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.2.2}{Statistical environments}{section.2.2}% 14
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.3}{The very short history of the S and R}{chapter.2}% 15
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.4}{Use, advantages and disadvantages of the R}{chapter.2}% 16
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.5}{How to download and install R}{chapter.2}% 17
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.6}{How to start with R}{chapter.2}% 18
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.1}{Launching R}{section.2.6}% 19
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.2}{First steps}{section.2.6}% 20
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.7}{R and data: the view from outside}{chapter.2}% 21
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.7.1}{R as the overgrown calculator}{section.2.7}% 22
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.7.2}{How to load the data}{section.2.7}% 23
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.7.3}{How to save the results}{section.2.7}% 24
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.7.4}{Graphics}{section.2.7}% 25
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.7.5}{Graphical devices}{section.2.7}% 26
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.7.6}{Graphical options}{section.2.7}% 27
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.7.7}{Interactive graphics}{section.2.7}% 28
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.8}{Answers to exercises}{chapter.2}% 29
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.3}{Types of data}{}% 30
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.1}{Degrees, hour and kilometers: measurement data}{chapter.3}% 31
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.2}{Grades: ranked data}{chapter.3}% 32
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.3}{Red, Yellow, Green: nominal data}{chapter.3}% 33
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.4}{Fractions, counts and ranks: secondary data}{chapter.3}% 34
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.5}{Missing data}{chapter.3}% 35
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.6}{Outliers, and how to find them}{chapter.3}% 36
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.7}{Changing data: basics of transformations}{chapter.3}% 37
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.8}{Inside R: Matrices, lists and data frames}{chapter.3}% 38
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.8.1}{Matrices}{section.3.8}% 39
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.8.2}{Lists}{section.3.8}% 40
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.8.3}{Data frames}{section.3.8}% 41
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.8.4}{How to convert vectors, matrices, lists and data frames}{section.3.8}% 42
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.9}{Answers to exercises}{chapter.3}% 43
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.4}{One-dimensional data}{}% 44
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.1}{How to estimate general tendencies}{chapter.4}% 45
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.2}{Bad data}{chapter.4}% 46
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.3}{One-dimensional statistical tests}{chapter.4}% 47
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.4}{How to create your own functions}{chapter.4}% 48
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.5}{Are the percentages always accurate?}{chapter.4}% 49
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.6}{Answers to exercises}{chapter.4}% 50
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.5}{Analysis of relationships: Two-dimensional data}{}% 51
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.1}{What is a statistical test?}{chapter.5}% 52
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.1.1}{Statistical hypotheses}{section.5.1}% 53
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.1.2}{Statistical errors}{section.5.1}% 54
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.2}{Is there a difference? Comparing two samples}{chapter.5}% 55
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.3}{Effect sizes}{chapter.5}% 56
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.4}{Is there an association? Analysis of tables}{chapter.5}% 57
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.5}{Analysis of correlations}{chapter.5}% 58
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.6}{Analysis of regression}{chapter.5}% 59
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.6.1}{Analysis of covariation}{section.5.6}% 60
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.7}{Probability of the success: logistic regression}{chapter.5}% 61
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.8}{If there are more than two samples: ANOVA}{chapter.5}% 62
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.9}{Answers to exercises}{chapter.5}% 63
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.6}{Analysis of structure: Data mining}{}% 64
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.1}{Drawing the multivariate data}{chapter.6}% 65
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.1.1}{3D scatterplots}{section.6.1}% 66
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.1.2}{Pictographs}{section.6.1}% 67
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.2}{The shadows of multidimensional clouds: principal component analysis}{chapter.6}% 68
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.3}{Classification without learning: cluster analysis}{chapter.6}% 69
\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.1}{Correspondence analysis}{section.6.3}% 70
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.4}{Classification with learning: discriminant analysis}{chapter.6}% 71
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.5}{Answers to exercises}{chapter.6}% 72
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.7}{Statistical workflow}{}% 73
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.1}{Preliminary processing of the data}{chapter.7}% 74
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.2}{Finding the correct method of data analysis}{chapter.7}% 75
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.3}{The report}{chapter.7}% 76
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{appendix.A}{Example of R session}{}% 77
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.A.1}{Starting...}{appendix.A}% 78
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.A.2}{Describing...}{appendix.A}% 79
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.A.3}{Plotting...}{appendix.A}% 80
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.A.4}{Testing...}{appendix.A}% 81
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.A.5}{Finishing...}{appendix.A}% 82
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{appendix.B}{R fragments}{}% 83
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.B.1}{R and databases}{appendix.B}% 84
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.B.2}{R and time}{appendix.B}% 85
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.B.3}{R and bootstrap}{appendix.B}% 86
\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.B.4}{Answers to exercises}{appendix.B}% 87
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{appendix.C}{Essential R commands}{}% 88
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{appendix.D}{The short R glossary}{}% 89
\BOOKMARK [0][-]{appendix*.3}{References}{}% 90