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Arachis hypogaea
The Peanut

By: Joshua Glaser


General
· The peanut is a species in the legume family (Fabaceae). · Its annual herbaceous plant that grow 30cm to 40cm · The peanut was first domesticated in the valley of Peru · Peanut is also known by local names as earth nuts, ground nuts, goober peas, monkey nuts, pygmy nuts, and pig nuts


History
· The domesticated peanut is a amphidiploid, or allotetraploid which has two sets of chromosomes. · A. duranensis and A. ipaensis are thought to be the two species that combined to form the wild tetraploid species A. monticola. · A. monticola gave rise to the domesticated peanut


History II
· The domestication might have taken place in Paraguay or Bolivia, which is where the wildest strains grow today · Archeoligist have dated the oldest speciman to be 7,600 years old, which was found in Peru. · The plant spread world wide by European traders


Cultivation
· Flowers are self pollinated · The entire plant is removed including roots during harvesting · the pods ripen 120-150 days after seeds are planted · Grow best in light sandy soil



Cultivars
· There is thousands of peanut cultivars grown but there is only 4 main groups. · There is the Spanish, Runner, Virginia, and Valencia. There is also the Tennessee red and white groups. · They use different ones because each one has a different size, shape, oil content, flavor, and disease resistance.


Spanish
· Spanish types are grown is South Africa. · Spanish peanuts have a higher oil content than other peanuts. · In the United States they are grown mainly in Oklahoma and Texas. · The Spanish peanut is used for peanut candy, salted peanuts, and peanut butter.


Runner
· Since the 1940's there has been a shift to the Runner Peanut in the U.S. · The Runner has good flavor, better roasting characteristics, and higher yield. · Most Runner peanuts are used to make peanut butter.


Virginia
· The Virginia group are cultivated in 7 States. · They are increasingly popular because of there large size. · This makes them good for roasting in the shell. · The Virginia is marketed normally in its shell.


Valencia
· The Virginia groups have red stems and large foliages. · These have the best flavor and most preferred for boiling types. · These types are 3 seeded with smooth seeds and no constriction between the seeds. · Also marketed mostly in the shell.


Flour
· Peanut flour is lower in fat the peanut butter. · Popular chefs use peanut flower because of its high protein content and enhanced flavor. · Its also used as a gluten free substitute


Nutrition
· Peanuts are used to help fight malnutrition because of there high protein and energy content. · Peanuts provide over 30 essential nutrients and phytonutrients. · They contain 25% protein which is higher than any other true nut.


Health
· Research has shown that in peanuts they have found antioxidants and other chemicals that may provide health benefits. · Roasted peanuts have more antioxidants the blackberries and strawberries and have more than carrots or beets. · Roasting can actually increase p-coumaric acid levels


Allergies
· 1-2% of the U.S. population have mild to severe allergic reactions to peanuts. · A study has shown that about 23% of children will out grow there peanut allergy. · A hypothesis to why there is such a high allergy content is because of how the peanuts are processed. · Roasted peanuts are the main cause.


Producers/Trade
· Major producers/exporters of peanuts are United States, Argentina, Sudan, Senegal, and Brazil · However, China and India are the biggest producers. They use their peanuts mainly for peanut oil. · 50% of what U.S. produces is done with in a 100 mile radius of Dothan, Alabama