Olga Y. Khomutova
The Merchant Class of Kaluga in the first half of the 19th century: Sources of Formation and the Structure of Trade Operations,
in: Ekonomicheskaja istorija. Ezhegodnik (Economic Hystory. Yearbook). 2002, Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2003, p.111-154.

Summary
The author studies the development and activities of Kaluga merchants at the end of the 18th century - first half of the 19th century. Changes in the social structure and the economic status of Kaluga merchants are compared with the processes occurring in other provinces in the central part of Russia. Having a powerful starting position, Kaluga merchants were unable to maintain their status on the domestic and foreign markets. Thus the history of business in Kaluga represents a regressive model of economic development at the end of the 18th century - first half of the 19th century.

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