Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://sp.cs.msu.ru/proseminar/2013/serebr.2013.04.12.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Apr 16 20:35:20 2013 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Thu Feb 27 23:01:35 2014 Êîäèðîâêà:

Linked Open Data
World Wide Web , . Web Web . Linked Data , ,

Web,
Web , ­ Web .

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The Classic Web
We b Browsers Search Engines

H T ML hyperlinks

H T ML

H T ML

: 1. URLs HTML 2.

A

B

C

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Linked Data
1. Web, 2. .
RDF RDF RDF link RDF RDF RDF links RDF RDF RDF links RDF RDF RDF links RDF RDF

A

B

C

D

E

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Applications
?
Linked Data Browsers Linked Data Mashups Search Engines

Thing
Thing

Thing
Thing

Thing
Thing

Thing
Thing

Thing
Thing

typed links

typed links

typed links

typed links

A

B

C

D

E

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Linked Open Data
Linked Data . - - « ». :

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· URI ,

. ,
, , , , . · HTTP URI, , URI HTTP .

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Web - Resource Description Framework (RDF), , . RDF URIs , . , , . Web, , , , .



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LOD
· . LOD RDF , . , , RDF . , . · . LOD HTTP. . , Web APIs .

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LOD
· . URI , LOD . LOD . - . LOD , , , .

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RDF


Resource Description Framework (RDF) . , Web. RDF , Web .

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RDF
1. , .
2. , . 3. , . 4. , , ­

{ (), (), ()},
­ ( ), ­ ( ) ­ , ( ).
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Subject (Resource) Predicate (Property) Object (literal)
http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila

Creator "Ora Lassila"

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The individual whose name is Ora Lassila, email , is the creator of http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila.

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The individual referred to by employee id 85740 is named Ora Lassila and has the email address lassila@w3.org. The resource http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila was created by this individual.

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RDF Schema:






RDF , . RDF Schema: () ; , ( ).

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RDF Schema:




RDF schema , , , . . - RDF Schema (type system) RDF .

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RDF Schema
(, , , subject, , ..), (kinds) (, Web , , ..). . , (rdfs:Class rdfs:subClassOf), . , RDFS , , RDF schema , . (domain and range) .

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Range Domain



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RDFS




. , . 2 , , .




RDFS 1.0
«». ( domain, range) , . , domain, .









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RDF
: · , · , (, , , ) · , (, ) · , (, , , ) · , (.. , , , ) · , .

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RDF
· HTTP URI, , RDF . · URI RDF . , RDF -, RDF . · RDF .

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(1)
" ­ . " [Tom Gruber, 1992.] , , ( )

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(2)
. , .

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(3)
­ , , , , . , , . .

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:
, KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format). Ontolingua, Loom, Frame-Logic , , . Web .

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Web
XML Web, , XML, . , XML, .. XML.

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OWL - Web Ontology Language

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OWL - RDF Schema:

Class equivalentProperty sameIndividualAs ...

OWL

subClassOf resource ID ...

OWL elements and attributes (i.e., OWL Vocabulary)
RDF Schema

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Protege

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Description Logic
Description Logics (DL) ­ . DL : TBox the ABox. Tbox , . Abox , . , Tbox ( ) ( ), , Abox (). . ,.. . .

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SPARQL Introduction


RDF ­ flexible and extensible way to represent information about WWW resources SPARQL - query language for getting information from RDF graphs. It provides facilities to:


extract information in the form of URIs, blank nodes, plain and typed literals. extract RDF subgraphs. construct new RDF graphs based on information in the queried graphs



matching graph patterns variables ­ global scope; indicated by `?` or `$` query terms ­ based on Turtle syntax Turtle (Terse RDF Triple terms delimited by "<>" are relative URI references data description format - Turtle

Language) is a serialization format for Resource Description Framework (RDF) graphs.



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Graph Patterns
Basic Graph Pattern ­ set of Triple Patterns Group Pattern - a set of graph patterns must all match Value Constraints - restrict RDF terms in a solution Optional Graph Patterns .- additional patterns may extend the solution Alternative Graph Pattern ­ two or more possible patterns are tried Patterns on Named Graphs - patterns are matched against named graphs

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Basic Graph Pattern - Multiple Matches
Data @prefix foaf: . _:a foaf:name "Johnny Lee Outlaw" . _:a foaf:mbox . _:b foaf:name "Peter Goodguy" . _:b foaf:mbox . PREFIX foaf: SELECT ?name ?mbox WHERE { ?x foaf:name ?name . ?x foaf:mbox ?mbox } Qu e ry Group Graph Pattern (set of graph patterns) also!

name "Johnny Lee Outlaw" "Peter Goodguy"

mbox



Query Result

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Basic Graph Pattern - Blank Nodes
Data

@prefix foaf: . _:a foaf:name "Alice" . _:b foaf:name "Bob" .
Qu e ry

PREFIX foaf: SELECT ?x ?name WHERE { ?x foaf:name ?name } x
Query Result

name "Alice" "Bob"
57

_:c _:d

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Value Constraints
Data @prefix dc: . @prefix : . @prefix ns: . :book1 dc:title "SPARQL Tutorial" . :book1 ns:price 42 . :book2 dc:title "The Semantic Web" . :book2 ns:price 23 . PREFIX dc: PREFIX ns: SELECT ?title ?price WHERE { ?x ns:price ?price . FILTER ?price < 30 . ?x dc:title ?title . }
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Qu e ry

Query Result

title "The Semantic Web"

price 23


Optional graph patterns
Data @prefix dc: @prefix : . @prefix ns: . :book1 dc:title "SPARQL Tutorial" . :book1 ns:price 42 . :book2 dc:title "The Semantic Web" . :book2 ns:price 23 . PREFIX PREFIX SELECT WHERE dc: ns: ?title ?price { ?x dc:title ?title . OPTIONAL { ?x ns:price ?price . FILTER ?price < 30 }} Query Result Qu e ry

title "SPARQL Tutorial"

price

"The Semantic Web" 23
59

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LOD

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Linked Data Publishing Options and Workflows

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LOD

W3C: HTTP, URI, RDF, RDFS - OWL, SPARQL - RDF.

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LOD












RDF (Extraction); RDF (Storage/Querying); (Manual Revision/Authoring); (Interlinking/Fusing); (Classification/Enrichment); (Quality Analysis); (Search/Browsing/Exploration).

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RDB2RDF W3C








2009 RDB2RDF W3C Working Group, " RDF OWL". , D2RServer 2002 , .. . RDB-to-RDF () (mapping languages). , W3C ( mapping language).
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LOD
Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) ­ . D2R Server ­ Semantic Web. DBpedia Extraction ­ RDF. DL-Learner ­ OWL . MonetDB ­ , , XML RDF . PoolParty ­ , SKOS. SemMF ­ , RDF . Sig.ma ­ , Linked Data . Silk Framework ­ , RDF , , , . Sindice ­ , , Linked Data . Sparallax ­ SPARQL - . Triplify ­ «» -, RDF, JSON . OpenLink Virtuoso ­ , , , . WIQA ­ .

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VIRTUOSO UNIVERSAL SERVER
Virtuoso Universal Server : · · RDF · XML · · ·- · Linked Data · - · - (SOAP REST)

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The Silk Link Discovery Framework
SILK is a tool for discovering relationships between data items within different Linked Data sources. Silk is provided in three different variants which address different use cases: · Silk Single Machine is used to generate RDF links on a single machine. The datasets that should be interlinked can either reside on the same machine or on remote machines which are accessed via the SPARQL protocol. Silk Single Machine provides multithreading and caching. In addition, the performance can be further enhanced using an optional blocking feature. · Silk MapReduce is used to generate RDF links between data sets using a cluster of multiple machines. Silk MapReduce is based on Hadoop and can for instance be run on Amazon Elastic MapReduce. Silk MapReduce enables Silk to scale out to very big datasets by distributing the link generation to multiple machines. · Silk Server can be used as an identity resolution component within applications that consume Linked Data from the Web. Silk Server provides an HTTP API for matching instances from an incoming stream of RDF data while keeping track of known entities. It can be used for instance together with a Linked Data crawler to populate a local duplicate -free cache with data from the Web.
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LIMES,

the Link DIscovery FraMework for MEtric Spaces

LIMES, is a framework for discovering links between entities contained in Linked Data sources. LIMES utilizes the mathematical characteristics of metrics to compute pessimistic approximations of the similarity of instances. These approximations are then used to filter out a large amount of those instance pairs that do not suffice the mapping conditions. By these means, LIMES can reduce the number of comparisons needed during the mapping process by orders of magnitude. Analogous to Silk, LIMES generates links based on XML -based configuration files. In general, LIMES can be used to set links between two data sources, e.g., a novel data source created by a data publisher and existing data source such as DBpedia. This functionality can also be used to detect duplicates within one data source for knowledge curation. LIMES is available in two different variants: · as a standalone Java tool for carrying out link discovery on a local server (faster). In this case, LIMES must be configured via an XML file, · via the easily configurable web interface of the LIMES Linking Service (results can be downloaded as nt-files).

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D2R Server

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D2R Server LOD
, : D2R Server D2RQ . · , RDF · RDF . · RDF LOD (, FOAF ) , . · CKAN LOD .

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Linked Data Browsers
Tabulator Browser (MIT, USA)
Marbles (FU Berlin, DE) OpenLink RDF Browser (OpenLink, UK)

Zitgist RDF Browser (Zitgist, USA)
Humboldt (HP Labs, UK) Disco Hyperdata Browser (FU Berlin, DE) Fenfire (DERI, Irland)

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Linked Data Search Engines
, Sig.ma, Falcons, SWSE , , Google Yahoo. , , , , , .

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Web of Data Search Engines
Falcons (IWS, China) Sig.ma (DERI, Ireland) Swoogle (UMBC, USA) VisiNav (DERI, Ireland) Watson (Open University, UK)

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- , LOD








LOD 2008 : Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA); University of Southampton (UK); DERI (IRE); KMi, Open University (UK); University of London (UK); UniversitÄt Hannover (DE); University of Pennsylvania (USA); UniversitÄt Leipzig (DE); UniversitÄt Karlsruhe (DE); Joanneum (AT); Freie UniversitÄt Berlin (DE); Cyc Foundation (USA); SouthEast University (CN); Stanford University (USA); Manchester University (UK)

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, LOD











LOD 2008 : BBC (UK); OpenLink (UK); Talis (UK); Zitgist (USA); Garlik (UK); Mondeca (FR); Renault (FR); Boab Interactive (AUS); 11 Oracle(USA); Hewlett-Packard(USA); Metaweb Technologies(USA).

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DBPEDIA
DBpedia -- , , . DBpedia , , . DBpedia Resource Description Framework (RDF) . 2010 , DBpedia 1 , 257 766 .

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Linked Open Data
( OGC, ISO TC 211, INSPIRE), . (), . , , . , Linked Open Data . 10% Linked Open Data, 20% RDF- 7% RDF-. 10% Linked Open Data Basic Geo Vocabulary GeoNames. Linked Open Data .

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LINKEDGEODATA
OpenStreetMap (OSM) . . . LinkedGeoData (LGD) OSM .

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LinkedGeoData

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GEONAMES
GeoNames , 2,8 5,5 . 645 . - . GeoNames - . GeoNames , , , , . , , .
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LOD2 Project


LOD2 is a large-scale integrating project co -funded by the European Commission within the FP7 Information and Communication Technologies Work Programme. Commencing in September 2010, this 4-year project comprises leading Linked Open Data technology researchers, companies, and service providers from across 7 European countries and is coordinated by the AKSW research group at the University of Leipzig.

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Linked Open Data
: · ( ) ; · Linked Open Data, ( Semantic Web) RDF, ; · RDF ( ) (API); · . · , , . JDBC SPARQL- . , LOD. , , 16.04.2013 89 Linked Open Data .



, : · , ; · , , Linked Open Data RDF, ; · , LOD; · , , ; · SPARQL ( , Web API ..); · , - ( , , /) · , RDF, ; ·- API (SPARQL ) .

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Linked Open Data

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Linked Open Data. , : ( ) . , ­ RUSMARC. : · . · RDF. · . · , .. SPARQL- -. · . · , , LOD, .. 5. .
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LOD &
10% Linked Open Data, 20% RDF- 7% RDF-. 10% Linked Open Data Basic Geo Vocabulary GeoNames. Linked Open Data

.

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, , LOD . (). : , ; «» , ; («») Linked Open Data, ( Semantic Web) RDF, ; RDF ( ) (API); WMS WFS ; .

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­ , ­ .

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,










GeoNames ( geonames); GeoSpecies ( geospecies); RDF W3C Basic Geo Vocabulary ( geo); RDF NeoGeo Geometry Ontology ( neogeo); OGC ­ GeoSPARQL Vocabulary.
Linked Open Data 103

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!

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