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Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia
2013. N 2

Contents

Kharitonov V.M., Buzhilova A.P., Sukhova A.V. Experience for
developmental biology on example of the Mousterian Child remains from
Staroselie, Western Crimea (p. 4)
Remains of the child were found by A.A.Formozov in the summer of 1953
during excavation of Middle Paleolithic layers in Staroselie's cave near
the city of Bakhchisarai in the Western Crimea. The paper is devoted to the
comparative analysis of the individual development of a child from
Staroselie taking into account features of variability of the sizes of a
skull and the mandible in frame of the scale of known ontogenesis rates of
both fossil Sapiens and Neanderthals, as modern children.
The child from Staroselie characterized of some archaic features,
first of all on the skull indicators. Comparison of the mandibles of the
Staroselie' child and some Neanderthals like as modern children represents
for him the complexes of signs like Sapiens. It testifies, first of all, to
existence both of archaic and modern features not only in structure of the
skull, but also in growth processes of this hominid. Thus he represents
some specific form of the development.
Differential comparison of growth processes of skull and mandible of
Staroselie' person, like as Neanderthals, fossil and the modern sapiens
showed differences in tempo of ontogenesis (more rapidly growth of the
brain part, than modern children; more slowly growth of the face part and
the mosaic tendency of the growth of the mandible of the Staroselie child).
The analysis of intensity of growth in age ranks of Neanderthals, fossil
and modern Sapiens allows to conclude that on the majority of measuring
signs of frontal part of the skull the Staroselie case is more similar to
Neanderthals, than to the Sapiens. In the same time, on signs of the
mandible, as well as on the majority of signs of brain part of the skull
the child represent a special type of growth. The data for developmental
biology on example of the child remains from Staroselie testifies a
difficult nature of reorganization of growth processes in human evolution,
and lack of a one-orientation of characteristics of growth.
Keywords: ontogenesis, Paleolithic, Staroselie, evolutionary
anthropology


Pestriakov A.P., Grigoryeva O.M. Australian aborigines among the
craniological populations of South and South-East Asia and the Western
Pacific (p. 17)
The aim of the work is to characterize the Australian aborigines and
find out their similarity to the populations of the nearby regions (New
Guinea, Oceania, South-East Asia) by special craniological program. The
literature data on the craniology of ethnic groups and territories are
used. Calculated the average intergroup parameters of craniological traits,
their dispersion and their bivariate correlations. For the comparison of
craniological data on the Australians with neighboring regions was used
cluster analysis. It turned out that geographically the closest to the
Australian aborigines series Papuans and Melanesians, belonging to the same
craniotype of eastern tropids, externally (in the form of the skull) are
similar to them. However, the intergroup analysis showed that this
similarity of Australians on the one hand and the Papuans and Melanesians
on the other has a different genesis, as the total size of the skull in the
Papuans and Melanesians of the most closely linked with the longitudinal
and high diameter, but in the Australian aborigines, with the longitudinal
and transverse skull diameters. It is right both male and female series. In
this respect, the series of Indian region were closer to the Australian
aborigines. Also according to the ethnic anthropology data of the
Australian aborigines and the most of India's population belong to the same
race of modern humanity (veddo-australian). At the present time some of the
genetic data shows some similarity between Australians and the populations
of India. On the basis of our research the waves of migration in the region
are the following. The first wave of migrants in the direction toward
Australia consists of the protoaustralian populations (like seria
Cowswamp). The next wave from the West is presented the ancient equatorial
anthropological types. The last wave from the North consists of the
populations of the Pacific Mongoloids. Each of these waves are currently
dominates on a certain territory: australoids on the continent of
Australia, the Eastern equatorials - in Melanesia and on the island of New
Guinea, Mongoloids, in most parts of Indonesia and Indochina.
Keywords: anthropology, craniology, craniotype, tropids, macrotropids,
the Australian aborigines, Papuans, Melanesian


Skhalyakho R.A., Pocheshkova E.A., Teuchezh I.E., Dibirova K.D.,
Agdzhoyan A.T., Utevskaya O.M., Yusupov Y.M., Damba L.D., Isakova J.T.,
Momynaliev T.K., Tagirly S.G., Kuznetsova M.A., Konkov A.S., Frolova S.A.,
Balanovskaya E.V., Balanovsky O.P. Turkic speakers of the Caucasus: a
comparative analysis of their gene pools from the Y-chromosomal perspective
(p. 34)
Object. This study aims to analyze the gene pool structure of the
Turkic speaking populations from North Caucasus and Transcaucasia and
reveal their genetic relations with other populations of the Caucasus and
neighboring regions of Eurasia.
Materials and methods. We analyzed all Turkic-speaking ethnic groups
from North Caucasus and Transcaucasia: Azeri (N=132), Balkars (N=193),
Karanogays (N=153), Karachays (N=269), Kumiks (N=70), and Nogays (N=60). 56
SNP markers and 17 STR markers of the Y-chromosome (paternal inheritance)
were genotyped for all 870 samples.
Results and discussion. Four haplogroups are most frequent among
Turkic-speaking populations of the Caucasus: R1a1a-M198 (24%), G2a-P15
(16%), R1b-M343 (14%), J2-M172 (13%). These four major haplogroups comprise
altogether two-thirds of the Y-chromosomal pool, while the remaining one-
third consists of 35 minor haplogroups. For Azeri and Kumiks the major
haplogroups are J1-M267 and J2-M172 which are typical also for other
populations of East Caucasus. For Karachais and Balkars (geographically
neighboring populations) the major haplogroups are R1a1a-M198 and G2a-P15.
The steppe populations (Nogais and Karanogais) despite their geographic
remoteness from each other are genetically similar, as highlighted by
presence of East Eurasian haplogroups N1-LLY22 and C-M130 in both
populations. The genetic distance matrix between all populations was
computed and used for creating the multidimensional scaling plot.
Conclusions. The conditionally Caucasian haplogroups (G2a-P15, J2-
M172, J1-M267) comprise one-half of the gene pool of Balkars, Karachays,
Azeri and Kumiks thus confirming the hypothesis of the significant role of
indigenous substrate in their gene pool. Presence of the East Eurasian
haplogroups N1-LLY22 and C-M130 in Nogays and Karanogays supports
hypothesis of the gene flow from Eurasian steppe populations to their gene
pools, which is in agreement with data of physical anthropology. The
genetic similarity of Nogays and Karanogays to the populations of the
Eurasian steppe belt was confirmed by combining data of all 39 Y-
chromosomal haplogroups identified.
The genetic similarity between Balkars and Karachays, as well as
between Kumiks and Azeri consisting with their geographic proximity.
However, two geographically closest populations (Kumiks and Karanogais)
exhibit the maximum genetic distance from each other.
Among all subvariants of the haplogroup R1a (spanning from Europe to
Siberia, Central Asia and India) the subvariant R1a1a1g-М458 (typical for
East and West Slavs) is rare among Turkic speakers of the Caucasus: its
average frequency is as low as 2%, and the only exception is population of
Kuban Nogais where the frequency increases up to 18%. Therefore, the
presence of the haplogroup R1a among Turkic speakers of the Caucasus (on
average, 12%) should be attributed to migrations from Eurasian steppe
rather than to the influence of the East Slavonic populations.
The ratio between subvariants of haplogroup G2a-P15 differs among
(ethnogenetically related) Karachais and Balkars thus indicating the
importance of geographic isolation in shaping their gene pools. High
frequencies of G2a1a-P18 reveal genetic similarity of Karacha ys, Balkars
and Ossets.
Keywords: Y-chromosome, SNP markers, STR markers, gene pool, gene
geography, Turkic speakers of the Caucasus, Azeri, Balkars, Karanogays,
Karachays, Kumiks, Nogays


Teuchezh I.E., Pocheshkova E.A., Skhalyakho R.A., Dibirova K.D.,
Agdzhoyan A.T., Utevskaya O.M., Kuznetsova M.A., Bogunov Y.V., Shanko A.V.,
Konkov A.S., Chikkovani N.N., Yepiskoposyan L.M., Balanovskaya E.V.,
Balanovsky O.P. Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe, Georgian and Armenian
populations in their Eurasian context (p. 49)
Objectives: The main goal of this article is to study the genetic
structure of the western Caucasian Abhaz-Adyge ethnic groups (Circassians,
Abkhazians), populations of the Central Caucasus (Adyghes, Kabardians,
Abazians) and Transcaucasia (Armenians, Georgians) using a wide range of Y-
chromosome markers, and to compare the results obtained with those of the
neighboring populations of the Caucasus, Europe and the Middle East.
Materials and methods: DNA samples from 1288 informed males, unrelated
at the paternal grandfather level, were collected in seven ethnic groups
representing North Caucasian and Transcaucasian populations: Adyghes
(N=262), Circassians (N=214), Abazians (N=103), Kabardians (N=232),
Armenians (N=218), Abkhazians (N=177), and Georgians (N=82). All samples
were genotyped for 56 SNP and 17 STR Y-chromosome markers.
Results and Discussion: The most frequent haplogroups of Abkaz-Adyghe
language family populations are G2a3b-P303, J2-M172 and R1a1-M198. Despite
the common origin, the peculiarities of the gene pool are detected for each
of the studied Abkaz-Adyghe ethnic groups: they mainly differ in the
pattern of

Y-haplogroups distribution. The haplogroup G2a3b-P303 is a modal one for
the western Circassians (70%), while the remaining subbranches of the
haplogroup G2a in this population are encountered at the frequencies of 0-
5%. However, the haplogroup G2a3b-P303 is rare in Kabardians (21%), which
are eastern Circassians; while the other subbranche of the haplogroup G2a,
G2a1a-P18, in this group is detected at the frequency of 10% and is absent
in the western Circassians (Adyghes). Since this haplogroup is a modal
lineage in the Ossetians (66% in average), its increased frequency in
Kabardians might indicate the genetic links between these ethnic groups.
The peoples of Transcaucasia (Georgians, Armenians) have high frequency of
haplogroup J2-M172 (32%). Among the Abkhaz-Adyghe people this lineage
reaches its highest frequency in the Abkhazians (27%), which might be
considered as an evidence of their common origin with the peoples of
Transcaucasia. The genetic distance matrix and multidimensional scaling
plot show close genetic proximity of the Adyghes to the Abkhazians and
Abazians (d = 0.21). The aggregate Abkhaz-Adyghe population demonstrates
close genetic affinity with the peoples of Transcaucasia (Georgians and
Armenians) due to the high frequences of the haplogroups J2-M172 and G2a3b-
P303 in their gene pools. The peoples of Dagestan are genetically more
distant from the Abkhaz-Adyghe and the Transcaucasian populations than the
peoples of the Near East. The registration of the haplogroups J2-M172 и
G2a3b-P303 in these groups points out the presence of the Near Eastern
substratum in the gene pool of Abkhaz-Adyghe and the Transcaucasian
populations. The high frequency of the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1-M198
plausibly reflects the impact of migration from the Eurasian steppes on the
gene pool of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples.
Conclusion: The Western Caucasian ethnic groups (Circassians, Adyghes,
Kabardians, Abkhazians, Abazians) form a single cluster with the
Transcaucasian populations (Armenians and Georgians), which is revealed
while comparing them with the peoples of the Near East, Balkans, and the
East Europe. The prevalence of Near Eastern haplogroups in the gene pool of
the West, Central Caucasus and Transcaucasia indicates their possible
common origin with the populations of the Near East.
Keywords: Y-chromosome, gene pool, Caucasus, Circassians, Adyghes,
Kabardians, Abkhazians, Abazians, Armenians, Georgians


Martirosov E.G., Semenov M.M., Martirosova K.E., Romanova T.F.,
Р.Baluchi. The morphological characteristic of women - fighters of the
wrestling freestyle (p. 63)
Features of a constitution of 133 highly skilled sportswomen-fighters
of a wrestling freestyle, the members of national teams of the country and
participants of large international competitions are studied. The total
sizes of a body, longitudinal, cross-section, grasps of a body and their
parity, fatty folds of the skin on eight sites of a body were defined. The
structure of mass of a body was defined by a kaliper (Lange"s kaliper) and
under formulas of Matiegka [Matiegka, 1921], and with use of
bioimpedansometry by means of apparatus device «MEDAS». The control group
was represented by 182 students conducting an active way of life, but not
going in for sports. The age surveyed (both groups) was in a range of 17-28
years.
All sportswomen have been parted on three conditional weight
categories: Light - 39.0-54.6 kg (n=42), Average - 55.0-63.0 kg (n=47) and
Heavy - 63.2-82.9 kg, (n=44). Besides, morphological characteristics of the
strongest sportswomen for each of four Olympic weight categories paid off.
The standards of a constitution of women-wrestlers of three conditional
groups are developed for each Olympic weight category. Reliable
distinctions on the majority of indexes between wrestlers of various weight
groups and between wrestlers of the decanted massif and control group are
found out. Differences in indicators of fatty folds of the skin, fatty and
muscular mass of a body are especially expressed.
The comparative analysis of structure of factors of a body build of
wrestlers (the decanted massif) and control group revealed as common
regularities (the same factors), and specific distinctions which were
expressed in selection of padding factors, in a contribution of factors to
the generalized variance, in factor weight on the same factors, etc.
The developed percentage rating scales of indexes of a constitution
allow to reveal an individual morphological profile of sportswomen, leaning
on which, it is possible to make objectively the decision on compliance or
not compliance of the sportswoman of weight category, to supervise the
current morph-functional condition of sportswomen, to carry out directional
correction of labile indicators, to choose the contents, tools and methods
for correction of structure of weight of a body, to select an adequate
arsenal of technical actions and as a whole to program the process of
preparation of sportswomen.
Keywords: constitution standards, body structure, factorial structure,
percentage scales, morphological profile


Bakholdina V.Yu., Komarova A.A. On the applicability of odontometrics
data in assessment of sex and anthropological affiliation (p. 86)
In modern anthropology the application of the odontoskopic signs which
distinctly divide big anthropological varients of mankind is usually
accepted. The system of odontometric signs also bears important information
for diagnostics of an odontological material. Work is based on the analysis
of odontometric data of four series of skulls. It is shown that variability
of odontometric signs comes nearer to variability of the somatic sizes.
Sexual dimorphism in system of odontometric signs has uncertain character.
In work the analysis of correlations between the sizes of a skull and teeth
was carried out which showed that correlation communications between these
systems of signs are at quite high level and are often statistically
reliable. It agrees to the practice accepted in odontological researches
and taking into account the data obtained in work concerning mosaicity of
sexual distinctions man's and female groups were joint. Distinctions
between the mixed groups of Caucasoid and Mongoloid reach the level of
statistical reliability only on several signs that serves as confirmation
of rather low race diagnostically value of signs of an odontometry.
Keywords: odontometry, variability, sexual dimorphism, race
diagnostically value of signs


Leonova N.B., Vinogradova E.A., Medvedev S.P., Khaykunova N.A.
Upperpalaeolithic sites of Kamennobalkovskaya cultura - Investigations and
perspectives (p. 96)
The complex of the Upper Paleolithic sites Kamennaya Balka is located
on the high right bank of the river Don valley's mouth and presents a
typical example of open sites. This group of sites belonging to the same
archaeological culture, mentionned in specialized literature as
Kamennobalkovskaya. In this short article the history of discovery of these
sites, their main delineations and possibilities for researching of all
material were described.
Due to more than 50 years of detailed archeological research large
areas of settlements were studied and vast archeological data were
gathered, that allows to reconstruct various aspects of ancient
population's life.
Owing to complex scientific research being constantly carried out on
the sites the basis for different paleoecological reconstruction was
formed.
These sites reflect the transformation of the same cultural tradition
during quite a lengthy period of time. That is very important to understand
how the adaptation to constantly changing living conditions was formed and
developed. So, Kamennobalkovskaya culture sites nevertheless provided
completely unusually vast quantity of the various valuable data that
allowed to realise an attempt to simulate the systems of subsistence
practices in Upper Paleolithic on Northern coast of Azov Sea.
Keywords: Upper Paleolithic, Low Don-river, Kamennobalkovskaya
culture, site, cultural adaptations, subsistence practices and living
conditions


Short Communications


Popov G.I., Malkhasyan E.A., Markaryan V.S., Kalinin E.M., Seluyanov
V.N. Influence of rhythmical magnetic stimulation as a way of increase in
aerobic possibilities of muscles (p. 106)
Introduction. Research objective-studying of influence of rhythmical
magnetic stimulation of quadriceps femoris muscles of a hip of both feet on
integrative indicators of aerobic readiness of athletes of three various
sports specializations.
Materials and methods. Equipment: magnetic stimulator of MAGSTIM RAPID
(Magstim Company Ltd, Spring Gardens, UK), inertial dynamometer of BIODEX
SYSTEM 4 (Biodex Medical Systems, NY, USA), veloergometer MONARK Ergomedic
828E (Monark, Sweden), gas analyzer of METALYZER 3B (Cortex, Germany).
Participants: three cyclists (master of sports); three runners on
average distances (candidates for the master of sports); three skaters -
short-track (masters of sports).
All participants - students of University of the physical education,
acting athletes. Experience of occupations of 6 years. Age of 18-20 years.
The total sizes of a body, index of weight of a body, fatty and active mass
of a body as a percentage were defined.
Results and discussion. Rhythmical reduction of muscles under the
influence of magnetic stimulation with a frequency of 17-35 Hz causes
activation of muscular fibers type I and muscular fibers type IIA. In them
there is an expenditure of ATF, KRF and resynthesis them in muscular fibers
(MF) type I and IIA by means of aerobic glycolysis. Rhythmic reduction
squeezes out blood from veins and strengthens intake of arterial blood to
muscles. Experience showed that for 10 reductions for 10 days for each leg
of the essential hypoxemic phenomena (local muscular exhaustion) doesn't
arise. The mode of magnetic stimulation is carried out without a relaxation
(during 5 s) therefore there is a limited blood supply which promote
creation in MF of the factors stimulating a hyperplasia of miofibril,
namely, emergence of free kreatine, hormones and moderate acidulation. The
powerful tension of large group of muscles - extensor of a knee joint
causes allocation in blood of anabolic hormones, in particular, growth
hormone. Athletes regularly trained, carried out aerobic loading with
activation of oxidizing and intermediate MF. Therefore after a series of
magnetic stimulations the increase in the maximum alaktatny power (a
hyperplasia of miofibrils) and oxygen consumption at the level of aerobic
and anaerobic thresholds was at the same time received. The peripheral
nature of growth of indicators of consumption of oxygen at the level of AET
and ANT is proved. In control group occurred only statistically reliable
(р<0.01) increase in maximal alactate power (MAP), and indicators of
consumption of oxygen didn't change, therefore, not magnetic stimulation
promoted growth of consumption of oxygen at the level of AET and ANT, and
in addition carried out aerobic training. Force grew at the expense of OMF,
it led to growth of consumption of oxygen at the level of ANT (growth of
weight of mitochondrions). The mechanism of growth of aerobic opportunities
was identical, on the basis of new morphological structures - miofibrils
OMF. There was an opportunity for a hyperplasia of mitochondrions in MF
type I. Hyperplasia of muscular fibers and increase in force of muscles at
representatives of experimental groups wasn't reflected authentically in a
gain of active weight of a body. As a whole, in the conducted research, the
facts in favor of the peripheral theory explaining the reasons of emergence
of aerobic and anaerobic thresholds were received.
Conclusions: Magnetic stimulation of quadriceps femoris muscles of a
hip with a frequency of 17-35 Hz, in an isokinetic mode, lasting 5 s with
an interval of rest 5 s with, for 10 times for each leg during 10 days,
stimulates simultaneous statistically reliable increase in the maximum
alaktatny power, and when using also aerobic trainings to growth of
consumption of oxygen at the level of aerobic and anaerobic thresholds at
decrease in indicators of MCO. Magnetic stimulation of muscles of athletes
with frequencies from the range of 17-35 Hz can be considered as a way of
increase in aerobic possibilities and muscular force without a reliable
gain of muscular weight of a body.
Keywords: testing, magnetic stimulation, indirect calorimetry, total
sizes of a body, index of weight of a body, fatty, active mass of a body

Komarov S.G. Late Medieval steppe population of the Dnestr River
Region in context of the Nogai population anthropology studies (on
materials from the city of Komrat) (p. 114)
This paper presents a study of cranial series of Budzhak Nogais
originating from the excavations of 1958 and 1960 on the territory of the
town of Comrat in Moldova. The work is based on the materials of 18 male
and 9 female skulls. The author uses already published Nogai series for
clarifying the place of his material in the context of late medieval crania
from the steppe zone of Eastern Europe.
The group under research is a mixed Caucasian-Mongoloid. Male and
female population, who left the burial in Comrat is likely to have
different origins. Craniological complex, typical for the series of Komrat
is the closest with two Nogai series from the territory of Zaporozhye
region of Ukraine. Comparison of materials from Komrat with other series
reveals the anthropological heterogeneity of the population of the steppe
of Eastern Europe of the late Middle Ages.
Keywords: Kraniologiya, Middle Ages, Nogais, Budzhak


From science history

Ponomareva V.V. The role Mariinsky's girls' boarding colleges played
in the establishment of new norms of daily hygiene (from the second half of
nineteenth century to the beginning of twentieth) (p. 124)
Above all this work is based on the historical-anthropological method,
which explores daily social practices of the second half of nineteenth
century. Among the sources of information used for preparation were
official documents of empress Maria's establishments, both published and
those kept in archives; specialized medical literature, including
periodicals; and documents of personal nature (memoirs, correspondence,
diaries), which are particularly important to cultural history.
In the second half of nineteenth - beginning of twentieth century,
sanitary and hygienic conditions of living surroundings were worsening
significantly due to expanding cities, industrial development, and
increased growth of population; and, therefore, the study and practice of
sanitation and hygiene became one of the leading branches of medicine at a
time.
Daily school life attracted the doctors' attention more and more, as
by then education encompassed young people from increasingly different
social backgrounds - it was becoming more of a mass phenomenon.
Hygienist doctors explored both the real-life school conditions and
foreign expertise and experience, and defined new rules, which were to be
followed in these changing conditions. It is during this period when
practical studies were being carried out, which involved everything from
drinking water to the correct way of constructing school furniture. The
main difficulty for the doctors at a time, however, was not the setting out
of the new norms, but persuading the society of their importance.
At the start of the twentieth century, there were more than 30 closed
girls-only boarding schools under the establishment of Empress Maria
throughout the Russian empire from Warsaw to Irkutsk. The schools counted
more than 9 thousand students, and that number grew every year. These
colleges were ahead of other schools (a lot of experience, thousands of
well-prepared students, good management, relatively good funding, patronage
of the royal family), and they were at the forefront of both the study and
practice of these hygienists-doctors. Here in practice they developed
hygiene rules and norms for young people living in a boarding house, the
rules which were strictly maintained. This was particularly important, as
the colleges brought up future mothers, governesses and teachers, who were
destined to share and spread these habits and knowledge.
The correct construction of municipal cleansing and purifying systems
was one of the major problems of the time. The colleges managed before
other establishments to organize modern water supply and plumbing and
sewage systems, and to arrange further purifying of drinking water. Every
college had bathhouses, water closet rooms with modern equipment, baths and
occasionally even shower rooms. As a result of strict discipline, teachers
were able to instill daily hygienic skills, which were maintained for the
rest of the students' lives.
Mortality rate from tuberculosis was particularly high at a time,
which is why the doctors paid particular attention to the freshness of the
air inside. Ventilation systems in colleges were refined; the amount of
students in classes brought down; and daily walks were made longer. Room
temperature was cool, which helped the students get used to the cold in
general. The students had to spend a lot of time studying during scarcely
lit days, so the doctors explored various lighting systems. Electric
lighting was considered the most hygienic, but it was only implemented in
some colleges. A new development at the end of the nineteenth century was
what we now view as a standard desk. Other school furniture was especially
designed to ensure good posture. Specialist hygienist doctors developed
school clothes, textbooks (fonts and quality of paper), wall paint and
blackboards among other things. For the first time this was discussed both
by the specialists and society, which led to a significant improvement in
the sanitary and hygiene conditions in colleges and in the students'
health.
Because of the doctors' and other staff's efforts, the Mariinsky
establishment had achieved great success in keeping and improving the
students' good health. The next step was to spread the gained experience
and awareness further.
Keywords: historical anthropology, cultural history, daily city life,
women's education, patriarchy, modernization, hygiene and sanitation,
department/establishment of empress Maria, closed women's colleges