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proceedings of the Paleopedology Symposium, Florence, Italy, 7-11 June
2004
(Quaternary International, 2006. Vol. 156-157. Special issue).

Introduction to the proceedings of the Paleopedology Symposium, Florence,
Italy, 7-11 June 2004 . EDITORIAL

Pages 1-3

Edoardo A.C. Costantini and Peter M. Jacobs





Saprolite, soils, and sediments in the Rhenish Massif as records of climate
and landscape history
Pages 4-12

D. Sauer and P. Felix-Henningsen


The Rhenish Massif, at the western boundary of Germany, consists
predominantly of Devonian slates and siltstones, which over large areas
have been altered to saprolite. The distribution and characteristics of
saprolites, Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits (PPSD), Holocene
colluvium and soils were investigated along a 2.5 m deep gas pipeline ditch
in 20 sections with an overall length of 19 km.The results are used for
landscape history reconstruction. Under warm-humid conditions of the Upper
Mesozoic and Lower Tertiary, intensive weathering led to formation of a
planation surface covered by thick saprolites and kaolinitic soils. During
Pleistocene glaciations, the area experienced periglacial conditions that
resulted in erosion of the soils and parts of the saprolites. Several
layers of PPSD developed. During the Holocene no significant slope
processes occurred, until human deforestation led to accelerated hillslope
erosion. As a result, today the PPSD are partly eroded or covered by
Holocene colluvium in many places. The sediment distribution follows
distinct rules. Generally, the sediment thickness increases downslope.
Concave slope sections show a substantial increase in thickness and number
of preserved sediment layers. The soils developed in PPSD on saprolite are
primarily Planosols, while Cambisols and Luvisols predominate in PPSD on
fresh rock.


Spatial variability of environment change in the Teotihuacan Valley during
the Late Quaternary: Paleopedological inferences

Pages 13-31

Elizabeth Solleiro-Rebolledo, Sergey Sedov, Emily McClung de Tapia, HÈctor
Cabadas, Jorge Gama-Castro and Ernestina Vallejo-GÑmez


The Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico has been the object of considerable
interest because of its importance in the context of human history in
America. Although, archeological research has been extensively conducted to
understand causes of the decline of Teotihuacan culture, no sufficient
scientific evidence has been provided. This paper is focused on
paleopedological evidence, especially properties that constitute "soil
memory," in order to reconstruct the spatial distribution of environment
variability during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Three profiles that
include modern soils and buried paleosols were studied in different
geomorphic positions: uplands (Cerro Gordo site, CG), lower talus
slope/transition to valley bottom (Maseca, MA), and the mouth of the
Valley, at the ancient border of the former Texcoco lake. This last site is
near Tepexpan (TE) where some of the oldest human remains in Mexico were
recovered. The oldest paleosol is at CG at 3000 m a.s.l. It is dated at
22,000 yr BP and exhibits a truncated profile with a very well developed Bt
horizon, dominated by kaolinite, with phytoliths of C3 plants. All of its
features are related to a humid, probably warm environment. It was
classified as a Luvisol. This paleosol is buried by another Luvisol, dated
at 13,000 yr BP, with morphological characteristics similar to the previous
soil, although clay mineralogy consists mostly of halloysite and a higher
percentage of C4-plant phytoliths is apparent. In MA the oldest paleosol
was not recognized. It is probable that the two paleosols found in CG merge
into one at MA, which shows strong redoximorphic features, but high
percentages of C4-plant phytoliths and halloysitic clays. At the TE site
paleosols are less developed Fluvisols. Modern soil cover also varies in
relation to its geomorphic position. In CG it is a Phaeozem, while in MA
and TE present day soils have carbonate accumulation. We interpret
prevailing conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Teotihuacan
valley to be humid, with a tendency towards drying at the end of
Pleistocene. Dry conditions prevail in the valley today.


Fossil cryogenic features in paleosols of southern Italy: Characteristics
and paleoclimatic significance

Pages 32-48

Antonio Carmine Dimase


The work presents the results of a study of two paleosols located at
1350 m a.s.l. on the Sila massif, in Southern Italy. The purpose of this
research is to examine paleoenvironmental conditions during the last
glaciation, based mainly on soil morphological, micromorphological, and
sedimentological data. These two paleosols contain climatically sensitive
cryogenic features including a sand wedge, an ice wedge cast, silt veins,
silt lenses, reticulate silt veins, and matrix lenses. These features are
interpreted to indicate that during the last glacial maximum this area in
southern Italy experienced conditions characterized by very low
temperature, little snow cover, and great aridity.


Reconstruction of the paleo-environment and soil evolution of the CsÌpo?-
halom kurgan, Hungary

Pages 49-59

Attila Barczi, Tivadar M. TÑth, Attila CsanÀdi, PÀl SÝmegi and Imre
Czinkota


There are two explanations regarding the formation of the Hungarian
HortobÀgy steppes and associated saline areas. To assess the different
opinions we carried out pedological, geochemical, mineralogical and
malacological analyses in the CsÌpo?-halom (CsÌpo?-mound) kurgan. Our
research shows that the landscape 6000 years ago was similar to today, an
environmental patchwork of dry steppes, wetlands and alkaline areas. Since
the construction of the mound, significant movement of chemical compounds
composing the mound occurred. The depths of boundary surfaces were
identified through pedological studies, and detailed geochemical analysis
document similar signatures through time. Differences can be seen only in
the location of the paleosoil level. The soil developed on the surface of
the mound is again a steppe (Chernozem) soil formed under grass vegetation.



Soilscape evolution of West Tien Shan during the Late Pleistocene based on
humus properties of the Obi-Rakhmat archaeological site

Pages 60-69

Irina N. Fedeneva and Maria I. Dergacheva


Analysis of the pedogenic humus properties of sediments at the Obi-
Rakhmat archaeological site is the basis for reconstructing soil-forming
processes as records of climatic fluctuations in the region of West Tien
Shan. The stratigraphic section has 10 zones of pedogenesis that are
distinguishable by pedogenic humus and other features, and consequently by
the character of ancient soil forming processes. We found that most of the
sediments accumulated in an environment where serozem soils form, that is,
in an arid subtropical landscape (desert-steppe zone). The scheme of the
altitudinal landscape sequence and the structure of the soil cover also
changed according to climatic changes, and regular displacements of the
altitude zones occurred. When analogs of modern dark serozems dominated
near the site, the altitude sequence was characterized by the most
complexity, with humid as well as arid landscapes occupying areas of the
slopes. Climatic change trends both to humidity and to aridity simplified
the altitude scheme: when climate was arid, humid landscapes were ousted
(mountain brown forest soils occurred only on the slope tops). In contrast,
when climate was humid, arid landscapes disappeared from the altitude
sequence, and forest and meadow zones were dominant.


Pedogenic trends in anthrosols developed in sulfidic mine spoils: A case
study in the Temperino mine archaeological area (Campiglia Marittima,
Tuscany, Italy)

Pages 70-78

Claudio Bini and Silvia Gaballo


Morphological, chemical, and mineralogical features of 35 soil
profiles developed from mine spoils in the abandoned mine district of
Campiglia Marittima (Tuscany, Italy) were examined with the goal of
determining the effects of anthropogenic mine spoil on pedogenesis, in
comparison with conterminous normal soils. We have recorded three different
stages of soil development. Immature soils showing features of the parent
material (Spolic Xerorthents) formed in close proximity to the recent
(modern) mine wastes. Soils developed from old mine dumps, or in the distal
parts (up to 0.5 km) of the dumps, present a moderate evolution, with a A-B-
C profile (Spolic Haploxerepts and Dystroxerepts). At major distance
(>0.5 km), soils present little evidence of mine waste in the profile, with
sulfidic minerals in the surface horizon and an abrupt textural change
between the upper and lower part of the soil profile, which shows features
typical of Alfisols. Therefore, these soils could be classified as Spolic
Rhodoxeralfs or as Spolic Xerorthent over Typic Rhodoxeralf. Most of the
conterminous soils, not influenced by mine spoils, present features typical
of the "terra rossa" (Typic Rhodoxeralfs).
Data indicate that current pedogenic processes of mine spoils were driven
by the nature and properties of the new parent material (mineralogy,
chemistry, grain size, porosity), and that the rate of soil development was
mainly governed by inherited factors of parental material. Based on the
results obtained, a linear relationship of A horizon thickness to soil age
(R2=0.9766) was observed, and a chronofunction corresponding to the studied
chronosequence for anthropogenic soils is presented. The recorded trend of
soil evolution from mine spoils may contribute to better understanding of
areas affected by similar waste material, and may be utilized in
remediation of abandoned mine areas.


Paleosols provide sedimentation, relative age, and climatic information
about the alluvial fan of the River Tirso (Central-Western Sardinia,
Italy)
Pages 79-96

S. Carboni, M. Palomba, A. Vacca and G. Carboni


Four representative paleosols in the Plio-Pleistocene alluvial fan of
the River Tirso (Central-Western Sardinia, Italy) were studied for
paleoenvironmental information, to describe the sedimentology of the
alluvial fan, and to define a relative chronological framework for the fan.
The representative depositional units and associated paleosols were
characterised by fieldwork, physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses.
Pedogenesis was mostly driven by the time and climate factors. In the
proximal fan location, pedogenesis was initially influenced by a warm
subtropical-tropical climate of the Late Pliocene and subsequently by warm
and humid interglacial phases of the Pleistocene. These phases were also
responsible for soil formation in the middle fan. In the distal reaches of
the fan, pedogenesis was driven by the different climatic pulses of the
Late Pleistocene Tyrrhenian interglacial (MIS 5). Pleistocene eustatic sea
level changes directly influenced the lowest elevations of the middle fan
and the distal fan. Erosion and soil truncation mainly occurred in the
proximal fan and at the highest elevations of the middle fan during glacial
phases.


A pedostratigraphic marker in the geomorphological evolution of the
Campanian Apennines (Southern Italy): The Paleosol of Eboli
Pages 97-117

P. Magliulo, F. Terribile, C. Colombo and F. Russo


The Paleosol of Eboli is interbedded within an Early Pleistocene
coarse alluvial succession, the Eboli Conglomerates, located in the
Campanian Apennines (Southern Italy), infilling the morphostructural
depression of the Sele River Plain. Quaternary climatic changes and related
morphodynamic response were investigated using a multidisciplinary
(geomorphological, sedimentological and pedological) approach.
The alluvial sequence of the Eboli Conglomerates shows remarkable vertical
changes, marked by clear erosional discontinuities that identify four
stacked formations called, from the bottom, Fontana del Fico, Colle
Mancuso, Castelluccia, and S. Anna formations. The clastic facies of these
formations are mainly indicative of an alluvial fan environment, with most
sediments emplaced by flooding of distributary streams. The Paleosol of
Eboli is formed at the top of the Castelluccia formation. We investigated
its morphological, physical, chemical, micromorphological, and
mineralogical properties.
Many discontinuities appear in the field due to various erosional events
that are related to hillslope dynamics. Each of these events was followed
by the emplacement of new and different colluvial deposits that were
derived from upslope and were subsequently affected by pedogenesis.
All the horizons of the Paleosol of Eboli have reddish and brown matrix
colours, secondary carbonate, angular blocky structure, and clayey texture.
On the basis of the field data and chemical and physical analysis, three
different pedogenetic cycles can be distinguished in the Paleosol of Eboli.
These cycles depict differing degrees of pedogenic expression depending on
water regime and duration of pedogenesis. The micromorphology showed the
presence of eluvial tongues, Fe dynamics (coatings, segregations), vertic
features (optically anisotropic lines in the soil matrix), and pedorelicts.
Kaolinite is the most abundant clay mineral, but vermiculite and illite are
also present. The Fe minerals, especially the hematite/goethite ratio, have
provided a new approach to understand the main paleoclimatic changes
through the studied sequence.
The overall pedogenetic scenario depicts a highly weathered environment
(disordered kaolinite, Fe oxides, low Feo/Fed ratio, depletion zones),
characterized by marked climatic seasonality (witnessed by vertic
properties) and abundant rainfall (depletion zones). The general scenario
is coherent with a highly weathered subtropical environment that probably
occurred during MIS-25, based on age control. The widespread outcrop
pattern, consistent stratigraphic position, thickness ranging from 1 to
5 m, and the uniformity of pedological features of the Paleosol of Eboli
make it clearly recognizable in the field and allow us to consider the
Paleosol of Eboli a reliable pedostratigraphic marker.


The last interglacial pedocomplexes in the litho- and morpho-
stratigraphical framework of the central-northern Apennines (Central
Italy)

Pages 118-132

M. Coltorti and P. Pieruccini


Recently in Italy, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the
mapping of Quaternary continental deposits. Several Unconformity Bounded
Stratigraphic Units (UBSU) have been defined. The unconformities indicate
important phases of changing dynamics linked to Quaternary climatic
changes, and have been related to valley downcutting simultaneous with
paleosol formation during interglacials. However, glacial periods are
characterised by deposition of thick continental sequences. We suggest that
the UBSU's belonging to the late Middle Pleistocene (MIS 6) and Late
Pleistocene can also be defined under a pedostratigraphic point of view.
Locally at the top of the UBSU attributed to MIS 6, buried or relict
paleosols are preserved. The paleosols developed in calcareous fluvial and
moraine gravels with minor flints. The pedocomplexes are made of three
paleosols separated by erosion surfaces and/or stonelines. The older
paleosol (MIS 5e) is severely truncated and is characterised by a Ck
horizon overlain by strongly leached reddish Bt horizons with flinty rock
fragments (with a diagnostic wavy lower boundary). In some sites,
subsequent secondary precipitation of carbonates transformed this horizon
into a Btk. This paleosol is buried by a younger paleosol (MIS 5c) with
less leached reddish Btk horizons, quartz of aeolian origin, and very small
and scarce calcareous clasts. The main pedofeatures are associated with
colluvial processes, biological activity, and carbonate precipitation. This
paleosol is also truncated and buried under a similar paleosol (MIS 5a).
Therefore, the lower paleosol of the pedocomplex can be attributed to the
Eemian, and constitutes a valid marker for the definition and mapping of
the underlying and overlying sedimentary units. In other parts of the
Apennines, no sedimentary units have been found that correspond to the
unconformities separating different pedostratigraphical units. In order to
map the different UBSU's, due to the poor lateral continuity of the
preserved paleosols, morpho- and litho-stratigraphical investigations and
correlation are always recommended.


Soil chronosequences on Quaternary marine terraces along the northwestern
coast of Calabria (Southern Italy)

Pages 133-155

Fabio Scarciglia, Iolanda Pulice, Gaetano Robustelli and Giuseppe Vecchio


Two soil chronosequences, representative of four orders of marine
terraces from Early to Late Pleistocene, have been studied along the
Tyrrhenian coast of northern Calabria, in Southern Italy. All soil profiles
show a high degree of weathering, although the degree of soil evolution
varies according to the age of each terrace. The soils are characterized by
reddish to reddish brown colors, clayey textures, abundant clay coatings,
slickensides, Fe-Mn features or calcium carbonate concretions. The
dominance of kaolinite and illite among phyllosilicate clay minerals in all
soil horizons, the intense depletion in CaCO3, Na and K, and the severe
etching of quartz crystals in the older soils all record a highly leached
pedogenic environment that is progressively more intense from younger to
older soils. Despite the carbonate bedrock, quartz, feldspar and mica
minerals also occur, suggesting a partly allochthonous, eolian origin of
the parent material. The major pedogenic features and their formative
processes occurred polycyclically on the different orders of marine
terraces, and we interpret the soils to have mainly developed during
repeated Quaternary interglacials. Some surface A and Bw horizons show
quite different features, suggesting a clear change in pedogenetic
processes and possibly in climate and duration of soil formation. These
horizons have the typical field appearance of volcanic soils with andic
properties (brown colors, loamy textures, high porosity, low bulk density,
high water retention, thixotropy). The occurrence of very small volcanic
glass fragments and the possible presence of short-range order
aluminosilicate minerals confirmed some pyroclastic supply during soil
formation.


Micromorphology of middle Pleistocene palaeosols in northern Italy

Pages 156-166

P. KÝhn, B. Terhorst and F. Ottner


Two long-term Pleistocene palaeosol sequences (Oleggio and
Mezzomerico) situated in Northern Italy were studied by a wide range of
pedological methods. In both palaeosol sequences, six main pedogenic units
were identified, representing different stages of soil formation. In the
present study, particular emphasis was placed on micromorphological
analyses in order to acquire more information about the sequence of
pedogenic processes. The micromorphological results reveal more precise
information about the complex sequence of soil forming processes that led
to the formation of each palaeosol. Furthermore, comparison of the
micromorphological feature-sets of the palaeosols, which occur in the same
pedogenic units, provided an opportunity to refine a recently established
pedostratigraphy.


Using pedostratigraphic levels and a GIS to generate three-dimensional maps
of the Quaternary soil cover and reconstruct the geomorphological
development of the Montagnola Senese (central Italy)

Pages 167-175

Rosario Napoli, Edoardo A.C. Costantini and Giorgio D'Egidio


Pedostratigraphic levels (PLs) are characteristic assemblages of soil
genetic horizons, formed in materials having a similar degree of
weathering, and maximum age that is estimated by correlation to benchmark
soils. In a pilot area of central Tuscany several soil profiles were
studied and correlated with four different PLs, attributed to the Holocene,
Late and Middle Pleistocene, and Early Pleistocene.
The assignment of the surveyed depth made it possible to reproduce the
geographic distribution of different pedostratigraphic sequences.
Pedostratigraphic sequences were then related to soil map units, to obtain
their geographical distribution.
The objective of this work was to use PLs in a GIS environment to generate
a set of three-dimensional (3D) maps of the Quaternary soil cover, and to
analyze the spatial distribution of each level during main intervals of the
Quaternary. The results indicate the geographical distribution of PLs is
likely related to tectonic activity throughout Pleistocene and human
utilization of the land during the Holocene.


A WRB-based buried paleosol classification

Pages 176-188

Pavel Krasilnikov and Norma E. GarcÌa CalderÑn


Present classification systems for buried paleosols are inadequately
developed. Several classification systems for paleosols, based on the US
Soil Taxonomy, have been developed recently, but their use is still very
limited. We propose appilcation of the World Reference Base for Soil
Resources, which uses only substantial profile characteristics, as a
background for the development of a new buried paleosol classification. The
system was adapted for the use for buried paleosols. Dynamic criteria,
which could be altered by diagenesis, were disregarded, and the definitions
of most horizons were modified. A new prefix "infra-" was applied for
modified diagnostic horizons and properties, and for refernce groups of
buried paleosols. As a result, 11 diagnostic horizons, 2 properties and 2
materials were left with their definitions and names; 9 diagnostic horizons
and 2 properties were modified, and named with the prefix "infra"; 14
diagnostic horizons, 6 properties and 4 materials were excluded or joined
with others; and two new diagnostic horizons were proposed. This
relationship reflects the balance between stable and dynamic properties in
the diagnostic criteria used by the WRB. The number of soil units proposed
for buried paleosols is fewer, than for surface soils in the WRB (25
instead of 30). The use of WRB modifiers, reflecting dynamic soil
properties, was tentatively recommended for the second-level buried
paleosols classification with prefixes "pedo-" for pedogenically derived
properties, and "dia-" for the properties caused by post-burial processes.
The application of the proposed system to a set of paleosols, previously
described in the literature, showed its utility for buried paleosol
classification.


Preliminary comparison of ancient bole beds and modern soils developed upon
the Deccan volcanic basalts around Pune (India): Potential for
palaeoenvironmental reconstruction

Pages 189-199

M.R.G. Sayyed and S.M. Hundekari


Relict weathering mantles are frequently preserved in the form of
paleosols, which generally document the long-term evolution of earth-
surface processes. Bole beds occur as prominent horizons composed of fine-
grained clayey or earthy material having colors in shades of red to
chocolate brown, green, purple or gray, often marking the flow contacts of
Deccan basalts, which date to approximately 65 Ma. Bole beds preserved
between two successive lava flows can be studied relative to soils
developed into the same basalts during the Holocene. The bole beds have
slightly lower pH but significantly lower electrical conductivity values
and organic matter contents compared to modern soils. They also have higher
SiO2 and lower Al2O3 and H2O+ (crystal lattice water) content than modern
soils. Results indicate that the bole beds may not have been subjected to
intense weathering and long-term pedogenesis, but nonetheless formed under
uniform rainfall with surface runoff exceeding evaporation. Weathering
chemistry suggests different types of protolith for red and green boles.
The high stratigraphic frequency of bole beds throughout the Deccan
Volcanics makes them an important source of information about the frequency
and environment of inter-eruption intervals.


Using the analysis of iron and iron oxides in paleosols (TEM, geochemistry
and iron forms) for the assessment of present and past pedogenesis

Pages 200-211

E.A.C. Costantini, S. Lessovaia and Yu. Vodyanitskii

This study investigates the iron oxide chemistry and mineralogy of
two relict paleosols, a Ferri-Endostagnic Lixisol (Bathiplinthic) and a
Profondi-Endostagnic Luvisol (Chromic). The estimated inception of their
pedogenesis is Early Pleistocene. The two paleosols belong to the same
geomorphic body, but are found at different elevations and have experienced
different hydrology expressed as either dark red or mottled dominant colors
throughout their profile. We hypothesized that the difference in color
reflected a recent transformation of iron oxides that were mainly formed in
the past. The aim of the research was to discriminate recent from relict
soil forming processes by evaluating iron oxide composition, soluble forms,
and geochemistry.
In the studied profiles hematite and goethite (?FeOOH) are the main iron
oxides. Their fate depends on the present pedogenic conditions. Both
hematite and goethite are a source of iron for recently synthesized iron
oxides (feroxyhyte (?'FeOOH) and Fe-protophases), but hematite is
preferentially dissolved in reducing conditions. In the red soil profile,
hematite content still masks the presence of the other iron oxides, while
the mottled color of the topographically lower profile, with poorer
internal drainage, is a consequence of a more advanced hematite
dissolution.
The iron oxides (hematite, goethite and recently synthesized iron oxides)
are the result of different pedoclimatic conditions in former and present
time. Hematite is inherited from past pedogenesis, while feroxyhyte and Fe-
protophases have been recently formed. Goethite can be of either current
(transformed from feroxyhyte) or inherited origin.
These results indicate that the soils studied are polygenetic; the red
color and hematite content are the results of past soil forming processes
acting in different climatic and drainage conditions.


Rock magnetism and pedogenetic processes in Luvisol profiles: Examples from
Central Russia and Central Mexico

Pages 212-223

Jorge Rivas, Beatriz Ortega, Sergey Sedov, Elizabeth Solleiro and Svetlana
Sychera


Despite a vast literature concerning magnetic properties of loess
sequences, we still do not fully understand how magnetic components and
properties are related to particular soil-forming processes that can vary
with each type of genetic horizon. In order to establish the role of
lithogenic factors in the link between magnetic properties and soil-forming
processes, we carried out a study of two complete profiles of buried
interglacial Luvisols, one formed in loess in Russia (Alexandrovsky quarry)
and the other in volcaniclastics in Mexico (Barranca Tlalpan). In both
profiles, soil genetic horizons have contrasting differences of their
magnetic properties. In the Alexandrovsky profile, the magnetic
susceptibility (?) is enhanced in the paleosol compared to parent material.
In the Barranca Tlalpan sequence, ? enhancement is absent in the soil
profile. Increase of fine-grained magnetic components in the soil is
attributed to neoformed minerals. However, this process cannot compensate
for the loss of lithogenic magnetic minerals in any of the genetic
horizons, and the resulting trend is ? depletion in the whole soil profile.
The pedogenic environment of eluvial horizons in both Luvisols is
destructive to all magnetic components, both primary and secondary. Higher
concentrations of antiferromagnetic components (hematite and goethite)
found in E horizons are related to redoximorphic processes.