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Obj [_l D_cZn Z - g_ [h evrh (2, 3 ]_dl ZjZm dj_ie _gg h _ ihk_e ,_gb _ _ ) gZoh ^ys__ky \ R_n_ e_ , bkke_ ^h \Zg gh_ baj Zbev kdb fb Zjo. _h eh ]Zfb C .b =Zghjh f2007 ih =Zjnbgd_e_f K \ 2013 ]] Hkg h\gh c Zjo _h e h ]b q_kdbc ke h c h lghkblky Age IIA. ?] h ^Zlbj h\dZ . Iron dh \j_f _gb ijbg ylZ , gZ h kg h \Zgbb jZ^bhm ]e_jh ^g h ]h ZgZe baZ 1015 i h 975 ]] yf g . wk , k heb\dh\uo . ^ h ( \_jh yl ghklvx 6 %) beb 1015 i h 969 ]] ^h g . ( k \_jhylg h klvx %). 59, k . w 77, 8 < h \ j _ f y j Z k d h i h d [ u e b g Z c ^ (_ g ua Z^ \ ihZ_ ^ g\ h jch lb x ` g h c q Z k, l y o i \ h ) dZa_f Zlg u_ kl_gijbfu dZxsb _ d gb f ih f_s_gb y ,u , d_jZfb dZh kljZdhg k gZ^ib kvx , . : j o bl _dl m jgu c , lb i _xsb _ky d_jZfb q_kdb_ ba ^_eby lkl\ b_ k\b gu o dh kl_c ih a\ h eb bf , h lkm mq_guf b ^ _ g l b n b p b j h \ Z l,v d _ Z h ]d ^j_\g_bajZbevkdbc R ,Z Zm Zh fbbf g Z _ f u c \ ji c [ b [ e _ c k d h c l j Z ^ b p b bG Z \ 15: 36), j Z k i h e Z ] Z \ r b c k y f _ ` ^ m : a _ d h c b K h o h g Z ] (B. k . l _ j j b l h j b b a Z g b f Z _ f h c i e _ f _ g _ f C w o \ m ^ 12 d b e h f _ l j Z o d a Z i Z ^ m g Z o h ^ b , , u n b e b k l b f k d b c ] h j h ^ ] h k m ^ Z( j= _ n).h : g Z e b a Z c ^ _ g g u o Z j l _ n Z d l h \ b b o k h h l g _ k kl\ =Zl, g k [ b [ e _ c k d h c g Z j j Z l b \ g h c ,l j Zh^ b phbe_ c x l i h g h \ h f m \ a ] e y g m l v g Z k h p i a\ y ih e bl bq_kdh _ b wdhghf bq_kdh_ k h klhyg b_ ^j_\g_ba jZbe vkdh]h x]Z \ X \ . ^h g . w ?f_evygh\
E b q g h k l v = m ^ _ Z d Z d b k l h j b d h d m e v l m.j g Z y i j h [ e _ f Z A Z o Z j h \ : g l h g H e( _ F h \ k d ) Z ] hbq\ G _ d h l h j u _ \ h i j h k u j Z g g _ d o f _ j k d h c w i b .] j Z n b d b

< gZqZe_ VII \ . gZ l_jjb lhjbb gug_rg_c DZf[ h ^`b ihy \bebkv ^Zlbjh \Zggu _ g Z ^j_\g _do f_jk dh f yau d_ihkl _i_g gh \u l_kgb\ rb_ f_kl gm x k Zgkdjb lkd m x , wib] j , kh o jZgb \ __ we_f_g lu lhe vdh \ ^Zlbjh \h qguo bf _gZo eZ o , nh jfm pZj_c b ih wlbq_kdb iZg_] bjb dZo \g m ljb kh [kl\_gg h ^j_\g_dof_jkdbo l_ dklh \ ^Zlbjh\ ZggZy. . >j_\g _c rZy 611 ] gZ^ibkv DZf[h^`bD - .557-600, ijhbkoh^ysZ y k \h a\ur_ggh klb
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Dh fgmD , 1935). K_\_jgZy b \hklhqg Zy klh j hgu ihem qbeb N. > f_j _ D ( .557 .600. gh `_gg j h im [ebdh\ Ze ijh j bkh\d m l_dklZ k dhf f_glZjbyfb \ ^ h Zg ]dh jk d h ]h do f_jk ? Oj_klhf Zlbb yau dZ. I. >Zlbjh\ Zg gu _ gZ^ibkb .Q VII-VIII \\ .Л (1980). < ^h deZ^_ ZgZeba bjmxlky k\_^_gb wlhc b ^jm]bo gZ^ibk_c DZf[h^`b ^ey j_dhgkljmdpbb iheblbq_kdhc ^j_\g _do f_jk dh ]h h [s_kl \Z . B \ Z g h \ Z > Z j v y : e _ d k Z (gGj h \ \ h k b [ b)j k d ^ h gZ < d j m ] _ ` b a g b h g p _ g l j b q _ k d Z y k b k l _ f Z i h k _ e _ g b c k j _ ^ g _ ] h ^ a. z f h g Z :d

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Ie_y^u \ bah[j Zabl_evghc ljZ^bpbb ;eb`g_]h III-IlhdZ ^h g . w < hk luk . D h j h [ b p u g Z : g g Z D h g k l Z g l b gdh\) Zg Z (Fhk \ Jhev \h_gZqZev gbdh\ \ ]jZ` ^Zgkdhc \hc]] g_ g. w \ >j_\g_f Dbl Z_ 23-29 . . .

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J Z [ h l Z \ u i h e g _ g Z i j b i h, ^ ^]_ j Zdg_ l J4-01-00017 ? I h k _ e _ g q _ k d b _ d h f i e _ d k u d m e v l m: j u ^ a _ f h g ` <=GN w\ hexpby , hkh[ _gg hklb , lboh hd_Z gkdb c dhgl _d kl Л.

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kdeZ^u\ Zeky b jZa\ b\ Zeky lZd gZau\ Z_fuc k ,f_r Zgg uc \h \Z\r bc \ ^Zggmx ]h kih^kl klb ev w i h ,o b q _ f a Z \ _ j r b e h k v j Z a 12 l \ bd_ m ^ h g d d h g p m w ] _ c k d h c p b \ b e b a Z p b b m \b _ d ., w .

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W g m f Z W e b r(Ee) - Z d d Z ^ k d b c w i h k h k h l \ h ,j _ h ^ b b fbbaj Z Z b [ h e _ _ i _ j _ \ h ^ b f u o g gh g ijh ba \_^_g bc kj_^b rm f_jh ZddZ^ kdh c ebl GZ m ju ^gyrgb c fh f_g l \ fh _c [Za . _j Zl k_]h ^ Z g g u o m q l12 u g ] e b c k, d b o _ f _ p d b,o5 n j Z g p m a k d5b j m b k d b o i _ j _ \ h(^ h j\ b l h f _g Z 10 g ok i , q l hi h e g h ]jm kk dh ]h i_j _\h^Z g_ ba^Zgh ^h kbo i h j h ). GZklh ysbc ^h deZ^ ihk\ y s_g bgl_jij_lZp bb I- c lZ[ebpu wi h 1923- ]h 22- c kljhqdb . > hkZ ] h ^Z( im [eb dZp by lj Zg k djb ip bb b i_ j_\ h ^Z bEwg] ^h gZ 0- ]h( ]h ^Z \ u oh 2- ]h ), ^Z` _ ^h 198 ^Z lhf Z [m d\u qbdZ] kdh ]h ZddZ^kdh Zg] ebc kCAD) ij_^i h qbl Zeb ke_^m xs__ N dh ]h ke h\ Zjy ijh ql_g b_ kljh db : _ e h , d . \, q h h llf \ ihe_ aj_gby b k k e _ ^ h- \ < Z .l\ _ e _ c .Z \Zj bZg l ihwfu h [ : ] m rZc _ , ]^_ ^ZggZy e_dk_fZ \uib kZgZ \i h eg_ h ^ga- ag Zqgh : n h э-ru-us-sa igdalut ilum Ea ersum Еhl _z djbdZ jZkk_j^beky f m ^juc S WZ 214 IV 18). ' (VA 10 Khhl \_lkl\_gg CDA 2000:244 b Ta lon 2005:119 \ k\h bo k\h ^guo keh \Zjyo ijb\ h ^yl ^Zgg ,h e_dk_f .mIh dZgZdh g_p2012 ]h ^ m mas Kaemmerer b Kai Metzler Das Weltsch?pfungsepos , ,\ Tho Enuma elюs, AOAT-375, 2012:114, n.4 g_ aZ^ m f u\ Zxlky gZ^ wlbfh eh] b_c ^Zgg h c e_dk_f m lh qgyxl _z ijh ql_g b_ h l ] e Z ] `h eschimpfen, verfluchen'. : naz ru ? be Z Kheh\v_\Z K\_leZgZ K_f_gh\gZ ( Fh kd\Z )

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GZ^ibkv Dk_jdkZ h, h [gZj m `_g gZy \ I_jk_ih1936\ ]h ^m kh ^_j`bl m ih fb gZgb_ XP e_ , g_dh _c kljZg\ u dhlhjh c ihqblZeb kv (^_fhgu K h ]e Zkgh l_dkl m , gZ^ib kb , ^w\u). Dk_jd k jZaj m rb e dZib s_ ^w\h \ b ih qlbe gZ bo f_kl ._ I_j\ u_ bkke_^h \Zl _eb :omjZfZa^ m Zgl b^w\h \kdhc gZ^ib kb Dk_jdkZ jZkkfZl jb\ Zeb __ dZd bkl h jbq_kd m x o jh m k b e b y ^ e y h i j _ ^ _ e _ g b yd hk l lhj jZhgcu D k _ j d k i j h \ _ e d Z f i Z g b x i. h [ h j ,\ Kj_^b dZg^b^ Zlh \ m ih fb gZeb kv, ?]bi_lh =j_p by Z lZd` _ jZae bqgu_ bjZgh yauqg eZ g g u c i h h ^ b l Z l _ e . vguo i q oh^ h lklZb\Z_lkyqZklghklb ,\ , \ g_^Z\g_c jZ[hl_ ilippone 2010]. HklZ_lky jh q_f, g_ykguf [F , \i , aZq_f Dk_jdk m h dZaZeh kv g_h[oh^b fuf ba [jZ lv klhe v wdahlb q_kdbc ki k \ h _ c j _ e b ] b h a g h c i j h ] j Z f q u l u ,\ Z y l h g Z ^ i b k b Z o _ f _ g b ^ k d b o p Z j _ c i _ k l , mfb q w d k i e b p b l g u f b b ^ _ h e h ] b q _ k d b f b a Z y \ e _ g b y f b h. [ s _ ] h o Z j Z d l _ j Z DZd wlh qZklh , [u\ Z_l Z ^h e`gZ e_` Zlv bkl bg ]^_ lh ihk_j _^bg_]e Zkgh . Kh bg l_ji j_lZp , ij_^eZ] Z_fh c \ gZklh y s_f ^h, deZ^_ kv bb gZ^ib XPh, [_a m keh ,\gh lg h kbl ky d h ijh iZ] Zg^bkl kdhfm, gh jkh klZ\e_gZ \ h l\_l gZ dh gdj_l gu_ bkl h j bq_kdb _ kh [u `Zg m . DZd

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m qbl gZk gh \_c rZy ,bkl hiZ] Zg^Zi_j\ m x h q_j_^v g_h [o h ^bfZ \ kbl m Zpb b h gZ ijh j by , \ , , dh ]^Z ijb a\ ZgZ aZdZf m nebjh \Zl v g_[eZ] hij byl gm x i h eblbq_kd m`_ x kZfh_ xgdl m j m . Lh dh gt fh` gh kdZaZlv b h l Z d g Z a u \ Z _ f h c (XPZ , j _ df hg lhhc jkZh y]Z e^ i bk kg bh D k _ b ] f) , g Z gZ jZkij h kljZg _ggh c lhqd_ , aj_g by j m _ l kh fgbl _evg u_ h [klh y l_ev kl\ Z \h kr_k j_lm rb Dk_jdkZ g Z i j_klh e . GZb[he__ ba \_klgu f bklh j bq_kdb f , kh\y aZg guf k pZjkl\h \Zgb_f k [ulb_f Dk_jdkZ , y\ey _lky _]h g_m ^Zqg Zy wdki_^bp by ijhl b\ d h glbg_gl < Zevghc =j_p . jZfdZo ij_^eZ] Z_fh c gh\ h c iZjZ^b ]fu _kl_kl\ _ggh ij_^i,h e h `blv qlh jZkkdZa h [ m gb qlh `_g ^w\h \kdb o dZib s y\ ey_l ky \u j\ Zgguf ba dh gl _dklZ h lq_lhf h jZaj m r_g b Zdjh ihey . FZgbim eypb y nZdlZfb ih a\ h ebeZ Dk_jdkm ij_^klZ\b lv k\h_ k ih jZ `_g b_ dZd fh jZevgmx ih [_^m .
; B ; E B H = J : N B :Y 1. Filippone, Ela. Xer xes Per sepolis h, ?4 in the Light of th e Old Per sian Informati (eds.). Ancient and Middle Iranian Studies. Pr oceedings of the 6th European Con Vienna, 18-22 September 2007. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2010. 2. Riminucci, Chiara. Les daivadans l'inscription de Xer xes (XPh): entitщs щtrangшres In: Antonio Panaino/ Andrea Piras (eds.) Proceedin gs of th e 5th Conference of th e in Ravenna, 6-11 October 2003. Milan, 2006. on Structure. Maria Macuch et al. ference of Ir anian Studies, held in ou anciennes divinitщs iraniennes? Societas Iranologica Europea held

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B k l h j b q _ k d b c b n b e h e h ] b q _ k d b c d h f .f _ g l Z j b c < d h e e _ d p b b H l ^ _ e Z > j _ \ g _ ] h < h k l h d Z .= :F BK I m rf d b g Z o j Z g b .B b ba\ _klgydZ k h [jZs_gb_f : rr m j [ZgbiZeZ]] ^h g .)w d [h] m GZ (668-627 . j Z k r b j _ g b _ f i e Z l n h j f u o j Z f Z W a b ^ Z . \ I Z f b g gb b b f _ _ l Z g Z e h ] G yl_\ bd ^jm ]b o f m a__\ ( gZijbf ,_j < 22467 ;jblZg kd h ]h ). a_y fm L _ d k l Z g Z e h ] Z [ u e h i m [ e b d .h EZw c ys j_ ^ h f = 1 ]., Z a Z l _ f k f g h \ g_ H185 \ b k i j Z \ e _ g b y f b i _ j _ b a ^ Z g K f b l h f 1887 ].; g Z ^ i b k v b a k h [ j Z g b y . K: \ I m rdb gZ jZg__ g_ ba ^Z\ZeZkv . >h deZ^ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y kjZ\ g_g b_ k ZgZeh ]Zfb \ jZfdZo lZd` _ bklh jbq_kdb c d h ff _glZjbce_ gb _ . I h y\ gZ^ib kb k h [jZs_gb_f ib kvf _ggh klb k\b ^_l_evkl \m _l h ^Zevg _cr _f jZkij h kljZg _gbb b : k k b j b b \ i _ j b h ^ i j Z \ e _ g b y : r r m j [ .Z g b i Z e Z Yk_gh\ kdZy :g ZklZkby : e_dkZg^jh\g Z

lky ieblZ [ m \ k\yab bb \ kh[jZg

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14

^ e y d j m i g u o k h k m ^ h \ : M[ jtZf j lq _ ] h h g b m d Z- u \ ` Z eZ _ f u c b e b j _ Z e v g u c h [ t _ f \h _ m a h b^ b k h k m ^ Z i j b b a ] h l h \ e _ g b b b e b h [ t _ f a Z i h e g y x s?_ ] h _ ] h i j h ^ m d l Z

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: e _ d k Z g ^ j _ g d h \ W ^ m Z j ^ = j b ] hFh _kd\Z) jv \bq G_dhlhju_ Zki_dlu fbjh\haaj_gby Z[hjb]_gh\ =Zblb d ijboh^m _\jhi_cp_\ ;Zc^Z >Zjvy K_j]__\gZ ) Fhkd\ Z :gZeba ]jmiiu d_jZfbq_kdbo klZlmwlhd ba aZohjhg_gby 39 Wev I_jm (I_l_g , =\Zl_fZeZ ) . .

< 2006 ]. \ h ^ g h c b a p _ g l j Z e v g u o k l j m d l m j g Z l _ j j b l h j b b Z j o _ h e h ] b q _ k d Wev I_j-m_fh , ^Zgguc dh fi e_dk klZlmw lh d y\e y_lky djZcg_ bgl _j_kg uf ^ey jZkkfhlj _gby k lhqd pZjkdh ]h ^\hjZ m ^j_\g bo fZcy . ;_ey_\ >fbljbc >fbljb_\ bq h k d \ Z ), KZnjh gh\ :e_d kZg^j

iheblbq_kdZy hj]ZgbaZ .). ] iheb l bq_k dZy h j]Zgb a .). ]

15

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^Ze hkgh\Z jZg__ ih^ iZf, ylgbd Лb

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16

IZg_ev1 [ueZ m klZgh \e_gZ ].\ \ h ^ ghf ba o jZfh \ ]jm iiu Dhjhg h 677 . Wl blZk i j h b k o h ^ b l \ i _ j b h ^ i j Z \ e _ g b y D b g b q C (675-683>). Z < l _ d k l _ g Z i Z g _ e b hd :dZg ijb k m lkl\ m _l aZib kv h [ m klZgh \d_ o jZfZ \ya ZgZ ^ZlZfb d ^\m. f I_j\h_[ulb yf , dh lhjZy ijb kh i j h b k o h ^ b l 314 ]., d h ] ^ Z \ E Z D h j h g m i j b [ u \ Z _ l q _ e h \ _ d i h b f _ g b : g ,_ e v L Z \ d h l h j u c [ u e h k g h \ Z l _ e _ f ^ ,b Z Z\ l h j h _ h l g h k b l k5y ]. d^ h g ., w ] h \ h j b l h i j b [ u l b b g klbb 380 b [h `_kl \Z b a f_kl Z _eZy h lku edb d bklh jbq_kdhf m f b n h e h ] b q _ k d h f m i j h r ei h f mb l ^ _ b g Z k l b _ b b l ,k q l h h i h ka lZj lh vc d Z o , jZ\ ev jf y i dZ bf_ggh \ wlhl ^_gv g_ kemqZcgZ . Wlh g_ i_j\ uc kem dh ]^Z Dbgb q Ch d : d Zg ijh \h ^bl iZjZe e_ev f_` ^m , qZc ^_yl_ev gh klvx b _]h ij_^dZf b ]. h g k h \_jrZ_l jbl mjZe . < 677 ? Zkkui Zgb y dZi_ev Л \ q_klv h d h g q Z g b y i y l, bw l lhb y u m a g Z _ f i h i h ^ i b k b d b d h g h ] j Z , b ^ b hggZ \ u Zegy_ eb l e_ f 1n ] _ i] ^b l h q g h c d h i b _ c k \ h _ ],h b h h p ZZ ` _ g g h ] h g Z f h gMsc.2 l\ h \ j _ f y k h \ _ j r _ g b y l Z d h ] h al [j mf_g _ `_ ^_ckl\ by . Jh\gh q_j 360 ^g_c h g m qZ kl\ m _ l \ _s_ h ^g h f ,jbl m Ze_ ghf k ihqb lZg b_f _a k\y aZg g _ b a \ _ k l g h ] h [ h ` _ k l \ Z d h c ` _ j b l m650 ]. \ k h \ _ j r Z _ l _ ] h ^ _ ^ K Z d . F Z k ,Z Ze
B_jh]ebnbq_kdb_ l_dklu ]jmiiu jhkibk_c

GZo L m gb q ij_ ^klZ\e y_l kh [h c k_lv i_s _j b lm gg _e_c \ \h klhqgh c qZklb ,h [eZklb gZ l_jjblh jbb =\Zl ,_fZeu ]jZgbpu k ;_eba h f [ueZ h [gZjm `_g Z \ ]., k1981 [eba . I_s_jZ 1979 ]. ih 1988 ]. \ i_s _j_ \_e bkv Zjo_heh ]b q_kdb_ jZkdhhidb lhjuo [ueb jZkqbs _gu \k , \ o ^_ dh l m g g _ e b b i j h, oh i^ u k Z g u b a Z n b d k b j h \ Z g u \ k _ f Z l _ j b Z e v g u _ g Z o h ^ d b b b a hb kl_g Zo GZ o L m gb i_s _jZ k kZfu f [h evrb f d h ebq_kl \hf gZkl _gg uo bah [jZ . -q F_ah Zf_jb d_ kj_^b dh lhjuo fg h`_kl \h b_jh]ebnb q_kdbo < l_dklh \ i_s _jZ [ueZ , . 1989 ]. a Z d j u l Z b a a Z \ Z g ^ Z e b a ,f Z h ll m j u _ k i h \ j _ ^ b e b j y ^ b a h [ j Z ` _ g b c b l _ d k l h \ d hbl . : j o _h eh ]bq_kdbc fZl, _jbZe^_gguc \ i_s _j_ o h jhrh h ib kZg b . bam q_g h _ gZc , Ih ^jh [g 1 h ib kZgb_ b ZgZeba gZkl _gguo bah [jZ`_g bc [uebKlh m g Dhfi e_dk . k^_eZgu . : b _ j h ] e b n b q _ k d b o l _ d k l h \ G Z o L m g b q Z [ u e \ i 1_ 99\ 5 _ ] ;. j F Z d ZEe ,_ b a b j h j u. i h g 2h^ gh ^h gZklh ys _ ]h \j _ f_g b ihe gh]h ijh ql_g by b bklh qgbdh\_^q_kdh ]h ljy . G_kfh ZgZeba gZ ,lh qlh l_dklu b ba h [jZ`_gb y g_ o Zh lbqgh jZa[jh kZgu ih \k_f m ,i_s _jgh fm Z h [ j Z6 a m j x m li _ i d k l u ] ,l Z g Z e b a b j h \ Z e , b k _va [ h i l j ^ b_ e yv a \ bah [jZ`_gb yf b f_klh jZkiheh`_gb x . Bgl_j_kguf `_ ij_^klZ\e y_lky ZgZeba g_ hl^_evg gZ^ib k_cZ ]jm ii u l_dklh \ , . I J B F ? Q : G :B Y 1) Stone A. Las pinturas y petroglifos de Naj Tunich, Peten: Investigaciones recientes // II Simposio de investigaciones Arqueol?gicas en Guatemala. Museo Nacional de Arqueologэa y Etnografэa. Ministerio de Cultura e Deportes - Instituto Nacional de Historia - Asociaci?n Tikal. Guatemala, 1991. P. 186; Stone A. Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Ma ya Cave Painting. University of Texas Press. Austin, 1995; Stone A. Rigional Variations in Maya Cave Art // Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, < 59 (1), 1997. Pp. 33-42. 2) Stone A. Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting. University of Texas Press. Austin, 1995. =Ze__\ Nbe bii K_j]__\bq Fh kd\Z) .

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17

gZ[ex^Z_l ky \ bkke_ ^h \Zg bb l_dklh \ X`g uo b P_gl jZev gu o \ gb af\j _ fyh kl_c , lh _gg dZd gZ^ib kb k_\_j gh]h XdZlZgZ \ l_q_g b_ ^h e ]h ]h \j _ f_g b h klZ\ Zebkv \g _ ihe bkke_^h \Zl _e_c . >Zgg h _ y \e _gb _ h [tykgy _lky g_ lhe vdh fgh ]b_ gZ^ib kb K_\_jgh ]h XdZlZ , qlh l_f ^ h r e b ^ h g Z k n j Z ] f _ g lgZ j g h d ` _ b l _ f h [ k l h y l _ e v k h \ hffh g m f _ g l u ^ Z g g h ] h j _ ] b h , h lZ , qll ebr v \ j_^dbo ke m qZy o ij_ ^klZ\e yeb kh [hc [h evrb _ jZa\ _jgm lu _ l_dklu h , qZs_ \k_]h wl dh j h ldb_ gZ^ibkkb^ysb _ky ebrv d dZe_g ^Zjgu f . aZi bkyf , \h Bkke_^h \Zg b_ b_jh ]ebnbq_kdb o gZ^ib k_c K_\_jg h ]h XdZlZgZ lZd` _ a h ke h `gyehkv \ kbem iZe_h ]j Znbq_kdbo h kh [_ gg h kl_c b ki_p ,bnbdb kZfb o d h lhjZy \u jZ`Z_lky ij_` ^_ \k_]h , \ `Zg j h \hf k\h_h[jZab leb q ghf hl ljZ^bpb b P_gljZev g , , hb g b a f _ g g h k. l _ c H^gZdh , gZqb gZy 0- o ]h ^h \ agZqbl_e vgh _ m \_e bq_g b_ dh jimkZ gZ ^ibk_c K_\ 199 k , XdZlZgZ ^Zeh bkke_^h \Zl _eyf \hafh`gh klv ih gh \h fm \a ]e ygm lv gZ b_jh ]eb ^Zggh ]h j_] bhgZ b knh dm kbjh \Zl vky gZ [ he__ ^_lZevg h f ebg] \bklb q_k .< j_a m evlZl _ [ueh m klZgh h \ gbo ijb k m lkl\ m xl ke_^u \eb ygb y xdZl_dkd b o y , ql \e_gh , ql h g Z o h ^ b l h l j Z ` _ g b _ g Z m j h \ g _ ,n f hgj _ n b d b ] b b b k b g l Z d k b k. Z g Z ^ i b k _ c h l heh Wlh h ldjulb^gZdh ,h_ , ihkl Z\beh i_j_^ bkke_^h \Zl _eyf b keh`guc dZd bf _ggh , \h ijh k bgl _jij_lb j h \Zlv ^Zggh_ y\e < _gb_ ]. : evnh gkh EZdZ^_gZ ijb \_e m [_^bl _evg u_ ^h \h . 2002 \ ihe va m ,lh ]h \ iha ^g_deZkkbq _kdbc i_jb h^ gZ l_jjb lhjb b K_\_jgh]h XdZlZgZ qlh h k h [ Z y y a u d h \ Z y k b[lb e Z p b \ y , a ifj b d h l h j h c g Z h ^ g h c l _ j j b l h j b b k h k m s _ k l \ m - m bg] b yau dh\u _ l jZ^bpb h eZgkdZy b xdZl_dkd Zy (q b ). Ke_^m _l h lf_lblv h l_jfbg [bebg]\baf y\ey_ lky h [ h [sZxsbf i h gylb_f ^ey , ql \h afh `guo kh pbh e bg ]\bkl bq_kdb o ijhlZdbf hb[jZahf ^Z_l h [tykg_g by kZfhc , p_kkh\ , g_ ijb j h ^u bkke_^ m _fh ]h y\ .e_gb^m wlh, ]h ke_^kl\ bb [ueZ ij_^eh `_g Z d h gp _ ip by <\b y \ih , kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc gZ l_jjblhjbb K_\_jgh]h XdZlZgZ keh`beZkv - kh[Z h ^b] eh kkby , ijb dh lhjhc gZ h ij_^_ezg ghc l_jjblh j bb k h km s_kl , m xl f_g y_fu_ dZ \ ijb ^\Z yau b o g h k b l _ e y f b \ j Z a e b q g u o n m g d p b h.gL Z d b f o [kj n _ y Z u d b q h e Z g k d h c ] j m i Z e v g u h ,Z j a o ahf \u klm iZ xl \ dZq_kl\ _ kh dh ", ( eb l_jZl m jgh ]h , Z xdZl_dkdb_ gb adh ]hGZ " \u ]h ) yaudZ -" ". g Z k l h y s b c f h f _ g l w l Z d h g p _ i p b y y \ e y _ l k y h [ s _ i j b g y l h c g _ glh el v d h _ \b a \ Z i Z , h Zd` h l_q_kl\ _gghc bklh j bh]. jZnbb H ^ g Z d h Z g Z r \ a ,] e y ^ i h e v a h \ Z g b _ ^ Z g g h ] h l _ j f b g Z ^ e y h i b k Z g b y y a u d h ,g bk gZ l_jjbl h jbb K_\_jgh]h XdZlZgZ g_ kh \ \k_f \_jg hlhqlh bf_xsZyky \ gZr _ f , kbem , ]h jZkih jy` _gbb bklh qgb d h \Zy [ZaZ g_ ih a\ h ey_l \ ih eghc f_j_ ]h \h jbl v h ijh l m k l g h c b i b k v f _ g g h c , l ZZ ^ e _ phb\ Z l _ e v ,g h \ u ^ _ e _ g b b \ u k h d h"] h " g b a d h ]y a u . Z j, k b ^ b h " b "h d
18

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Kh \j _f_ggu _ _kl_kl\ _ggh gZm qgu _ f_l h ^u ZgZeb aZ l_jjZdh lh\h]h fZl _jbZe Z \u\ _eb ba m q_gb _ l_ o gh e h ]b q_kdbo o ZjZ dl_jb klb d gZ gh\ uc dZq_kl\ _gguc m jh . >_lZev gh ba m qZxlky l_dkl m jZ ,fZl _jbZe Z c kh klZ\ nh j fh\h qghc fZkku k\hckl\ o bf bq_kdb , baf_g _gb _ fZl _jbZe Z i jb b af _g_gbb l _fi _jZlm jgh ]h j. _`bfZ b l ^ D k h ` Z e _ g, b xb a a Z h ] j Z g b q _ g g h k l b ^ h k l m i Z d f Z l _ j b Z e m b e b g bkihevah\Zgby ,k d b h k e k h e \ _ ^ hb \ e Z b l _ er o Z j Z d l _ j b k l b d Z f b \ g _ r g _ ] h h [ e b ,d q l h b\ ] m_ j h d h j h c k l _ i _ g b i h a \ h e y _ l h l k e Zn g dhl h [sb _ wl Ziu l _o gheh ]b q_kd h ]h i j h p_kkZ . < p_eh f ba]h lh\e_g b_ nb] m jh d fZc y fh`gh j ZkkfZl jb\ Zlv ih ke_^ m:xsb f i , nhjfh \hqg Zy fZkkZ , ijbgpbi e_idb, h[jZ[ hldZ ih\_joghklb b ^_dhjbjh\Zg b_ , h[`b] . J_]bhgZevgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby l_o beb bguo ihdZaZl_e_c ijh\h^bebkv gZ fZl_ 1 5 KZg Oh k_ h i Z2g Z jguo jZch gh\ Qb F_dkbdZ : elZj v ^_ KZdjb nbkvh k 4, : ] m Zl_db ,D , ]h ( ZiZkZ 3 ) , 6 h O Z c g ZMqblu \Zy j_ij _a_g lZlb\gh klv j_]bh gZevgu o \u [ h j h d fh`gh \u kljhb . . d Z j l b g m l _ o g h e h ] b b b a ] h l h \ e _ g b y In lbu].m j .h d f Z c y kg w I J B F ? Q : G :B Y 1) Halperin C. T. Materiality, bodies, and practice: the political econom y of Late Classic Maya figurines from Motul de San Josщ, Peten, Guatemala. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in anthropology. University of California Reverside. 2007. J. 109 2) Willey G.R., Leventhal R.M., Demarest A.A. and Fash W.L.Jr. Ceramics and artifacts from excavation in the Copan Residential Zone. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Vol. 80. U.S.A. Massachusetts. Peabody Museum Cambridge. 1994. P. 23, 43, 65 3) Bryant Douglas D. Excavations at House 1, Yerba Buena, Chiapas Central Highland. Mexico. Papers of the New Wor ld Archaeological Foundation. Number s Fifty-four. New Wor ld Archaeological Foundation Brigh am Young University, Provo, Utah. 1988. J. 30, 34, 40, 50 4) Willey G.R. The artifacts of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Vol. 64, < 1. U.S.A. Massachusetts. Peabody Museum Cambridge. 1972. J. 14 5) Triadan Daniala. Warriors, nobles, commoners and beasts: figurines from elite buildings at Aguateca, Guatemala // Latin American Antiquity, Vol. 18, < 3. 2007. P. 273. 6) Piеa R. C. Jaina. La casa en el agua. Mщxico. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. 1968. J.65 >m[hkkZjkdZy FZcy E_hgb^h\g Z Fhkd\ ) Z G_dhlhju_ Zki_dlu bgdkdh]h dmevlZ ilbp .

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< ^ h d e Z ^ _ a Z l j h g m l u ^ \ Z Z k i _ d l Z d m e v l Z i l b p \ - b d i _ jebvbl b l b p u , b g l b fm igdh\ ydh [u ihfh]Z\ r_c i_j\uf bgdZf \ ij_^kdZaZ gbb b [m m evl h djh ebqv _]hthene , d ^ms_] (A kuqZ Cunicularia), k\y aZg guc k e _ ]_g ^Zjgu fb jh ^ h gZqZevgb dZfb ^b gZkl bb . Ilb pZ bg lb ylgh j_Zev gh km s_kl \h \ZeZ dZd h [t_dl ]h k m ^Zj kl\ _gg h]h , \_jh , h jZdm e gZ ijh ly` _gbb pZjkl\h \Zgby i_j\ uo, h ^gZdh \ gZklhys__ \j_f y g_ lj_o Bgdh \ i j _ ^ k l Z \ e y _ l k y \ h a f h ` g u f m k l Z g h \ b l v g b _ _ [ b h e,hg b q^ _ l Z e b dbm e v l Z ] k d b c \ .^ Djh ebqb c (cozco bebcuzco gZ .ya kuq qbi Zcy b Zcf h [blZxs bc gZ : evl bi eZgh ), ZjZ , \ _ j h y l g h f f _ k l _ i j h b k o h ` ^ _ g b y ,b g d h \ f u i h e Z ] Z _ f g Z h k g h \ Z g b b i b k v dZd bklh qgbdh\ d h e h gbZe vg h ]h \j_f _gb b k h \j_f_ggh]h wlgh]jZnbq_kdh]h Z fZl_j , [ue k\ya g \ i j _ ^ k l Z \ e _ g b b Z g ^ k d b o g Z j h ^ h \ k i h l m k l h j h g g b fq b b jeh_ f k d m e v l h f e _ ] _ g ^ Z j g , \ lhf fk j h ^ h g Z q Z e v g b d h \ ^ b g Z k ,l b bl ubj god h \j Z l v _ \ : , y h f _ g v r _ c f _ j _ h ^ g h ] h b a d h l h j u o q_ _ [ ci j , bg db ij_^klZ\ eyeb k_[_ \ h [jZa_ ilbpu . Am[Zj_\
G_evay \ iheghc f_j_ ihgylv fbjh\haaj_gq_kdb_ dhgp_ipbb b kljZl_]bb kZfh `b l_e_c : f_jb db ^h bki Zgkdh]h i_jbh\kf hlj_\ rb kv \ , lh , g_ ^Z qlh ijb gbfZeh kv ihke _^gbfb \ dZq_kl\ _ gZb [h e__ m klh cqb \u o `b ag _gguo Ex^b g_ lh evdh `b\m,l dZ d h gb . h [jZaph \ lZd f u k e y - \ _ j g h b h [ j Z l. g< hd_ Z ` ^ h f h [ j Z a _ ` b a g b j _ Z e b a m x l k y h i j _ ^ _ e _ g g u _ \ h a f h ` g h ,l f u r e _ g b .y < j Z p b h g Z e b a b j m x s b o y a u d Z o _ \ j h i _ c k d h c d m e v l m j u h [ j Z a Zf_jb dZgp _\ h ij_^_ey _lky dZd ijb \_j `_g ghklv d h ij_^_e_g ghf m klb ex , dZd klb ebkl bq_kdb h ij_^_e_g gu _ `b ag _ggu_ ijZdl ,bdb kj_^b dhlh j uo gZb [h e__ ag Zqbl _evgh _ f_klh h l\ h r Z f Z g b a fG h r Z f Z g b a f [ h e v r _ q _ . >kZ `b ei v k e _ o j b k l b Z g b a Z p b b g Z k _ e _ g b y : .m f l_ h _ \ j h i _ c p Z f ,b \ d m e v l m j _ i h j Z [ h s _ g g u o g Z j h ^ h \ h k l Z \ Z e b k v ,k d h l h juu _ l j Z ebbp b b bevg [u^ i j b k m s b w l h f m g Z j h ^ m f g h ]. bF g hl ] b _ _ l ibey_ f _ g Z l Z d b g _ i j b g y e b o , bgk l b Z g k _ k he jh kbg l_a bjh \Ze b k\h b \_jh\Zg by . ? Ih gb f m c kZfu c yjdb c ijb f_j lZdh ]h j h k `Ze , ljZgknh jfZp-bb \hi e h s_gb_ Dj_klZ Oj bklh\ Z jZevgh]h kbf\heZ _\jh i_ ckdh , p_gl ]h k ih^kl\ Z . FZcy i_j_h kfu kebeb kZfu c o jbkl bZg kdbc _^bgb\h e_]h k Fbjh\ uf ? kh kbf eb b Л >j_\h f . LZdbf h [jZahf , o jbklb Zgkdbc dj_kl [m d\Zev gh f kfuke_ , \ klZe , kl_j`g_f b h ihjhc b o d h k f, hdkZZd b f j Z g v r _ [ u e h F b j h \ h ._ [3, j k\ 39] Л > .h _ R Z f Z g b a f [ u e i e h l g h i _ j _ i e _ l _ g k h \ k _ f b k n _ j Z f b ` b , g[bm ^ v g ^ l_ c p _ \ a b h d m evl h \u _ jblm Zeu beb `_ _`_^g _\g Zy jm lb gg RZfZg \ lZ c dm evl m j_ g_k\ h ^bf . Zy jZ[h wlh g_dh lhjh fm fg h `_kl\m n m g dpb h gZev guo; nb] m jZ bc rZf ZgZ h lghr_g _klv nb] m h glheh]b q_kdZy . ?... RZfZg ijh lb\h kl hbl ,kf_jlb , g_ m jh `Zyfg_m^ ZqZf b fb j m [h e_agyf , ? l v f u b l _ f k Z f u f h o j Z g y _ l , ` a ^ h g h \ v _ [ e Z ] h k h k l h y g b _ e x ^ _ c ? b \ _ f Z j . [2, Л baj v , k lb ЛЛ l. 3, k 51] >ey rZf ZgZ ijb\u q_g \uoh^ aZ ij_^_eu l_o ikb o h nbabkh fZlbq_kdbo . , heh] bq_kdb o ]j Zgb p h lhj u_ \_^h fu [ h evrb gkl \m a f _]h `b ag_ggh ]h h iulZ _klv m ,d ; j_Zeb , dh \k_f, j_Zeb af ljZg ki_jkh gZev guo i_j_` b\ Zgb c [g h b ijh ^m dlb\ gh i_j_` b\ Z_fuo kh klh ygbc ljZ , ih^jh , ^ey \oh `^_g by \ d h lhjuc qZklh ijb [_]Zeb d ikb o h Zdlb\ guf jZkl_g byf b . DZd ba \_kl gh^ey jZag uo ie_f _g [ueb o ZjZdl_jg u jZag : ^ey qbqb f_dh\ i_ch lev , u_ wgl_h] _gu - , ^ e y r b i b [ h d h- b [ h m ,Z ^ k d Z Z p l _ d hi \ k b e h p, b ^ [ _ y f Z - y j Z k g u c f m o h f .h j b l gZcy ey - e cd , \ i e h l v ^ h h [ h ` _ k l \ e _ g b y w g l ,_ h ] _ Z d \ w l h [ u e h m , Zkpql bdl h \ \ r b o i k b e h p b [ _ l gh _Z k \ y s _ g g u f ] j b [ h f b g Z a u \ Z \ r b o _ h _ g h g Z d Л, l ? lv_ e h [ hЛ], Zm i h l j _ [ e y l v d h l h j u c ?l ] Z Ze fh] eb l h evd h ba[jZggu_ b i h. k\ys_ggu_ <_jg h eb ij_^klZ\eylv k h kl h yg b y [4, c. 211]. , i_j_` b\ Z_fu _ rZf Zghf \ kh klhygbb ljZg kZ [g h h ibku\ Z_fu_ lZdbf ( b ih^jh ? kZdjZev gh nZjfZp _\l bq_kdb f h [jZah f lhe vdh Л ), \g_rg _ k , g_dhlh ju f \g _rgbf d h ]gbl b\gh klb ebkl bq_kdb f m,kbeb _f aZ[e m ` , beb lhe dh\Zl v bo dZd g_dh _ , o bl jh dZd ^_gb_ gjZ\ kl\ _ggh _ ij_kl m ie_g b_ rZfbeb `_ lhe vdh wkl_lb \bamZevgh fbnheh ]b q_kdb , ZgZ , q_kdb - dZdgZi jbf ,_j g_db _ fb nbq_kdb_ im l_r _kl\dbylhju_ rZfZg [ue kihkh [_g kh\ _jr Zlv , ,h

20

wdklZlbq _kdh f kh klhyg , \ ij_b kih^gxx beb fb j ^mo h h g fh] q_jiZl v agZgby bb gZ G_[h , ]^_ \ beb h[sZlvky k ^ m oi Z j f _ b Z \ b e b , _ ^ Zlv [h]Zjhkv[u bf ifb ex^_c b i m ijZ\ e_gb b klb o byf bZgk rZf, ZgZ ? Lj gZkdhe vdh fh`gh , ^m fZl v h [fZgq b\ h_ - g_ kZfh aZ[\ _gb _ g_dh_ ih]jm `_g b_ \ bg h _ kh klhygb_ nZdluZgb y ,Z , khag d h lhjh ]h lZd beb bg i j b a g Z \ Z e b k v b f k Z f b f b e b _ ] h k h,\ ji_ f Z d lbbdqZk d b f b e x ^ ^ v feb_ d b f b h l d Z d h ] h j_gg _ fb ,Z [ u l h g b [ u e h j h f Z g l b a f Z b e b d Z [ b g _ .l g hm ^ Z Z b \ e _ h k lZ b \ g h j Z a ^ _ e y l v r Z f D c g [h g_ g b g Z g _ d b _ Z \ l h g h f g u _ k h k l Z \ e y x s b _ , b[ m hl e Z h Z lZ b ,a b g b b g g Z y ^ j m ] b _ g b d h b f i ^ h ] ^g v klo , Z h [jZahf g_ k\y aZgu k g_c b g_ bf_xl h lghr_gby d Jb lm Zeu k bki hev ah\ Zgb . __ bkl bgghkl b ]Ze expb gh] _gguo jZkl_g bc b ]j b[h\ kh o jZgb ebkv ihg_dhlh juy_ s__ \j _fy , gZklh ^Z`_ klZeb y^jh f j_eb]bha gh] h kbgdj_lb afZ gh_ l_q_gb_ KZglh >Zcf_ \ ). fZah gbb e b ( j_eb]bha : G_evay i j _ ^ i h e h ` b l v q l h w l b j b l m Z ,edui j h q _ f, b ^ j m ] b _ d h f i h g _ g l u r Z f Z g k d h ] h h i , , dZ \ , gZoh^ylky \ \aZbfghf h lg h r_g bb nZevkbnbdZpbI b ii_j Z y\e yxlky k\h_]h ( \ kfuke_ . D h ), jh^Z \aZbfgh g_k\h^bfufb ijhp_^mjZfb ijh\_jdb g_Z\lhghfguo ZgkZf[e_c ih `b ag _gguo i jZdlb d ^j_\ gb o Zf _jbdZg p_\ ? K\h_]h jh^Z a_jdZehf ^ey ihgbfZgby rZfZgbafZ dZd `bag_gghc ^Zggh bf bkl bg ghkl guf gZqZeh f y\ ey_l ky d .m M gZ] m Z \kl j_qZ xlky m ih fb gZg evl m j Z gZ] m Z ? g Z m Z Л ebbe b g Z ] m Z e ? J Z g g b _ f b k k b h g _ j u \ G h \ h c B k i Z g b b q Z k l h ] h \ h j b e b e ? Л, e b (naualli, fg. qbkeh gZg Zm -- nanbg lt in), m qbl _eyo fb klb q_kdh ]h fZ]Zo y b Zevl ahua , ag Zgb be dh e^ m gZ o . KZfu f jZgg bf k\b^_l _evkl \h f h gbo y \e y_lky B[_klh jby lp Z KZZ] m gZ ? kp_g gZy Лh ,\ dh lhjh c _klv iZjZ] jZn Zeeb fZ] wlh lh l h im ]Z_l ex^ _c ih ghqZf i v_l dj h \v : gZ] m , beb , -- , dl ,Z ^_l_c . Hg \_kv fZ bkd m k_g \ ijZdl bd_ lZdh ]h j h^Z bkd m kkl\(Z fZ] bb ) b , h g agZ_l \k_ gZm Zeeh lev i j b f _ g y _ l b o k o b l j h k l v x b g hf _ l h e_ fv d h \ h [ e Z ],hZ e g _ ^ y\ h \ jЛ_ .^ [1, k 79]. ; m gb xf . Qlh _klv m _klv rZf Zgbaf ]_j f_g _\l bq_kdZy g Z ] ,m l Z d b i j Z p_ehklghf `bag_ q_gh klv \ jZfdZo _ ^bgh ]h h \ a_jdZe _ m ZeebLZdh ]h ? gZ] Л? i_jki _dlb\ Z , gZ fhc \a ]e k\h bf __l , y^ b ihiuldZo [he__ rbjhdh] g g h f y .\ e _ g b b

iulZ dh gdj_l gh r ZfZg kdbo ijZ ? Ql h j h?^Z j] Zgb q_kdZy , lhqg__ h Л beb , c kfu ke dZd \ jZaf ur e_gb yo h - h nbehkhnkdh]h jZa]h\hjZ

1. ; j b g l h g . = G Z ] m Z . b a fk e eBk 2. W e b Z ^ _ . B k l h j b y \ _ j u b F 3. Fr eidel D., Schele L., Parker J. Morrow and company, 1993. 543 4. Ott J., Bigwood Y. Teonanacatl. 175 pp.

;B;EBH=J:NB: Y _ ^ h \ Z g b _ n h e v d e h j Z b b k l h j b b Z f _ j b d . F .: d h k l m20^ 08.p140 k ZgkI bo bg _c _\ . ,f j _ e b ] b h a g u .o1-b.^ _ c .: : d Z ^ _ f b q _ k d b c i j ,h2009. .L 3 F _dl Maya Cosmos Three Th ousan d Year s on the Shaman's Path. New York: William pp. Hallucinogenic mushrooms of North America. Seattle: Madrona Publishers, 1977.

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22

b IZjZ] \Zy ^h klZlh qgh jZa\ bluo b keh `g uo hk\_^_g by [ueb . Wlb [s_kl \ , h ^gZdhkh ql_gu , fZe h ^ h klh\ _jguf l_f [h e__, qlh iha ^g_crb_ kh h [s_gby fb kkbhg _j h \ h ib k u\ Zeb h [ ,b ^h klZlh qgh ijh klu_ \h`^yf b ijZdl bq_kdb [_a\ eZklg ufb gh wlb k\_^_g by klZeb ,k , . Bf_g h k g h \ h c ^ e y j _ d h g k l ? m d p b b f [ hЛ\ u b g ^ _ c k d b o h [ s. _ kK \h \ j _ f _ g g Z y Z j o _ h ,e h ] b y j ^hdhem o l h ^ g Z d hh d Z a Z e Z k i j Z \ _ ^ e b \ h k l v ^ Z g g u o j Z g: g ibho^ l \ _ jj _ ^ e y p b c g Z e b q b _ k e h ` g u o ,^ behkv k l j Z l b n b p b j h \ Z g g u o h [ s _ k l \ \ : f Zm o k l m i _ g q Z l Z y h j ] Z g b a Z p b y i h)k _ e _ g b c (^\ ahgbb ., jZkiZ\ rb o ky \ j _am evl Zl_ _\ jh i_ckdh]h . aZ\h _ \Zgby KZ\q_gdh B\Zg :glhg h\bq ( Fhkd\Z ) >\hjph\u_ dhfie_dku fZcy \ deZkkbq_kdbc i_jb h^ . g .) . (III-IX \\ w

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J Z [ h l Z i h ^ ] h l h \ e _ g Z i j b i h ^ ]^ _ jjZd _ l J<14-06-00372 ? L _ j j b l h j b Z e v g h i h e b l b q _ k d Z y h j ] Z g b a Z , ` g NNB ^ j _ \ g b o f Z c y \ h [ e Z k l b P _ g l j Z e v g u o g b = f _ g g h h ^ l_ ecb j h \ Z)Л b _ ( aBK fk _ g (2014--2015 ] .). ]

23

B e. e I e Z g ^ \ h j p h \ h ] h d h f i e _ d k Z L b d Z e y 1. .

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24

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IbjZfb^u y\eyxlky h^gbf ba kbf\heh\ ^j_\gbo pb\bebaZpbc KlZjh]h .b Gh\ >ey EZlb gkdh c : f_jb dbdZd ijZ\ ,beh_l h d m evl m jZ o F_dkb dbZeu b I_jm , j_qv b^ , =\ Zl_f . Bgnh jfZp bb h ib jZfb^Zevg uo dh gkl jm dpb y o \ ^j m ]b o kljZg Z o j_] bh g ebl _jZl m j_ djZc g_ . fZeh ?^bgkl\_ggZy ibjZfb^Z ^hbkiZgkdh]h \j_f_gb gZ l_jjblhjbb Dhemf[bb q_jl_ . I h iZyg ^_iZjlZf _gl DZ)m\ dZ ] ( x]h aZiZ^gh c qZklb. kljZgu m f_g lZev gh _ W lh fhg a_fe ygh_ k hh jm `_g b_ \u kh l hc50h fd h e h b iehsZ^vx h kg h\Zg by ]Z ?]h \_jogyy qZklv 5 [. h e__ ^ _ n h j f b j h \ Z g Z b m i e h s _ g Z \ d h e h g b Z, e \ v g hO .\ j l_ fZ f [ u e m k l Z g h \ e _ g i Z f y l g O_ \ y dh gdb klZ^h. jm ; _eZev dZkZj m h ^g h c ba \_jkbkgh\ Zl_ex I h iZyg Z ^_ K ( ih ,h c ). H[t_dlh f Zjo _h eh ]bq_kdh]h bam q_gby ibj Zfb^Z [ueZ - ebr v h].^gZ`^u \ 1957 d h e m f [ b c k d b c Z . o _ h e[ h ]e vO kK a Z e h ` b e g Z i h \ _ j o g h k l b h 2^ 0 h ] h j Dm b h g r m j n h \ b l j Z g rBck k e _ ^ h \ Z g b y i h d Z a Z eib ^ a _ f e y g u f b g Z k u i y f b g Z o h ^ b l k y k ._ , qlh h dh gkljm dpby ba dZf_ggu o [eh dh\ b kujph \h] h dbjib qZ ]j_[_gb ke_^g__ , Z lZd`_ k_jby ih . Ih c h [kl h yl_e vkl\h fg _gb x Dm [bevm dZa u\ Z_l gZ nm gdp bx Wev Fh jh - ^_ Lm , ih , h kZ j b l m Z e v g u c i Z f y l g b d b g _ d j h i h e v i e. _ f: _ jgog_ h e h a b q _ l b b c f Z l(_ j b Z e f _ g l u hc ]gZkd nj ] d_jZfb db l^_evgu _ m dj Zr_g iha \h e beb ij_^\Zjbl _evg h ^Zlbjh \Zl v \j _ fy kljh bl_ev ,h ) by b b k i h e v a h \ Z g b y i b j Z f b ^ u 10-16g\ _\ f. g . w \j_f_ Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky __ d m evl m jgh c ijb ,gZ^e_` ghkl b^\_ gZb [h e__ bg l_j_kg u_ lh _klv \_jkbb 1) Wev F h jj h ^_ L m evdZg h lgh kb lky d d m evl m j_ , ;h eh D_[jZ^Z K : iZfy lgb db dhlhjhc khkj_^hlhq_gu \ \ _ j o g _ . f D b mk dj Z ^ g b f ^ 8-1l6 b_ \ g.;m )x l k y Z _ _ l _ q j \ b2 b Z j IbjZfb^ZevgZy nhjfZ khhjm`_gby g_oZjZdl_jgZ ^ey iZfylgbdh\, x]h ^Z ZiZ^Z lh] a dZd p_eZy k_jby ib jZfb ^ b fhg m f_g lZev gu o a_f eyg uo gZku i_c ba\_kl gZ gZ i bjZf b^u Km,e_lZ ib jZfb ^u Dh qZkdb b a\ _^_gb_ dhlhj uo gZqZeh kv g_8-iha^g__ .), \h l ^ 9 \\ . g .w N_^xrbg < eZ^bkeZ\
D m qd Z [Ze ,b h [jZah\Z\rb _ ky gZ i h \_ Xd Z l Zg ih ke_ jZkiZ^Z FZcyi Zgk d h c , ^Z\gh ih iZeb \ ihe_ aj_g b_ m q_gu o f _ ahZf _j bdZgbklh\ lhjb y . Bo bk g_i e ho h h k \_s _gZ jZgg_d he h g bZevgu fb bkl, hq d gbd d hl h juf Zfb \ i h ke_ ^g__ \j_fy ^h[Z\eyx l k y Zjo _heh ]b q_ kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgb y h`_ fm i m lb k h ag Z qbl _evguf h iha ^Zgb_f . I h iho , gh , b^_ l bkke_^h\Zgb _ h [jZah\Zgbc \rbo ky \h dj m ] h a Bp Z b k hojZgy\ rb o g_ aZ\ bkbfh , ke h `b . I_l_g h l b k i Z g p _ \ \ i e h l v ^ h XVh g\ .p Z d II < lh `_ \j _fy bklhqgb d h \Zy [ZaZ I_l_g Z ij_^klZ\ey _l ky [he__
25

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26

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< ^h deZ^_ j ZkkfZl jb\ Zxlky g_dh lh j u_ \h ijh k u [bh] jZnbb \ b^gh]h Znbgkdh ]h ih eb , jh ^kl\_g gb dZ I_jb deZ - =eZ\ d h, gZug Z E_Z]jZh ju, h llZe db\ Zykv h l h [gZjm `_g gh ] k . : \l Hev\ bb njZ]f_gl Z Zllb q_kdhc djZkghnb ]m jgh c \Za u jZ[h lu fZkl _jZ I_gl _k >+ @? > ] [K]A , i j b o h ^ y l d \ u \ ,h qm h \ j _ f y j h ` ^ _ g b y = e Z \ d h g Z k e _ ^ m _ l h l g _ k l ^l k_j_^bg _ 70- o ]] V \ . ^h g . w< ^h deZ^_ \u ^\b ]Z_l ky ij_^ih e h `_gb_ qlh ihi Z^Zgb_ . , Zllb q_kdh c \Za u fZkl _jZ I_gl _kbe_b, \kdh j__ bx , hy\ be h kv ke_^kl\ b_f ih k_s_g by Hev\ \k_] w l h ] h ] h j h ^ Z k Z f b f = e Z \ d h g h f \ o h ^ _ I h g l b c k d h c w d k i _ ^ b p b 38 I. _ j^ h d e Z \ 4b ] b g .w ;ZjZgh\ >fbljbc :e_dkZg^jh\bq :iheehg rapati -Xs (
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27

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> _ f h d j Z l b y b ^ _ f Z ] h ] b y \ : n b\g Z o g . w V . ^h AZcp_\ >fbljbc < eZ^bfbjh\bq ( DjZkg h yjkd )

D \ h i j h k m h o Z j Z d l _ j _ E _ e Z g l k d. h c \ h c g u

G_kfh ljy gZ , lh qlh bkke_^h \Zgb_ E_eZg lkdh c \h cg u gZqZeh kv ihql b, ^\Z kl ^h kb o ih j kj_^b bkke_^h\ Zl_e_c \ha gb dZxl ]hjyqb _ ki h j u ^Z`_ ih lZdbf dexq_\u dZd oZjZdl _j klZ\ m qZklg bdh \ b ^ebl _ evgh klv G_dh lhju_ _\jh i_c kdb_ , kh . d h gneb dlZ k i _ p b Z e b ,k lguZ i j b f _ j > ` O h e e b . D k j Z e Z f [ b\ ^u k l m i Z x l k d j b l b d h c k h [ k l \ _ g . OZ ,m b k l h j b q g h k l b \ h c g u b ^ h k l h \ _ j g h k l b g Z r b o. G g Z g b c _ hw lgh_ jc_ ^ h l Z \ e y _ l k y a Z nhg , i ]k h i j Z \ ^ Z g g u f g h \ h _ h [ j Z s _ g b _ d i j h [ e _ f _ o Z j Z d l _ j Z E _ e Z g GkZ h h k gh c Z g b b . l d c \ h\ gu

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ZgZeb aZ bf _xsb o ky Zj o _h eh] bq_kdb o fZl _jbZ eh \ ba jZkdh ihd ZE_ndZg^b b , lZd` _ g_f gh]h qbke_g guo k\ b^_l_ev kl\ gZjjZl b\ guo , b\ klh qgbdh\ ^_l k^_e ZgZ ih iuldZ ^h deZ^_ [ m EZil_\Z FZjbgZ Xjv_\gZ ! 1 . beb !"b (Lh[hevkd ) .1 ?. KlZjrZy lbjZ g by \ \hkij bylb b b hp_gdZo kh\j_f_ggbdh\ .

Bklh jbh]jZnby jZgg _]j_q_kdh c lbjZg bb \k_]^Z h leb qZeZkv jZaghh [jZab_f ih^oh^h \ h p_gh dh l ij_^klZ\ e_gb c h g_c dZd qbkl h km [t _dlb\ ghf _kd_ _gb b uo Zf[bp bc : , \uie y \e ebqg ij_^klZ\ bl _e_c Zjbklh djZlb q_kdh, c? Z gl bqgh f [h gZi Zjlbaf _ weblu Л ^h fh^_jg ba Zlhjkdb o , h i j Z \ ^ u \ Z x s b o a e h ^ _ y g b y i _ j \ u o l, bd Z d h \ \ u ^ \ b ` _ g p _ \ ^ _ f h k, Z\ h i e h l b \ r b o \ ` b a g v jg _]h lj_[ h \Zgb lbjZg by ^bdlZlm jZ ^_fh kZ l_q_kl\_g ghc bklhjbh]j Znbb d h gpZ (y - ). < h XX - gZqZeZ \ . l_f Z lbjZg bb i h em qbeZ ^Ze vg _cr: __ lbZa\ blb_ XXI j jZgu ij_^klZ\ eyxlky e b^_jZfb , ih em qb\ rb fb \e Zklv h l gZjh ^Z [eZ]h ^Zjy k\h bf \u ^Zxsbf ky aZkem ]Zf , bkdexqb l_ev gu f ebqgh klg uf ,dZq_kl\ Zf o Zjba< f_ ^h deZ^_ jZkkfZl jb\ Z_lky lh _klv . \ h k i j b y l b _ k l Z j r _ c l b j(Z e Z bg u f h [ j Z a h f b h g b c k d)b o h hj [ fs_ g g b d Z f b b l _ f b ]gb\ k \_ b Z\l h jZ , d h lhju_ hib jZeb kv gZ Zm l_g lb qg m x f_kl, g klZ\ bl ky ih^x khfg _gb_ fb m x ljZ ^bpb l_a bk h kl Zj r_c lbjZg bb dZd o Zjba fZl bq_kdh f eb ^_jkl\ _ . F b o Z c e _ g d h : e _ d k Z g ^ j Z < b d(lK Zhg\ g Z I _ l _ j [ ) j ] hj dl m Hkh[_gghklb h lghr_gby ]jZ`^ Zg d f_l_d Zf \ :nbgZo. ^h g . w VI-IV \\ \

Ih klZgh\ dZ \hij h kZ h o ZjZdl_j_ h lgh r_gbc f_` ^m ij_ ^klZ\bl _eyfb ]j Z`^Zgkdh]h h [s_kl \Z b k h ke h \b y f_l _dh\ y\ey_lky h ^gh c ba dexq_\u o ^ey ihg bfZgb y n h j f b j h \ Z g b y k, b\ k d _hf luh j h c k m s _ k l \ h \ Z e b q m ` _ a _ f p VI \ i hIn b g\ .Z ^ o k . w l u :V \ hg A Z b k d e x q _ g b _ f l j Z ] b q _ k d h ] h w i b a h ^ Z \ h \ j _ f y d h j h l d h ] h i j Z \ e _ g bgyb L b j Z , h eb]Zjobq_kdh _ gb ^_fhdjZl bq_kdh _ ijZ\bl _ evkl \Z jZ gb y Ibkb kljZl b^ h \ g , gb ^Z`_ lb h km s_kl \e yeb h ldjh\ _ggh j_ ij_kkb \g uo ^_ckl\ bc ijh .lb\ f_l _d h ,\ h [s_kl \_g gu _ ;he __ lh]h ^_yl_eb hljbpZeb dk_ghnh[kdb_ gZkljh_gby b ih^q_jdb\Zeb ^jm`_kl\_ggmx ih ih h lghr_gb x d qm `_a _fpZf g_ l h evd h , ]j_q_kdhZjkdh]h ijhbko.h H^gZdh gh \Zj\ ]h `^_gb y , iha\hebf k _ [ _ i , _ q i l hh e h ` eb hl d Лk _ gg Z y k Z f h f j ^ ?nb v b ^_e_ ij_^klZ\eyeZ b k d m k g u c h [ h j h l \ j _ q Z o ^ _ f Z ] h ] h \ b h i u l, gg _ oh l j Z ` b lx sdbhc\ Z n b g k d b o j _ Z e b c u ihe Z b . Ih ebk g_ lhe vdh k h a^Z\ Ze m keh \b y ^ey g_i h e ghi jZ\g h ]h km s_kl \h \Zg by , gh b kh ag Zl_evgh ih^q_jdb \Ze jZae bqb _ f_` ^m ]j Z`^Zg bghH] b f_l _dhf y dZkZebkv . f jZgbq_gb l h e v dh xj b ^b q_ kd h c klh jh gu i jh ke _` b\ Ze b kv \ j _] e Zf _gl Zp b b j _e b ] _g gh ,c c , gh b , \h bh a gh n b g Z g k h \ h c b ^ Z ` _ e b q g h .c F ` _ b _a g b h l ^ _ e v g u f k h h [ s _ k l \ h f k i j Z \ e y e b d m e v l l db ijZdl bdb , `beb ij_bfm s_kl \_g gh \ ]h j h ^kd hc, b bf _eb m ^Ze_gg u_ h l ]j Z`^Zg f_kl q_jl_ aZoh jh g_gby . =jZ`^Zgkdbc dh ee_dlb\ k h ag Zl_evgh ^bklZg pb j h \Ze ky bhl wlh `_kl , qm ijh y \eyeh kv \ , lhfh bg h kljZgp u ql , d h lhjuf jZaj_r Ze h kv `b l v \ , : Z\lh fZlbq_kdb nbgZo \u gm `^_g u [ueb aZg bf Zlv aZ\ _^ h fh g_ih q_ lg h _ f_kl h \h \k_o kn_jZ o ^_yl_ev g bkdexq_g by . Jmg] W^mZj^ < Ze_jv_\ bq Z g v (DZa ) I _ j k b ^ k d b c p Z j v d Z d ^ b i :e j h feZ lZ o _ f _ g b ^ k d b o f h g Z j o h \ \ h l g h r _ g b y o k .] j _ d Z f b hv

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KZih]h\ :e_dkZg^j K_j] K Z j Z ) h \ ( __\bq l Dhgp_ipby pZjkdhc \eZklb DbjZ <_ebdh]h m Dk_ghnhglZ .

L_dkl ? Dbjh i_^bb [ue kh a^Zg \ i_j\ h c iheh\b\ . ^h g . w h q_gv jZgh h dZaZek Л IV g_ b ih e_ aj_g by _ \jh i_c kdbo bkke_^h \Zl _e_c gh\ h ]h gh _f_gb , \j gZb[h e__ Zdlb\gh _]h klZ b a m q Z l v \ i h k e _ ^ g b _ l j b ^ .p D l g Ze _ l h y s _ f m f h f _ g l m h [ k l h y l _ e v g h j Z a j Z [ h l Z g Zvk , k\y aZg gu _ ? Dbjh i_^b_c dZ d ebl _jZl m jgu f l_dklh f h qgbdZfb e_,f `Zg j hf k Л , __ bkl , klb , h [jZaZf b ]_jh _\ , \ebyg byfb gZ Dk_gh n h gl Z ]j_q_kdh c nbehkh nkd h c b ,iheblb i h e b l b q _ k d b f b \ a ] e y ^ Z f b k Z f h ] h (D .k _ :ggh^ _ n k h g Z . L w c l, Z;f > v x >. = _ j Z D > j h g ,l > . , ,. L Z i e b g b.). ^ jH ^ g Z d h \ h i j ,h kduZ k Z x s b _ k y \ h k i j b y l b y D k _ g h n h g l h f p Z j k d h :o_f_gb^h \ , bam q _gu g_^h klZlh qgh . Ij_^klZ\ ey_l ky \Z` guf ijh ZgZeb ab j h\ Zlv bf _g \a ]e y^u Dk_gh n h gl Z g Z p Zjkdmx. \ eZklv Db jZ <\h ^gZy qZklv ? Dbjh i_^bb (I.1) y\ey_lky k\h _]h j? ijh ]jZffg Л, c _x Z\lh j Л h ^Z h h ldju\Z_l k\h _ ih\ _kl\h\ Zgb _ h . Dbj_ LZdb f h [jZahf h f_klh b] jZ_l \Z` gmx , wl dh fihabp bhggm x b kx`_lh h [jZam. xs ^hdeZ^_ ev < m x jh jZk kfZljb \Z_lky dh gp_i pby pZj \ e Z k l b D k _ g h n h g l Z g Z h k g h \ _ Z g Z e b , Zd h ll _ h fj b gxh e b k l h j b d b k i h e v a m _ l a jm h]bb h ib kZgby k\h _]h \a]e y^Z gZ \e Zklv DbjZ ih\ _kl\h\ Zgb b Dk_gh n h gl ^_lZev g . < ^Zevg _cr _f jZkdju\ Z_l k\ hb ij_^klZ\e_g by h ki_pb nbd_ pZjkdhc \ eZkl b DbjZ , ijb wlhf ZjoZbabj m y q_jl , ijb k m sb _ i _jkb^kdh fm p Zjx dZd . i jZ\ bl _ex Kbgbpug :e_dkZg^j :e_dkZg^jh\bq ( KZgdl I_l_j[mj] KZjZlh \ )

I h k e _ ^ g b c ] h ^ I _ g l _ d h g l Z w W lebeb^ Z g Z d Z g m g _ \ _ e b d h c \ h c .g u : Z K h e h f Z l b g Z ? e _ g Z B \ Z g h \ g Z ( Fh kd\Z ) K b ] _ c k d Z y \ h. c g Z K l j _ e d h \ : g ^ j _ c < Z e _ g l b g h \ F h k d )Z ( bq \ ?Gbdb ahehlu_ Л. Kljh]_pdbc
: n b g k d Z y b f i _ j k d Z y i h e b l b d Z b _ _ h l j Z ` _ g b _ \ y a u d. _ N m d b ^ b ^ Z ^h deZ^_ Z\l h j iu lZ_lky ih dZaZlv qlh bfi_jkdZy ih eblbdZ , k m s g h k l ,v d \ h l yh aj u d _ h l j Z ` Z _ l uc ^ _ , c d h \ l bh yj u b kl _ ^ b i e h f Z l ,b lbZ d b \ d h g d j _ l g u o i h e b l b q _ k d b o f _ j h i j b y l b y o . Djh f_ lh]h ^h deZ^_ ijh ke_` b\Z_lky, dZd f_g yeky yau d ,\ lh bf i_jkdb. c Wlh ih^l\ _j` ^Z_lky ij_` ^_ \k_] h , wib] jZnbq_kdb fb ^h d , b k i h e v a m y k h h l \ _ l k l \ m x s m x l _ j f bhglh e hZ x lx k \ h _ h [ j Z a g h _ b f , jZ` ]b keh `b\r __ky \ k hh l\_lkl\ m xsb c i_jb h ^ . Kmjbdh\ B] hjv ?\ ]_gv_\bq ) ( Fh kd\Z = _ g ^ _ j g u c Z k i _ d l i h w a b b b a Z d h g h ^ Z l _ e v k. l \ Z K h e h g Z

b nh j fb j h\ Zeky m,f_g lZf b dh lhju_ i _ j k d h _ f ,u r e _ g b

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30

^jm ]Z qlh ij_iylkl\ m _l ih eghp_gg h c j_d h gkl j m dpbb p_eh klg h]h , ^_yl_ey ZjoZb q_kdh c Znbgkdh c< ^ bklh jbb . hdeZ^_ [ueZ ij_^i jbg ylZ ihi ul kbg l_a f_` ^m wlbf b ^\ m fy klh jhg Zfb _ ]h ^_yl_ev gh klb gZ ijbf_j _ K m j b d h j\ h Z g Z e b a b j h \ Z \ f Z l _ j b Z e ,d l Z d kb baoZ d h g h \ , K jhberh e Z \ u ,i Zd l h\ i _gd \ l_o b \ ^jm ]b o yjdh hljZabeZkv ih^q_jdgm lh fZkdm ebgg .Zy ] L m f Z g k O Z Jj b ])Z ( ck ; u e e b K h d j Z l Z j b k l h?d j Z l h f RZjgbgZ :jbZ^gZ ;hjbkh\gZ M bklhdh\ Z f n b d l b h g )b y . ( K Z g d l I _ l _ j [) j ] m i j Z_ q\ _Z d b c (]j k fbj b

h [jZaZ wl h dZ gZc lb g ]_g ^_jgh]h \h . B .? \ h ,^ m l h b q _ g^_jgZy b^_he

h[s_]j_q_kdh]h

Ibe_ckdh >_evnbckdZy

F_`^ m ex^vf b jZae bqg uo ]j _q_kdb o h [sb g k g_a ZiZf ylg uo \j _f_g m klZg Z\e b\ Zebkv ebqg u_( j h ^kl\_g gu_ b ^j m `_kdb _ dh ff _j q_kdb_ k\y ab ), , ihwlh fm h q_gv jZgh ihy \be i h l j _ [ g h k l v \ h [ s _ ] j _ q _ k d b o b g .k l H lg blfZ o b a i _ j \ u o l Z d b o b g k l b l m l h \ k b^ m b Z f n b d l b h ,g b b [ t _ ^ b g y \ r b _ h ex^_c \hdjm] h[sbo k \ ,y l b Z b s k h \ f _ k l g u _ e `_j l\h ijbghr _gb y klZeb h ^gbf ba i_j\u o kbf \h e h \ _^bgkl\Z weebgh \ . Hk h [h _ agZq_gb _ \ ]j _q_kdh f fb j_ bf_eZ Ibe _ckdh >_e vnbc kdZy ,Zfnb dlbh gby _i_g gh ijbh [j_eZ d h lhjZy ihkl iZg weebg kdbc o ZjZdl_j b iu lZeZkv ke_^bl v aZ kh [ex^_gb_f \k_]h , ol_o, , ij_` ^_ h [sb ijZ\ be q l h h k g h \ Z g u g Z j _ e b ] b h a g u o h [ u q Z y o .b < i jj Z^ k d Z \ o _ gkb\ h _ o d h f i _ l _ g p b b h g Z _ fl Ze yc , \ha fh`gh ij_^ijbgbf ZeZ hij_^_e_ggu _ rZ]b d \u jZ[hl d_ f_` ^m gZjh ^gh]h ijZ\ Z \ , fb jZ f_` ^m weebg Zfb \ k\h x h q_j_^v h ij_^_ebeh b _z \e byg b_ \ ihe blbq_kdbo . Wlh h i j _ ^ _ e _ g g u _ i _ j b h ^ u b k l h , j b b l y ek el Zi ^ _ u v w l h ]f hh ` _ \ le b[ yu glgv_ y k l h b l oh W _g , ,b ij_ m \_e bqb \Zl vK l_q_g b_f \j _f_g b jy^h f k Zfnbdl bh gb yfb ih y \e yxlky m `_ . ih e bl bq_kdb _ h [t_^bg_gkbffZobb b [h evrb _ , kh xau , by b [h e__ q_ldb_ ij_^klZ\ e_gb y h[ h kgh\ Zo i jZ\h\u o h lgh r_gbc f _`^m i .h ebkZf b

R_j]bgZ GZlZevy :g^j__\gZ

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31

D ME V L M J: B B K D M K K L < H > J ? < G ? C = J ? P B B

= \ h a ^ _ \ Z L Z l v y g Z ; h j b F h kd\Z ( k \ g Z) =j_q_kdZy Zle_l bdZ \ ? Khggbd_ Л :jl_fb^hj Z . >_^xevdbg :glhg
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Wlh l l_jfbg g_ ijb\e _dZe \g bf Zgb y h jm `b . _\_^h \3 $. !. m ih fb gZ_l ky \ dhf_^b b : j b k l h n Z g Z b ^ \ m o Z n b g k d b o( b g Z_ gi lbZkj y o o k i b k d Z o I Z j n _ g h g Z b ) W j _ o l g\ ^ gu \lhjhc i V e h i\ _b j g\ h c h- u i hIV h \ .\ b ^ g u . g < wh ^ g h c e h ba gbo d nbdkbj m _lky gZjy ^m k , dkbnh kZfb b fZoZcjZf \Zj _ Eb^^_eeZ b Kdh llZ Zdbg ZdZfb . < keh b (8- _ ba ^Zgb_ , 1882 ].) ij_^eZ] Zeh kv [m d\Zev gh _ bkl h ed h \Zg b_ ag Zq_gb y h l_jf bgZ - ? g_ql kj_^g__ f _ ` ^ m i j y f u f f _ q h f b k Z [ (el_ c._ d k b n h k h f b f Z ). ZI c jah^ g _ _ _ ] h k l Z e b i _ j _ \ h ^ b l v Л ohc e b r v \ a g Z q ?gfb bo Z c ,j ? [ h e v r Z y f Z o .Z c j Z _Z ЛZ Л ?kl v j_^db_ ijb f_ju kh q_lZg by ijbag Zd h \ h [hbo lb ih \ f_q_c \ . h ^g h f ij_^f _l_ Dkbnh k k j m dh ylv x fZoZcju ba f m a_y Rm f _gZ y\ ey_l ky h _ gb dZevg uf fh` _l [ulv , lZd m kh q_lZgb_ j_a m evlZlh f j_f. h < glZ `_ \j_ fy ba I_j]Z fZ ijhbkoh^bl f_q [jhg a h\hc klZlm b lh , dhl h juc h [eZ^Z_l ijy fhc jm dh ylv x, gh ihf kZ \ gh`gu f Zo .Zcju dkbnh _ s_g < weebg bkl bq_kd m x wih o g_ nbdkbj m _lky kZf , l_jf bg h lh`^_kl\ blv k gbf wlh h jm `b _ qlh[u . Fg_ ij_^klZ\e y_lky qlh wlbf h e h]b y l_jf bgZ g_ k\ya ZgZ k dh gklj , h k h [_ggh klyf b kZfh]h I_j\ Zy yh kgh\ Z keh \Z Zdp_g lb jm _l gZ [h _\h f ij_^g Zag . h jm `b , q l h [ u g _ i m l Z l v k f Z k k h c ^ j m ` ]_ jbl o_ g g u o_ ,c f y k g b p d b o l .). K Z f l _ j f b g g _ ( \ gh` ,b ^ ijb `b eky b [ue \ul _kg_g keh\h f $. !. ?\ ^hdbfh\ IZ\_e :g^j__\bqF h k d ) Z ( \ ? D b i j k d Z y i h e b l : j b k l h l _ e y b p Z j k d Z y \ e Z k l v g Z D. b i j _ Л by AZ[m^kdZy YgZ E_hgb^h\g Z Fhkd\ ) Z : [ueh eb
? < a y l b _ F b e _ l Л N j b g b o Z ^ g h b a j Z g g b o i j h b a \ _ ^ _ g b c l j Z ] b q _ ,k ^ d h g h k` Z g _ j Z Z -h h ]Z g ^h r_^r __ b h ibku\ Z_fh _ ebrv ih d h k\_ggu f ^Zgg ufh \gh ^Zlbj m _fZy ^hf ^ h g w . Mke 493 ]h ., ba \_kl gZy dZd ih\h ^ d aZi j_l m gZ ih klZgh \db k bkl, hwlZ ljZ] _^by \^h[Z\hd j bq_kdb f kx`_l hf y \ e y _ l k y j _ ^ d b f i j b f _ j h f b k d e x q _ g b y b, a e _ i] jdZ \ b \ e Zh ^ b f h ] h i j b h a g Z d h f e _ g b b h u\ dh jim kh f ^h r_^r bo ^h gZk gZa\Zg b_ ^Z_lky ih o h jm eb[h ^_ckl\ m xs_f . < i_j kh g : ^jZf m ^ h d e Z ^ _ j Z k k f Z l j b \ Z x l k y b ,k ^ lZ x sgbb_ dgbZ f b g n h j f Z p b x h [ w l h c l j Z ] _ ,^ b b N j b hq b i j _ ^ e Z ] Z x l k y i m l b j _ r _ g b y i j _ ^ e h ` _ g g h c i: j k h e _ lf g h r _ g b _ k ^ j m? h [ t _ d l g u f b h[h u ]bfb Л gZa \Zg byfb bkdexq_g byf b _ ijh ql_gb_ bklh qgb?dZ jfm evg h klvke_^ m xs_ c , g_\_jgh nh b Л ih l j Z ^ b p b b Z d h g _ m l h q g _ g b _ g Z r b o i j _ ^ k l Z \ e _ g b c h i h w l b d _ a Z ] e Z. \ b c \ Z g l b q g ,g ,p

32

A Z o Z j h \ Z B j b g Z G b(dFhhekZd_ )g Z \Z

O j Z f = _ n _ k l Z b L _ k _ c h g \ : : b g Zb k l h j b b \ h i j h k Z h e h d Z e b a Z p b b k \ y l b e b s Z ] _ j h nao . Dbr[Zeb LZfZr I_l_j ( F h k d )Z \

? = j h [ g b p Z = _ d Z l h f\ gF b e Z k _ : \ h a f h ` g u _ g Z i j Z \ e _ g b y b k k e _ ^ h \ Z g b y Л Z .

>Zgguc ^ h d e Z ^ i h. k \] yj s _ [g g bl p g = Л_ d\ Z F h fe g k kh._ \ jL m j, p ibj y \ ? h _ j b (Z Z . h F m ] e Z _ \ g b _ F b e Z k u Z j ). yI Z f y l g b d [ u e h l d j 10l ] \ h ^ , h ^ g Z d h g _ a Z ^ h e ] h ^ h w l h ; ^j ,D b 20 u m [ u e h ] j Z [ e _ g g _ b a \ _ k l g u f b . e?b]p Z d b g k _ j \ Z p b y b b k k e _ ^ h \ Z g b _ _ s _ g _ , agZl\ _ j r _ g u h fh _ h n b p b Z e v g u o i m [ ,e h ^d Z p b c [ u e h k ^ _ e Z g h i j _ ^ i h , h ` l_ g b ]_ j h [ g b p Z b b f _ x s b c k y b gZdh eq h g_c kZjdhnZ] i j b g Z , ^ ei _ j ` Z \ l b l =_ e dx Z lb h f kg Zml( jm. f i\ 377 D Zh j b.). w _ Zm .] ^ gb Hkgh \gufb Zj]m f_gl Zfb y\e yxlkyZo h `^_gb _ iZfy lgb dZ : f_klhg ( FbeZku j h ^h\hc ]hjh^ - =_dZlh fg Z Zjobl_dl m jgu c ), dh gl( _dkl gZ^ ih] j_[Zevg hc dZf_jh c klhb l ih^b g_a Z\_j r_g gh]h a^Zgb y IV \_dZ ^h g w jbqgh bki h evah \Zggu c \ jbfkdh _ lZd`_ ., \lh ), Z \j _ fy gZku s_g gZy b dhgh] jZnbq_kdZy ijh ]j ZffZ kZjdh nZ]Z . GZ h ^g h c klh? kZjdh nZ]Z =_dZlhkgh\gh c i_jkh gZ` ihdZa Zg \h ae_` Z sb f j hg_ Л h fgZ debg _ \ dj m ] m , k_fv b m ]h c h [jZa_ \kZ^ gb dZ gZ ev\ bgh c h_nu l_klb ebklbq_kdb gZ ^j -\ . J_ev o h [eba db d kd m evi l m jZf = ZebdZj gZkkdh ]h FZ\ ahe_yc ] j h [gbpu, FZ\kh eZ ( fh gm f_g lZev gh kug Z b gZke_^g bdZ =_dZlh fg Z ) b jy^m ^j m ]b o iZf ylg bdh \ ^h g Hkh [ h _ \gbf Zgb _ m ^_e_g h IV \_dZ .w i_j_^Zq_ ^ebg gu o \h e h k b [h j h ^u ]e Z\gh c- nb] m ju, a^_kv fu bf __f ^_e h k \h af h `gh ih jlj_lhf < ih]j_[Zevg hc dZf_j_ bf_eb kv j h k ibkb k bah [jZ`_gb _f kb^ysb o ` _gsb . . G _ k f h l j y g Z k d m ^ g h k l ,v h ^ lZ g k _ u o _ i Z f y l g b d Z d i _ j \ h c iIV e \ h \ ^ b g g . w g_ ggb h.h_ b Z l j b [ m p b y d Z d ] j h [ g b p u (= _ d ,Z l\ h a f h ` g ,h ^ j m ] h ] h q e _ g Z b e b i j b [ e b ` _ g g h beb hfgZ ^bgZkl bb =_dZlhf)gb ^ h \ lky \i h eg_ \_jhylg W lhl fZl _jbZe y\ ey_l ky dexq_\uf ^e dZ`m . uf b b a m q _ g b y i h \ _ ^ _ g b y d Z j b c k d b o , i h Z \ h [l _ _ g gch \ h [ e Z k l b i j b f _ g _ g b y o m ^ h ` _ k l \ _ g g j k b e_ y a u d( Z j _ b f m s _ k l \ _ g g h ] j _ q _ k d he y n h j f b j h \ Z g b y b \ u j Z ` _ g b y k Z f h k h a g Z g b y i ) ^ ]h w e b .l u< w l h f i j h p _ k k _ h n h j f e _ g b _ a Z o h j h g _ g b c k u ] j Z e h . h ] ^ jZ ef v g _ c r _ f h e v < h gmx j d Z ` _ l k y i e h ^ h l \ h j g u f k j Z \ g _ g b _ w l h ] h y \ e _ g b y k - ^ b mj]Z g b _ iw _ e e b g b k l b q _ k d b j bfg j ^ d m e v l m ,j Z f bi j b f ,_ j k e b d b c k d h Z d b c k d h c b f Z d _ .^ h g k d h c gZ , nj c Dhjh\qbgkdbc B\Zg GbdheZ_\bq ( F h k d )Z \ F b n h N _ ^ j, _ ? \ j b i b ^ b [ e b ` g _ \ h k l h q g Z y f b n h e h ] b y \ u _ k h h [ j Z ` _ g b y g Z k l Z j m x : gh l_fm .

Ls Zl_ev gh_ bkke_^h \Zg b_ fgh]h qbke_g gu o \_jkbc fb nZ h ex[\b N_^ju d , Bii h eb kh ^_j`Zs boky \ Zgl bqg hc ebl _jZlm j_ , qlh kx`_l ljZ] _^bb ?\jb ib Bii h ebl , ih dZaZeh ? ^Z , m \_g qZgg uc \_gЛ, dh lhjuc h [uqgh jZkkfZl jb\ Z_lky dZd deZkkbq_ kdh _ dhf ba e h `_g b_ ^Zggh]h ,fb nZ \ ^_ckl\ bl _evgh klb klh bl h kh [gydhf b ag Zqbl _evg h h le [h evrb gkl \Z ^jm ]b o . \_j kbc f_kl b : njh ^blu Biih e bl m \kl j_qZ_lky lh evdh \ g Fh lb\ y \ g h a Z \ b k b f u o h l g _ ] h \ ^ Z g g h ? I b jk i x sl b o a g Z Л h : n bog _ y < h k l Z e v g u o f Z m_d _ l dZ . b k l h q g b d Z o : n j h ^ b l Z e b [ h g _ , me i bh [ fhb gf Z _ ll b ly g\ h ,hB[ isi _ h e ^ b _ l m _ _ kk _ Z N_ j b jh ^m ? Bii h eblm \_g qZgg uc \_gЛ lZd` _ kh ^_j`b l h lju\h d lb\hj_q Zsb c h klZev ghf m . , dh f , ijh l_dkl m b m dZau \Zxs bc gZ f_kl v : njh ^blu . jh ^m N_^ju Ba\ _klg, h qlh ^ZggZy ljZ] _^b y y\ ey_l ky i_j_^_edh c [h e__ jZgg _c , g_khojZgb \r _cky ljZ]?_^bb h ebl aZdju\ Zxsb cky Bii , ieZshЛf, h l\ _j ]g m lh c Znbgkdh c im[ebdh Zy kh qeZ __ [_agj Z\kl\_g ghc , dhlhj c . Fu ij_^i h eZ] Z_f qlh \ wlhc [h e__ jZgg _c ljZ] _^bb : njh ^blZ lZd` _ fkl beZkby , , Z \_j N_^j_ f_kl b Biih ebl m ih y\ beZkv \ [h e__ iha ^g _c ljZ] _^bb \ j_am evl Zl_ , ijZ\ db aZ[u\ r_]h h ^gZdh m ^Zeblv h ^bg h lju\hd l\_lkl\m xsb c [h e__ klZjh c . \_jkb b , , , khh

33

Khh l\ _lkl\_gghjZkijhklj Zg_gg h _ \ ebl _jZl m j_ ij_^ klZ\e _gb_ , , kh]e Zkg h dhl h j h fm fb n N_^j_ bf __l h [sb _ d h jgb k [eb`g_\h klhqguf b fb nZfb , h fklh ]bgy of m `qb gZf [ ysbo D b [ _ e _ b : l l , b B r l Z j b L Z f f m a _ h d ^Z a u \ Z _ l k y g _ \ _ j g u f k_ .) b j . D m e b r h \ Z H d k Z g Z < b d l h j h \ g Z I_l_j[ m j] ( KZgdl ) L _ Z l j Z e v g Z y p _ g a m j Z \ d e Z k k b q _ k. d b o : n b g Z o E h ] b g h \ : e _ d k Z g ^ j < e Z ^ b f b Fh \ kd\Z ( j h b q) Km^_[gZy kb kl_fZ \ ] hf_jh\kdbo . i hwfZo

< ^h deZ^_ h [km `^ Z_lky agZq_g b_ ]h f_jh\ kdbo l_jfb k\ya Zgguo k k m ^_[gh c kn_jh , gh\ /,/ 0, / 01 , . / . , " , / .1OE) " b .).^j LZd` _ \ ^h deZ^_ \u ykgy _lky , m ih lj_[eyxl ky eb wlb l_jf bg u kh [h agZqZxsb fb qZklgh _ \h af _a^b_ 2 b 1, f_kl v , h ke h \Zf b ( " OE , 2 0 2 01 . b . ^j h deZ^qbdhf lZd`_ jZkkfZljb \Zxlky kp_gu ]hf_j h \kd h , .) > , ]^_ b a h [ j Z. ` Z _ k h [ h _ k m g b f Z g b _ H lky \^ m^_ey_lky k m ^ <_ [ g h . \u klm ie_g bb ^Zzl ky o ZjZ dl_jb klb dZ k m ^ _[g h c kbkl _fu \ fb j_ ]h f_jh \k , jZkkdZau \Z_l ky, dZd k\ yaZgh km ^_[gh _ \h af_a^b_ b qZklg Zy . f_kl v m = h f_jZ h lhf F h k h e d b g : e _ d k _ c < e Z ^ b k (eF h\ h \ d )q Z k b\ Z DZdh]h jhkl Z [ue H^bkk_c ? GZebfh\Z GZ^_`^Z :gZlhev_\gZ Ljhgu h i h.j b ( F h k d )Z \ h ijhbkoh`^_gbb ^j_\g_]j_q_kdbo Zgljhihfhjnguo

d Z j b Z :l bd u \ h i j h k m ^

< bkl h jbx fb j h\h ]h bkdm kkl\ Z ? dZjbZl b^u ? ZleZgЛlu re b dZd g_h lt_fe_f Zy qZklv Лb \h Z g l b q g h c o m ^ h ` _ k l \ _ g g h c b k l j h b l _ e v g .h c h l j\ b \ ^ rbbpkbvb \ = j _ p b b \ i _ j b h ^ a j _ e h c I yZ Zjo Zbdb ]^Z aZdeZ^u\ Zebkv h kgh\u b n hjfb j h \Zeb kv q_jlu ]j _q_kdh]h , dh ieZkl bq_kdh ]h kbgl_aZ ( Z aZl _f b fm ) nb] m ju h ihj u ihe m qbeb rb jh d , `_g kdb_ `kdb _ j Z k i j h k l j Z g _ g b _ g Z l _ j j b l h j b y o Z g l b q g h ] h K j _ ^ k h [ f_ g g h h \ j v ye e b g b k l b q _ k d b , h ba_ ghf w jbf kdbc i_jbh ^u . Wlhl n_ghf _g dZaZ\ rbc k m s_kl \_g gh _ \e bygb_ gZ \k_ ihke _^ m x ,h _\j h i_ckdh _ bkdmkkl\h , g_h^gh djZlgh ijb\e _dZe \g bf Zgb _ bkke_^h\hZl_e_c f . < ijh kZ l _ j f b g h e h ], b lbb i h e h ], b k _ f Z g l b d b b ] _ g _ a b k Z ] j _ q _ k d b o b j b f k d b o n b ] m j Z l b i h k \ y s _ g j y ^ i m [ e b d .Z p bg Z d h\ k b e m h [ j u \ h q g h k l b k \ _ ^ _ g b c b g Z e b q b y b a H^ c , i j h l b \ h j _ q b c f _ ` ^ m i b k v f _ g g u f b b k l h q g b d Z f b b k h o j Z g b \ r b f , k y h i Z _f y l g b b fg ]b \hijhku ih k_c ^_gv hklZxlky g_jZaj_r_ggufb b hldjulufb ^ey ^Zevg_cr_c . K j _ ^ b g b o h ^ b g b a g Z b [ h e _ _ \ Z ` g u o b b g l \ jhbi ] m k sh oi j h b k o h ` ^,_ g\ h a f h ` g u o jh x b bb bkl h dZo kZfh c b^_b Zgl j hih fhj .ngu o hih j c ^h deZ^ ihk\ ys _g g_dh lhjuf Ij_^eZ] Z_fu Zki_dlZf wlh c ijh: [e_fu \ qZklgh, klb km h jh e b [eb` g_\h klhqgh c ljZ^bp bb \ ke h \h ijh ^ Z g g h c Z j o b l _ d l m j g h c l ,b Zh e Z ] b_ bh k h h l g h r _ g b b f h g m f _ g l Z e v g u o Z g l j h i h i l hd` h i h j b b o [ h e _ _ d Z f _ j g u o b e b f b g b Z l x j g u b a \ _ Z l g ueo ] h h i j h b a \ _ ^ _ g b y f , o kgZ h i \ ijb deZ^gh ]h b kdm kkl\ Z .

34

H k b i h \ Z H e v ] Z < e Z ^ b f( b jh kg ZZ F h \ d) \ >bh^hj Kbpbebckdbc h dhfihabpbb bklhjbq_kdbo khqbg_gbc

< ^h deZ^_ jZ kkfZl jb\ Zxlky \a ]e y^u >bh^h jZ Kbpb ebc kd h ]hjZkih e h `_g b_ ? gZ fZl _jbZe Z- h ^bg ba jZa^_eh \ jblh jbq_kdh c gZ m db , Zgl bqg h klb Л k hh l\ _lkl\mxsbc ebl _jZl m jh \_^q_kdhf m l_jfb g m hab pby dh lhju_ h g n h jfm ebj m _l \h \klm ie_g by ? dh fi Л, - h l^_evg uf dgb]Zf ? Bklh jbq_kdh c [b[ebh l_db ^ h j Kbpbeb ckdb c jZkkm `^Z_l Л. >bh i j h i h j p b h g Z e v g h k l b d h f i h a b p b b b i h k e _ ^ h \ Z l _ e v g h k l b , b a el h ` d ` _ b y ,k h f[ u l b c Z Z _ g h l \h dZdb o ke m q Zy o m f_kl gh ihf _sZlv \ bklh jbq_kdb_ ke_^ m y kh \jy_f_g ghc _fm , kh qbg _gb j_qb weebg bkl bq_kdh c jbba e h`d_ , lhjb _ggh c \ qZkl gh klb \ ljZdl ZlZo >bh gbkby =Zeb d . J u [ Z d h \ Z B j b g Z < b d l h j h \ g Z ( Fh kd\Z ) W l g h ] j Z n b q _ k d b _ a Z f _ l d b b a Z j b k] h gdZ \ b b\ d _ Л : i h e e h g b y J h ^ h k k d h ] h ?:j h\ l .

< h \ k l m i e _ g b ? : jd h g Z \ l bЛd :_ i h e e h g b c J h ^ h k k d b c ,a Z lyh\ e h k g h \ g h c l _ f h c _ ] h b] q y_l ihwfu [m^_l l_fZ i. e I Z j \ hZ kg e b _ y` b \ aZ Zy a, h ej h fZ Ze_dkZg^jb ckdb c ih wl ijb ^_j`b\Z_l ky dZjlh]jZnb q_kdhHg dZdgp bi m . f m ijb [u ke_^bl aZ ^\b `_g b_f dh jZ[ey k \ ukh lu ilb qv_]h ihe _lZ . Bgl_j_k ^ey : ih eeh gby Jh^ h kkdh]h h q_j_^v ij_^klZ\ey xl fb nh eh] bq_kdb_ , \ i_j\ m x , i j _ ^ Z g b,y k \ y a Z g g u _ k f _ k l fZ ffb d h l h j u o i j h i e u \ Z x l H _ g h b k e m?` Z jl b q b g ZЛf b , bh . ] jb i h [jy^h\ d h lhju _ k h \_jrZxl f_klg u_ `bl_eb , . GZijb f_j gZqZeh `_jl \hi j bgh r_gbyf gZ , h k l j h \ _ D _ h k i h e h ` b e k u g : i h e e h g(2, 5:20b k l _ c . Z j - 527) ;he__ ih^jh[gh :iheehgbc Jh^hkkdbc hibku\Z_l g_h[uqgu_ b kljZ g Z i j b f, _ jd Z d m l b [ Z j _ g h \ f m ` q b g u b a h [ j Z ` Z x l b a dkh_ [ yZ ` _ b o b ` gg Z f i j b o h ^ b l , ]^ gs _ ih jZ j h `Zlv 1010 - 1014), beb g_ijbklhcghd h l h ju_ m \k_ o gZ ]eZaZ o kh \_jr (2, , kl b fh kkbg_db 1016 - 1026), beb h [uqZc d h eo h \ o h jh g blv fm `_c (3, 200^_j_\vyo (2, gZ - 209)). LZdb f h [jZahfj] h gZ\ lbd_gZ o h ^bl h ljZ`_gb _ g_ lhe vdh bg l_j_k Ze_dkZg^jb , \ ?: Л i h w l h \ d w l b , eghh] b b d i Z j Z ^ h d k .h ]B Z l h q g b d Z f b ^ e y : i h e e h g b y J h ^ h k h b jknbb ih kem `b eb m ljZ q_gg u_ ^ey gZk ijh ba\_^_gb. y bklh jbdh\ K Z \ _ e v _ \ Z H e v ] Z F b o Z c e h \ g Z ( F h k d )Z \ H[ hkh[_gghkl yo i _j_^Zqb k_fZgl bdb ? gZdZau\Zlv , fklblv \ ^j_\g _] j_q_kdhf yaud _ . Л

35

2 & ! 0 / 2 & ! 0 1 . [ h e _ _ k e h ` ,g q _ c m ^ j m ] b o , k efh \ g l b q _ k d b c d h :f ia gd kq _ g b y uf k_ Z e_ Z ? a Z s b s Z,l i h f h ] ZЛl v ? g Z d Z a u ,\ Z l v b l . v b f k l Лv K_eb\Zgh\Z EZjbkZ E_hgZev^h\gZ ( F h k d )Z \

H ijbqbgZo \ukhdbo ^hklb`_gbc \ ^j_\g_]j_q_kdhc Zle_lbd_ . L_i_jbd LZfZjZ N_^hjh\gZ Jhev g_\_j[Zevgh]h ( Fhkd\Z ) dhfihg_glZ \ kljmdlmj_ h [ j Z a Z ( g iZ _ j k hl gj b Z ` e _ fZ _ Z Z

? K j Z \ g b l _ e v g u o ` b a g _ h i b k Z g Л c e m l Z j o ). bI Z

L_dkl Ie m l Zj o Z bkde xqbl_e vg h [h ]Zl dZd ijy fu fb b dh k\_g gufb nh jfZfb , lZd i k b o h e h ] b - fi Z_ ` ^ _ \ k _ ] h , \ \ b ^ m i j b k m l k l \ b y Z \ l h jokZ jb od l _ j b k l\ b ld f q b k e _ \ ,a j dZ , h ,b \b ^_ ijyfh]h kbgdjb kbkZ . Djhf_ l h]h \ g_ f bae Z]Z_lky fgh`_kl\h \ j_q_c h juo , dhl b k i h e v a h \ Z g u j Z a e b q g u _ \ b ^ u j b l h j b q _ k d h c, iZ ja \ m e y x s _ c bk m ^ b l v h o Z j Z d l _ h ] h f_glZp b i_jkh gZ`. Z I h kdhevd m Z\lh j \hr_e \ bklhjbx fb jh\hc ebl_jZl m ju dZd i_j\ hh ^_lZeb( " g_ \k_] ^Z \ kZfu o keZ\ gu o ^_ygb Z_l \b ^gZ ^h [jh ^_l_ev beb ihjh, qghkl [u\ y o qZklh dZdh c gb [m ^v gb qlh` guc ihkl meb drm l dZ e m qr _ h [gZjmo ZjZdl_ j , ke h \h b ih `b \Zxl q _ e h, \ _ qd _ Z f [... l b\ u b b e h k Z ^ Лu, l ] h h pj _ he ^ _ hk \ h h [ j Z a g , h d j ZZ d k k w lh ) f ih e h` _gb _ kh] eZkm_lky k ba h [jZ`_g b_f lZj o Z ih ^h [g h]h jhq_c , b gZkdh evdh m Ie m ? f_e h ^Z Л h gb h dZau\Zxlky \Z` gufb dZd ^ey o Zj Zdl_j Z i_jkh gZ`, ZlZd b _ h ^eykZgbc `bag ib _]h k m . ^ v G[ Z b [ h e _ _ u \Z`guc ba a Z l j - Z ] bl \ h Z _ fk u o l g w hh \ \ _ j [ Z e v g h ] h b g _ \ _ j [ Z e v g h ] h d h f i h g _ g l h \ \ i h w l b d _ i h \ _ ^ _ g?bK j Z _ \ j k h geZ ` g u o y i gbl_ v Z `bag_hibkZgbc mlZjoZ Л Ie . Ljhnbf h\ FZdkbf IZ\eh\bq ( I _ j f v)

@ _ g k d b _ h [ j Z a u ? \ B k l h j b q _ k d h c [ b [ e b hЛ _ >d _ h ^ h j Z K b p b e b c k d h ] h lb .

< ^h deZ^_ jZkkfZl jb\ Zxlky `_g kdb_ i_jkh gZ`b Bklh jbq_kdh c [b[ebhG_kfh ljy ? Л. l_db gZ ,lh qlh `_g kdbo i_jkh gZ` _c k h \k_f g_fgh]h \ k h qbg _gbihdZa Zgu h gb \_kv fZ , b > bh^h jZ d h e h j b .l gG Z e b p h ^ \ _ l _ g ^ _ g p b b b a h [ j Z ` _ g b y ` _ g s b g . mK > h ^ h ^ h c Z k l h, j h g u h b g hj hg bah [jZ`Z_l b o ^h [jh ^_l_evg ufb fZl`_g Zfb b ^hq_j vf gZoh ^ysbfb ky \ l_gb fm `qb g , _jyfb ,b b i h e m q b \ r b f b k \ h x k e Z \ m b f _ .g K h ^ j a Z hw l h l h j lhZ d h _ ` _ i j b k l Z e v g h _ \ g b f Z g b g m] c k , gu m ^_e y_l bkl h jbd b h [jZaZf ih^Zl_e, vg bp aguo \h bl_evg bp b kijZ\ _^eb\ uo ]jh [eZ] i j Z \ b l _ e v g.b p h ^ h [ g u c o Z j Z d l _ j b a h [ j Z ` _ g b y f h ` g h h [ t y k g b l v d Z d \ e b y g b _ I b klhqg bdh\ lZd` _ kh [kl\_g gu f bg l_ji j _lZp byf l_o beb bg uo bkl h jbq_kdb ), Z , d h l h j u _ ^ _ e Z e > b. h ^ h j O b f b g F b o Z b e G b d h e Z _ \ b q I_l_j[ m j] ( KZgdl ). K \ Z ^ v [ Z I _ e _ y b N _ l b ^ u \ i h ? D _b i j b Л. wf b

36

Q_oh\ B] hjv
fbljb c :e_dk__\bq ( KZgdl I_l_j[ m j] )

> e b g Z Z g l b q g h ] h (kb k l^ b yg b d h \ _ ^ q _ k d b c Z k i). d l lZ hq _

< ^h deZ^_ [m^ml djZldh jZkkfh lj_gu h kgh\ gu _ h [km `^Z_fu _ \Zjb ZgludZdh_ , lh] h ag Zq_gb _ fh] ijbgb fZl v - klZ^bc ]e Z\gZy ^j_\g _]j _q_kdZy _^bgb pZ ba f_j_g by :jZkklh 148, 155-58, 166, 177-78, 185, 192-95, 198 b 210-13 f_ljh\ . Hkg h \gh_ \gbfZgb_ [m ^_l kh kj_^h lhq_g Z gZ qlh[u \ dZ`^h f kem qZ _ \u dZdbfb k\b ^_l_evkl \Zf bklh qgb d h \ , lhf , y\ bl v Zjo_he h ]b q_kdbf b ^Zggu fb ih^dj_i ey_l ky fg_gb _ h km s_kl \h \Zgbb klZ^by k hh ^ebg u < \u\h ^Zo [m^_l h lf _q_ghdZdb_ \Zj bZg lu klZ^by fh` gh kqbl Zlv g . , aZk\b ^_l_evkl\h \Zgguf b (177-78, 185, 192-95,), Z dZdb_ \u au \Zxl h [hkg h \Zggu_ kh fg (148, 155-58, 198).

37

W EEBGBAF

:g hobg :jl_f K_j]__\bq :jfygkdZy ^hklb` _gby o ihoh^Z .

Fh kd\Z) : g l b h Wo b n Z g Z : d IV i Z \hijhkm h \hafh`guo fZjrjmlZo b

dZfiZgby

:glhg h\ Lbfhn_c
Kms _ kl\h\Ze eb wlghdeZkk \ ^_j`Z\_ K_e_\d b^h\ ? < ^h deZ^_ j ZkkfZl jb\ Z_lky \h ijh k h ? ^ h f b g b j m x s _ ] h w l g h d e Z. k WZk h gI . ; j b Z)g i Л (Q k ^ ,
ijZ\ hf_ jgh klb ijb f_g _ gb y l_hj bb jb bamq_gbb k_e_\db^kdh]h .h[s_kl kh\ j_f_g gb dZfb \ dZq_kl\ _ Kbjb ckd , y ihabp bhg bjh\Zl v k_[y \ ,dZq_kl\ _ Z l g h r _ g b b b o \ h k l h q g u o i h ^ ,Z g g u o ^ k_e_\ db^kdh ]h \j _f_gb [ueb b ihebw , h^kl\mxsbf we_f_glhf h[s_kl\Z g_

H^ghc ba kZfuo fZehba\_klguo kljZgbp jZgg_c ^bgZklbq_kdhc bklhjbb y\e yxlky kh [ulb y k_j_^bgu ]] ^h g w k\ya Zggu _ k ]b [_evx pZj_\ bqZ K_e_\d 260- o . . ., , klZjr _]h kug Z : glIbh o Z evgh keZ[ hh k\_s _gg uc \ bklh qgb. dZo \b^b fhfm - ^h \h Ih kx`_l , bf _ggh ihwlh fm ^ZggZy l_f Z ba m q_gZ g_ ^h klZlh qgh abpbm s_kl \ m xsb o g Z , Z jy^ ih ]e,m [h dh kc ^Zggu c fh f_g l \ bklh jbh]jZnb b , m `_ m klZj_e b b g m `^Zxlky \ i _j_h kfuI ke_gb fm p _ev . h wl h b gZr _]h bkke_^h\ Zgb y - gZ h kgh\ _ jZkkfh lj_gby b k h ihkl Z\e _gby \k_o ba \_kl bkl h qgbdh\ ij_^klZ\ bl v gZb [h e__ \_jh ylguc \Zj bZg l , h [kl h yl_e vkl\ ijb\_^r bo d ij_` ^_\j_f _ggh c kf_j lb pZj_\ bqZ K_e_\dZ . Ijh ZgZeb abj h \Z\ \k_ ba \_kl gu_ gZf bklh qgb d b - kh h [s_gby Z\lhIjh eh]h \ d lj m ^ m ? jZ Л Ih fi_y Lj h] Z h Zgg Z FZeZeu b Bh Zgg Z : glZ lZd` _ kdh]hby wib] jZnbq_k db ,B , bh o bc k\_^_g fZl _jbZe u b debghib kgu, _ hl_dklu b_ky dh \ j_ f_g b k h ijZ\bl _evkl \Z pZj_\bqZ K lg h kys - fu fh` _f kqbl Zlv , \_jh ylg__ \k_] ,h ijb gp iZe `_j l\h c ijb^\hj gu o bg ljb ] \ , qlh j _ a m e v l Z l _ a Z i e Z g b j h \ Z g g h c b i h w l Z i g h i j h \ h ^ b f h c , \ \ ^ _ i h e vba_ mZ d p_ ]bhb ckl\ q djZkgh j_qb\h fh` _l k\b ^_l_evkl \h \Zl v ihkl_i_g gh_ \u^\b `_gb_ \ dZq_kl\ _ ij__f gb f e Z ^ r _ ] h k u g Z p Z j y : g l b hqol Z h k h [ _ g g h y j d h h l j Z ` Z _ l k y \ h ^ g h f b a d e b g (II), h l_dklh (AION Suppl. 77, 16), k\b ^_l_evkl\ m xs_f ? ^\h cghf kh ijZ\ bl_ev kl \_ \ ^_j`Z\_ \ h Л K_e_\db ^h .\ Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky kZfh ]h , aZ]h\h jZ gZk lh m g_l gb dZdbo , nZd k\b^_l_evkl\mxsbo \ i h e v a . D _ Z d [ u s l _ h , l \ gh b\^ Z g u e h m ]h km k Z[ghc by kblm h q _ \ b ^ g u f \ b ^ b l k y , lqhl h ] e Z \ g h c b i _ j \ h k l _ i _ g g h c i j b q b g h c m k l j Z g _ g b y K _ e bf _ggh ebqgu_ fhl b\u wl h f \i h eg_ \_jhylql h h nbpbZev gh ijb ^Zgby ^_em , ijb , gh , ^ey

38

a Z d h g g ,h p Zb _ \ b q [ u e h [ \ b g _ g \ d Z d b o l h a e h m f u r e _ g b y o i j h l b \ h l p Z b g Z kl j dZag_g .
Jhev gZ_fgb dh\ \ \h_gghc hj]ZgbaZpbb :nbg I dhgpZg . w IV-II \\ . ^h = Z [ _ e d h H e _ ] E _ h g b ^ h \ b q ( F h k d )Z \ D _ j Z \ g d k _ f Z g l b d _ i j h a \ b s w e e b g b k l b q _ k d b o .f h g Z j o h \ : Dbeyrh\ Z Djb klbgZ :e _dk__\gZ (DZaZgv )

@ _ g u b e b g Z e h ` g b : u g k d h _ h d j m ` _ g b _ N b e bIi .i Z p`_ I Debfh\ He_] Xjv_\bqZ g d l I _ l _ j [ m)j ] K :ll Zeb^u I_j]ZfZ b nbehkhn kd b_ rdheu :nbg . Dmavfbg Xjbc GbdheZ_\ bq ( KZfZjZ ) Dmevlu :g lb] hg b^h\ ihke_ Fhg h nl ZevfZ b Ihebhjd_lZ .

Ijb h lkm lkl\ bb h [s_]h km ^Zjkl\ _gg h ]h ^bgZkl bq_kdh ]h d m evl Z \ FZd_^h gb b \ : gl b] h gb^h hl =hg ZlZ ^h I_jk_y (\ ), \ g_c aZn bdkb jh \Zgu qZklg u_ h `gh ]h j h ^kdb_ , \h af beb , d m e v l u j y ^ Z .p H jgcZ d h g _ l i h e g h c m \ _ j ,_ g q lhhk lw l b d m e v l u g h k b e b i h e g h p Z^ _ g b ih e bkg uc o ZjZdl_jqlh pZjb \dexqZe bkv \ ]h j h ^kdh c iZg l_hg b ihk\ y s_g by ( l ., _ bf _gb ]j Z `^Zg kdh ]h d h ee_dlb \Z ). ;he vrZy qZklv ih k\ys_g bc \ q_klv pZj_c \ FZd_^h ^h [Z\e_g b_f dm evl h \u o wibl _lh\ ZghgbfgZ beb k^_eZgZ hl bf_gb evl u . Dm qZklg u g_dhlhjuo :glb]hgb^h\ \ FZd_^hgbb aZnbdkbjh\Zgu ebrv gZ ijbkh_^bg_ggu \h klhqg __. : dkbc b gZ OZedb^blZd` _ \ g_^Z\ gh h kgh\Zgg uo . ]h j h ^Zo dh gg uo j ), Z d_ >ey bk fZd_^h gkdb o a_f(_ev gyy b <_jogyy FZd_^h lZdbo k\b ^_l_ev kl\ ihdZDm evl u Gb` ) gb y . g_l jy^Z : gl b] h gb ^ h \ \g _ FZd_^hg bb , bf _\rb_ f_kl h \ aZ\bkb fuo b kh xaguo ]h km ^Zjkl\ ; Z e d Z g Z o b \ ,W^ h eb` g_ u [ u e b k e m ` b l v m d j _ i e _ g b x k \ y a _ c f h g Z j o h \ k ] j Z ` ^ Z ]_ ^ d h e e _ d l b \ Z f, bk m ^ y i h \ k _ f m u q g h m q j _ ` ^ Z e b k v Л mh b g b p b Z l b \ _ i j h f Z d _ ^ h g k d b b , h[ ?kgba i iheblbdh\ . FZjd_eh\ :g ^j_c Xjv_\bq ( KZfZjZ )

D \hijhkm h ^Z lbj h\d_ ihkhev kl\Z iZj nygkdh]h IV d y Nj ZZlZ :\]mklm pZj bfi _jZlhjm .

>hdeZ^ ihk\ys_g ^Zlbjh\d_ ijbgylby ihkhevkl\Z \ Jbf_ bfi_jZlhjhf :\]mk ij_l_g ^_glZ gZ iZjnygk dbc ij_klh e II b jb^ZlZ PZjy pZj_c Lb ih ke ? h\ Л NjZZl Z bhgZ ,l b k l h q g b d h \ : m a h b f h \ u r _ m d Z a Z - g ul o h l ^ _ e v g u _ i j _ ^ e h ` _ g b y \ i j h b a \ _ ^ _ g b y o ihf d gw h j b f k d b o i h w l h \ w i h o b, i: j\ ]_ ^ mh ` lg b _ m B k b ^ h j Z O Z j Z d k d h ] h b i Z j n y g k d b e k_ Z i h k e _ ^ g _ c l j _ lIb\ . ^ h g ., w \ l h j i j _ ^ e Z ] Z _ l g h \ h _ j _ r _ g b _ k l Z j h c .i j h [ e _ f u Z

39

Gh\bdh\ K_j ]_c
( F h k d )Z \

K _ e _ \ d b ^ h i Z j n y g k d Z y I _ j .k I m l v d g _ a Z \ b k b f h k l b b^Z . Gbdhghjh\ < Ze_jbc IZ\eK Z g d l I _ l _ j [ ) j ] ( h\bq m D bklhjbb debgdh\h]h hjm`by Z g l b q: g hf cq _ w a h oO b d y j b a Z ( X ` g u c bi Zk L m j d f _ g b k l Z ). g

< kZfh f dhgp_ 1951 ]. ba\_klgu c Z roZ[Z^kdb c Zjo _h eh ] : . : . FZjms_gdh ijhb a\h ^y jZkdhidb ih^dmj]Zgguo ih]j_[_gbc \ jZchg_ klZgpbb ;_af_bg :roZ[Z^k ^ h j h ] ,b h [ g Z j m ` b e \ d Z l Z d h f [ _ d m3j ]m g m j h q b s Z O Z k d y j b a a Z o h j h g, _ g b _ f m ZZ< dh lhjh _ k h ijh \h`^Zeh kv m gb dZevg uf ^ebggu f h [ h x^hh kljuf f_qh f \ nh \u lygm lh ]h k_jiZ , e_`Z\rb f \^ h ev e_\h]h [hdZ i h ]j_[_gg h ]h [jy^m ih ]j_[_gby b . Ih h gZc ^_ggh fm \ g_f khijh \h ^bl_e vghfm bg \_g lZjx wlh aZoh j h g_gb_ fh`_l [ulv \ j _ f _ g b g _ i h a ^ g _ _ i _ j \ u o ^ \ m o \ _ d .h w g \. G_kfh ljy gZ km s_kl \ m xs__ \ gZ m qgh c ebl_jZl m j_ k d_ilb q_kdh _ h lg h r_ gZoh ^d_ . : . FZj m s _gdh `_ g_l k_jv_a gu o h kgh\ Zgb c hljb pZl v __ ^h .klh\ _jgh klv , \k_ >_eh \ lhf qlh jZae bqg u_ \b^u f_q_c k ba h] gm l uf b debg dZfb ^_ckl\ bl _evg h k m , ^j_\g_f fb j_ .
40

ih ^Z\ey xs_f [ h evrb gkl\_ \ dZq_kl\ _ \kZ^gk h a^Zlv [ h e__ wnn_d lb \g h _ , bdh\ h j m ` b _ k l h q d b a j _ g b y m \ _ e b q _ g b y k b e u j m [ y .s _ ] h m ^ Z j Z k d h g y H[moh\ K_j] _c < eZ^bfbjh\h k d ) Z ( F bq \

debg dh

G Z ^ i b k v b a D b e Z n b d O m x d d Z d i Z f y l g b d b k l h j b b b d m e v l m j u. Z g l b q g h Kbevgh\ :e_dkZg^j
= j _ q _ k d b _ ] h j h ^ Z w i h o b w e : bj Z gh k lfj Z b l _ e v k l \ h, n h j l b n b d Z p ,b y h e b h j d _ l b d Z e ] ^ ba h i \ Z j b Z g l u d h f i v x l _ j g h c b ] j Z n b q _ k d h c j _ d h g k l j m d). b b p

>hdeZ^ ihk\ys_g \h_gghc Zjobl_dlmj_ weebgbklbq_kdbo ]hjh^h\ FZehc K_\_jgh ]h Ijbq_jgh fhjv y . JZkkfZlj b\ Zxlky g_kdh evdh gZb[he__ o ZjZdl_jgu o i ]j _q_kdh c Zjobl_dl m ju , jZkih e h `_g guo \ weebg bkl bq_kdb o ]h j h ^Zo Kj_^ba_f gh Ijbq_jgh fhjvyk l h qdb aj_gby_g ghc Zjo bl_dl ,m ju , ? \h Л \dexqZy ]jZ^h kljhbl , _evkl\h nhjlbnbdZpbx b i h e b h j d>_ lZ _ l k y . bdm ZgZeba ba\_klguo dhfihabpbhggu nh jlb nbdZpbh gghc Zjobl_dl m ju , bo h [t_fgh i j h kljZg kl\_gg u_ h kljh bl _evgu_ b , ]j Z^ wkl_lbq_kdb_ o ZjZ dl_jbklbfg _gbx Z\lh jZ jlb nbdZpbhggZy Zjo bl_dl m j Z ]j _q . Ih db , nh ] h k m ^ Z j k lIII-II \ \ ^ h g . w f _ e Z k e h ` g m Z a \ b l m x i e Z g b j ihh\ d mj h _ g g m x k m q _ l h f \d b , jx , kl l_h j_lb q_kdbo jZ[h l \h _gg uo b g`_g_jh \ kljhb l_e_c b Zjobl_dlh jh\ , ]j Z^h . H[sb _ j_a m evl Zlu ij_^klZ\ e_gu \ k\h ^gu o lbiheh ]b q_kdbo lZ[eb pZo b ] dh fivxl_j gu o j_dh gkl j m dpb yo , bki h eg_g gu o kl m ^ _gl Zfb Zjobl_dl m jgh ]h nZdm evl I_l_j[mj]kdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h Z j o b l _ d l m j g h k l j h b l _ e v .g h ] h e y n Z d > j _ d h g k l j m d p b c b k i h e v a h \ Z g Z d Z d l j Z ^ b p b h g g Z y , Zld \ Z j _ e v gkZ yj _ f l_ gog Z y Z Zd b h\ _ gbd lj_of_jgZy dh fi vxl_jgZy ]. jZnbdZ Kfbjgh\ K\ylhkeZ\ h deZ^ ih k \y s_g ijh [e_f_ jZa^_eZ bf i_jb b : e_dkZg^jZ ? kib kdb k ZljZi bc ]e Zr_g by Л - kh 323 ]. ^ h g . w < Z \ b e h g _ b320 ]. ^ h \ \ ljZ^bpbb B_jhgbfZ ba DZj f _ ` ^ m ^ b Z ^ h o Z ,f b h l h j u _ i j h b a d L x j y o b g B e v y G b d h e Z (_ \ :b q g Z i)Z ; m e _ \ l _ j b c \ F _ ] Z e h i h: ej _ a m e v l Z l u Z j o _ h e h ] b q _ k d b o j Z k d h. i h d ( F h kd\Z ) ^ b Z ^ h o bЛ \ dhgl_dkl_ iheblbq_kdhc

L j b i Z j : ?bfke u _ Z^ Z Z

bklhjbb

m qZklb y ? fZe uo ^bZ ^h Л h\ \ ijh p_kk_ ih e bl bq_kdh]h o FZd_^h gkdh]h \g bfZgb y gZoh ^ylky lZd gZau\ Z . < p_g lj_ h jZkij _^_e_gb b kZljZi bc gu _ f_` ^m ^bZ ^h o Zfb \ , aZdexq_g g . w L j b i Z j Z ^ .b > _ l Z e v g u c Z g Z e b k dЛh \ Z l Z d ` _ \ k ?ki a , ^bb ihdZau\Z_l baf_g_gby \ jZkij_^_e_gbb \eZklgu h r e b a Z ^ h k l Z l h q g h d h - h 323b ich32_ 0 b]h ^ ^ h g w j kl d ij ] .

41

>J?
. WI H O : J?KIM; EBDB

;hjh\ dh\ IZ\_e K_j]__\bq d Z l _ j b g [ )m j ] (? D \hijhkm h oZjZdl_j_ aZdhg hijh_dlZ =Zy E bpbg by g . w 145 ] . ^h DjZkkZ ;h[jh\gbdh\Z LZlvygZ :g^j__\gZ ( F h kd\Z )

F _ l h ^ u ? i j Z ] f Z l b q _ k d h c b k l h j bЛbm I h e b .b y [

A Z d h g h i j h 145 ]. ^ h g . w g h \ h f k i h k h [ _ n h j f b j h \ Z g b y ` j _ q _ k d b o d h e e _ ] b c _dl h aZdh gZ >hfbpby ]] ^h g . w 104/103 . beb ^Z`_ j_ nhjf u gZagZq _gby \_jo h \gh] h IIh glbnbd i I \. ^ h g . w k l Z _ l k y f Z e h b a m q _ g g u f \ h i j h k h f \ k h \ j _ f _ g g h c. b k l h j b h ] j Z n b b h DjZldh _ m ih fb gZgb_ h g_k h kl h y\r_fky ]. aZd h g_ 145 ^h g . w \klj _qZ_lky m Pbp_j h gZ (De am., 96) \ d h gl _dkl_ ZgZeb aZ lbibqgh c c j_qbijh bag_k_ggh c \ ih^^_j` d m ? evkl b\h Л, ih im ebkl dh ]h aZdhgh ijh _dlZ m ]h ^gu f gZjh ^m : ?... dZdbf ... dZaZeky aZdh g =Zy Ebp bgby h `j _q_kl\ Zo <_^v dh hil Zpb y \ d h ee_] byo i_j_^Z\ ZeZkv fb eh klb gZjh ^Z ]h . ...Л. Ba ^Zggh iZkkZ` Z \u l_dZ_l ke_^ m xs__ kh ^_j`Zg b_ aZdhgh ij ptatio enim co llegioru m ad populi : ?coo h _dlZ beneficium transferebaturЛ. >ey o Zj Zdl_jbklb db k m sg h klb j_nh jfu Pbp_jh g bkihe v ?tr -- reЛ, dh lhju c \ ^Zggh f d h gl _dkl_ m dZau \Z_l m ljb `j _q_kdZy dh h il Zpb nsfer , qlh \g i_j_^Z\ ZeZkv \ dh fi _l_gpbx d h gl j h ev fbpb c ( ih^ ) dh . DZdbf `_ h [jZahf , dhfb pbb fh]eb d h g l j h e b j h \ Z l v i j h p _ k k d?h h i l Z p b b > e y h l \ _ l Z g Z ^ Z g g u c \ h i j h k h [ j Z l b f k y d a. Z d hhg] m Z k>ghhf b p Z y h g K e ab d d h f b p b Z e v g h _ ] h e h k h \ Z g b _ i j h \ h ^ b e h k v \ h l g h r _ ,g d h l h jZ g ^ b ^ h fl b g b j h \ Z e b k v bb d u_ g Z h\ q e _ g Z f b d h e e _ ]D Z g ^ b ^ ,Z li h [ _ ^ b \ r b c g Z \ u [ h, j Z oi h k e _ ^ m x s _ f d h h i l Z p b j h \ Z e k y . bb \ d h e e _ ] (b ic. Leg. Agr. II. 17-18; Vell. Pat. II. 12. 3; Suet. Nero. II. 1). I j b w l h f d h h i l Z p C_ c nh jfZe vgh klZ\ ZeZkv g_a Z \b kbfhc ijh p_^mjh c hl gZjh ^g .h ]hbklheqgb dZoby )h < ]h h k h \Zg Zdp_g l k^_eZg bf _gg h gZ ijh p_^m j _ dh fbpb Zevg uo , [hhj lhj u_ _ph\ \u d h\ `j y\beb k v gh\ r_kl\hf. Ijb jZkkfh lj_gbb `_ aZdh ghi j h _dlZ g . wPbp _j h g h lf_qZ_l nZdl 145 ]. ^h i_j_^Zqb ijh p_^ m ju dh hil Zpbebh klb gZjhgh g_ m ih fb gZ_l kZf ijh p_kk `j _q_kd ? fb Л, ^Z \ u [ h j h (\ De am., 96). G Z g Z r \ a ] e y ^ w l h g _ , k h k dqhZecvgdhm d h h i l Z p b y f h ] e Z i h i iem dh gjhe v dhfbp bc lhevdh \ h ,^ghf kem qZ_ _keb [u gZjh ^ h k m s_kl\ eye m l\ _j`^_gb _ `j_q_kdh ] j _ r _ g b y J _ n h j f Z \ l Z d h f \ b ^ _ g _ i j _ ^ i h e Z ] Z e Z Z e v l _ j g Z l b \ g h ] hg h] hiej h k w \ l hgf b y . , b hZ ]jm[h gZjmrZeZ ijbgpbiu ijbhjbl_lZ [h`_kl\_ggh]h ijZ\Z \ iheblbq j_ki m [ebdb bkl h qgbdZo ijy fh m dZau \Z_l ky (\ , qlh ijb qbg h c ijh \Ze Z aZdhgh ijh _dlZ y ? [e Z]h ]h\_g b_ i_j _^ [_kkf_j lg uf b [ h] Zfb Л). LZdbf h [jZahf , aZdh ghij h _dl 145 ]. ^ h g . w \u[b\Z_lky ba h [s_ ]h \_dlhjZ j _ n h j f b j h \ Z g b y k i h k h [ Z b a [ j Z g, bd h ljh_ q u cl \ f h ` g h i j h k e _ ^ b l v g Z i j IIIl - I` _ g b b y ` j_k hy \ \ . ^ h g . wJ Z ^ b d Z e v g u c o Z j Z d l _ j i j _ ^ e h ` _ g g u o ,b ad Z d g bgcZ f i j _ ^ k l Z \ y e _ l k y f_g_ , aZdexqZ eky \ dh gljhe_ dh fbpbc aZ j_a m evlZlZfb dhh ilZpbb gyl by j_r _g b . LZdhc ih jy^hd ijb ijb gZa gZq_g bb gh\h]h qe_gZ `j _q_kdh c dh e e_] bb ihl _gpbZev gh klZ\ be ih g_[h `b l_e_c. < wlh f Zki_dl_ g_ijb gylu c145 ]. ^h g . w aZd hg fh`gh jZkkfZljb \Zlv \ dZq_kl\ k\h _ h [jZagh c ihe bl bq_kdhc Zdpb b b h ljbpZl_evgh ]h hiu lZ \ ijh \_^_gb b `j _q , d h l h j u c d h j _ _ \ k _ ,] h u e m q l _ 104\ /103 ] . ^ h g . w ,k [ g ] ;m]Z_\Z GZlZevy
H [ h k \ _ ^ h f e _ g g h k l b > b h ^ h j Z K b p b e b c k d h ] h h a Z ] h.\ h j _ D Z l b e b g u

42

( KZgdl I_l _j[m j] )

K m ^ _ [ g u c i j h p _ k k b e b i j h p _ k k u K p b i - _ h] g. hI\ \ \ . ^ h . w 80 b ] I g. = j _ r g u o : g g Z G b d h e Z _ \ g Z Fh kd\Z) Ygmk b d jm] i_j_o h^Z Л \ jb fkdhf iZgl_hg_ Zj o Zbq_kdh]h i _jbh^Z ? [h ]h\ . >_f_glv_\Z <_jZ

NhjlmgZ b h[h`_kl\ezggu_ hl\e_qzggu_ ihgylby \ jbfkdhc j_eb]bb .

Kj_^b jbf kdh ]h iZg l_hgZ dZd h kh [uc deZkk \ u^_ey xlky h [h `_kl \e zggu_ hl\ e_qz i h g y l ,b lyZ d ,b d Z d < _ j g h k l des), > h [ e _ k l v rtus), K q Z k l velicitas), M f(Mens) b ^ j m ].b _ _ (Fiv (Vi (F _ < h leb qb_ h lgZkl h y sb [h ]h ( Xibl _jZ FZjkZXgh gu b .) ^j ih^h[g u_ [h`_kl \Z g_ ? Лo \ , , b f _ e b y j d h \ u j Z ` _ g g h c b g ^ b \ b ^ m Z, e m g g b o b g _ [ u e h f b n h e h ] b q _ k d h ] h < h d j m ` _ v hkl . h leb q b_ h l fh]m s_kl \_g gu o \_j o h \g uo , [h `_kl \[jZa [ue keh` _g ]h ebd b aZqZkl m q_c h , fg h ijh lb\hj _qb\ wlh \u jZ` Ze h kv \h fgh` _kl\ _ wibde _a b nh jf ), ihdeh g_g by u_ ( h [ h `_kl \e z gg Z [ k l j Z d p b b b k i h e g y e b i j h k l m x b h ^ g h a. g Z q g m x n m g d p b x Kj_^b [h evr bgkl \Z k h \j_f _gguo bkke_^h \Zl_e _c , h [jZsZxsb o ky d bklh jbb jbf kd j _ e b ] b, b i j b g y l h h l g h k b l v N h j l m g m d d Z l _ ] h j b b h [ h ` _ k l \ e ;z g g uR Z fZ [ k l j Z d @ . o ih h kihj b\Z_l wlh iheh`_g b_ gZklh y s_]h ^h deZ^Z . P_ev -- h ij_^_eb lv fh`_f eb fu kqbl Zlv , Nh jlm g m h l\ e_qzgg uf i h gyl b_f . < ^h deZ^_ jZkkfZljb \Zxlky Zki_ dlu h [h`_kl\ezgg uo Z[kljZdpbc jbf eyg , \u^_eyxlky k\h ckl\_g gu_ bf _ggh wlbf [ h `_kl \Zf km s_k l\ _gg. u_I hq_jlu dZau\Z_l ky , qlh dm evl h \uc h [ j Z a N h j l m g u [ u e k e jhh` g b \ fh j _ q b \ u fi Z j Z ^ h d k Z e :v w u Z [ h ] b g y b f _ e Z [ h e _ _ l j ,i lu , g lf ^ _ k y l d h \ w i b d e _ a , \ k J b f x [ u e k \ y a Z g j ,y d Z b n \ h \ k o h ^ y s b o d p Z j, kl d h c bw i h g_ _ ^ fd h Zd k h a ^ Z g g u o \ i _ j b h ^ i h a ^ g _ c J _ k i-- [j e bgdgb_ c B f i _ j. bN h j l m, gyZ\ e _ g g Z y g Z f \ f b n Z o mZ b , gZ^_e_g Z keh `gh c bg ^b\ b^m Zevg h klv x . h -- gZ \hjgZy fh` _f ij bqb keblv d h [ h `_kl \ezgguf . DZjfZabgZ Hev]Z
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< j _ q b i j h l b \ I b a h g Z P b p _ j h g , iqbl r _ l b h [ jl Z g g u c d 60g ] m e h. f wg Z h a hf h . ^h g k D\b gl P_pb ebc F_l_ee P_e_j g_ \kl m ib \ \ ^h e `gh , kfh] m ki_r gh \h kij_i ylkl\h\ Zlv , _s_ klv i j h \ _ ^ _ g b x Ludi Co mpitalicii, g _ k f h l j y g Z i h ^ ^ _ j ` d m b o h j ] Z g b a Z p b b k h k l h j h g u ie_[_c kdbo ljb [ m ghagbdZ_l \h ijh k h, dZd bf _ggh F_l_ee m m ^Zeh kv ^h [bl .
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h klZ\ Zlvky i, h gb h [eZ^Zeb icendi i h ^ h [gh ^_ckl\ m xsb f ^h e` ghkl guf . ebp Zf privat ius ed Gh wlh ij_^ih e h`_gb _ ihj h `^Z_l jy^ keh `gh jZaj_rbfuo ijh .lb\Dj h f_ l h,]h h j_qbc d h g d j _ l g u _ h [ k l h y l _ e v k l \ Z w i b a h ^ Z k F _ l _ e e h f a Z k h Z \ e ^ y xgl g h f k , qll Z m ke m qZ _ dh gk m e ^_kb] gZl kfh ] [u ijb f_gbl v ius edicendi \ dZq _kl\ _ ^_ckl\ _gg h ]h bg kljm f_g lZ . Mq_l lh evdh nZdlh jZ auctoritas [m^ms_] h dh gkm eZ ag Zq_gb b dh lh j h c ^_eZ_l Zdp , gZ Pbp _jh, g lZd` _ g_ iha\h ey_l h [tykgb lv m k i_o \f _rZl _evkl \Z F_l_eeZ \ ihe bl ijhp _kk : j] m f_gl bj m _lky l_ab k , h qllhf j_rZxs m x jh ev ku] jZeh g_hnbp bZe . h aZy\ e_gb _ dh lhjh _ h g fh] k^_eZlv dZd qZklg h _ lh\gh klb ihke _ \kl m ie_g by , , h ]h ebph ^h e` ghkl v d h gkm eZ ijb f_g bl v \e Zklv ^_ckl\ m xs_] h \ukr, _]h fZ]bkl^ h im klb lv qlh[u g_ jZlZ ijh\_^_gby Ludi Compitalicii. O j m k l Z e z \ < y q _ k e Z \ D h g k l Z (gK b g h \ l q _ l _ j [ ) j ] l Zgdb I m N b e h k h n, bi y e b l b d Z b i h e b l b d b \ I h a ^ g _ c J b f k d h c j :_ kgi _ m hel b du_ _ a Z f _ q Z g b . h d [ hj y

< ^h deZ^_ aZl jZ] b\ Z_lky \h ijh k h j h eb ]j _q_kdh c nbeh k h nbb \ ihe bl bq_kdhc I h a ^ g _ c J b f k d h c j _ k i m [ e bj d bb p b h g g h [ h e v r b g k l \ h b k k e _ ^ h \ Z l _ e _ c g _ i j b . L Z^ nbeh k h nkdbf \a ]e y^Zf j bf kdbo ] h km ^Zjkl\_gg uo ^_yl_e_c [h evrh]h a gZq_gb y . Ml\_j` ^Z_lky , qlh jbfeyg_ g_ bf_eb ih^ebgghc kdehgghklb d nbehkhnbb b ^Z`_ d Z[kljZ \ h h [ s ; ^ _ d e Z j b j m _ f Z y i j b g Z ^ e _ ` g h k l v d l h c b e b b g h c n b , h k h n Z x l c^ Z rgdghue_ _ _ e kqbl kdh Z \ l h j ,u i j Z d l b q _ k d b g _ b f _ e Z \ h i e h s _ g b y \ j _ Z el v g h k\ j _b y ^ j m ] b f b m q z g u f b . < h `_ l f g_h ^g h djZlgh ij_^i jbgbf Zebkv ihiul db qlh nbeh k h nkdb_ ^h dljbgu h dZau , ihdZaZlv k_jvza gh _ \h a^_ckl \b _ gZ ^_yl_ev ghkldjZcg _c f_j g_dh lhjuo dj m ig u o jbf kdb , ih v ,_ ih e blb d ( Lb [_jby =jZdo Z , g_ ]h\h j y m `_ h DZlh g_ FeZ^r_f h\ , P_aZjy , Pbp_jhg_ b FZjd_ ;j m l_ < ^h deZ^_ \u kdZau \Zxl ky Zj] m f_g lu ijh lb\ h [_bo wlbo djZcg bo lh ). . Hlf _qZ_lky , qlh aZg ylb y nbehkh nb_c \ Jbfkdh c j_kim [ebd_ [ueb m ^_eh f g_f gh h [jZah\ Zgguo bg l_ee _dl>Z` _ \ kj_^_ jbf kdh c webl u wl h [ue ebrv kjZ\gbl _evg . m Zeh \ k e h cH l g h r _ g b _ [ h e v r b g k l \ Z j b f e y g d n b e h k h n b b h k l Z \ Z e h k v \ k z _ s z g Z . q Z k l h \ j Z ` ^ _ [ g .u I j b g b f Z y j _ r _ g, bjy f k d b _ i h e b l b d b i h i j _ ` g _ f m j m d h \ h ^ k l \ h \ Z e f b l j Z ^ b p b h g g u f b i j _ ^ k l Z \ e _ g b y f b b h [ u q Z [ tfy k g y y b h [ h k g h \ u \ Z y k ,\ hhbg b_ c k l \ b , gh hy b ^ \kz qZs_ bkih evah\Zeb ]j _q_kdb_ nbehkh nkdb_ Ij b^h dljbgu n h jfZev gZy . wlhf ijb gZ^e_` ghkl v d lhc beb bgh c rdh e__evgh dZd ijZ\beh bf_eZ j_r Zxs_]h , ^_ckl\ bl , , g_ agZq_gby . Pbjdbg Xe bc ;_jdh\bq >_j ` Z\Z Ihjk_gg . u ( KZgdl I_l_j[ m j] )

46

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< ^h deZ^_ jZkkfZljb \Z_lky ijhp _kk aZjh` ^_gby b jZa\blb y jbf kd h ]h ]hjh ^Z >m jh \_jg i _ j b h ^ k m s _ k l \ h \ Z g b y _ ^ b g h c i j h \ b g p h ^ b [ u e h k g h \ Z g \ h [ e Z k l b, d h lghl jbuZ d h \ . =hj b Z _ _sz ^h ijbkh_^bg_gby ;jblZgbb [ueb l_kgh k\yaZgu k dhglbg_glhf b wdhgh fb q_kdhf b d m evl m jgh f kfu h [klh yl_evkl\h . Wlh ke_ , ih^dj_iey_f h _ gh\ _crb fb Zjo_he h ]b q_kdbf b ^Zggu fb Z\e y_l , aZkl ij_^i h e h,`blv qlh >m jh \_j g m kZfb fb h [kl h yl_e vkl\ Zfb [ueh km `^ _gh klZlv h ^gbf ? jbf gZb [ h e__ij_ m ki_\ Zxsb o ba kdbo b Л ] h j h ^ h \ i j h \ b g p bH ^ g Z d h k m ^ v [ Z ^ j _ \ g _ ] h D _ g l _ j [ _ j b h d Z a Z e Z k v .g _ = h jhhe^ v d h .b kd jZa\b\Zeky hlghkbl_evgh kdjhfgufb l_fiZfb b gZoh^beky \ l_gb ^jm]b o d x]h \h klhdZ h kljh\ Z : kgZqZeZ DZf m eh ^m gZ , aZl _f Ehg ^bgb y . Ij_^klZ\ ey_l kyqlh f_^e_g gh_ , j Z a \ b l b _ > m j h \ _ j g Z [ u e h h [ m k e h \ e _ g h j y ^ h f \ g _ r g b o b \ g m l < jg_ g g Z o b _ i j b q b . bf bg i j h \ b g p b Z e v g h c Z ^ f b g b k l j Z p b b [ u e h i j b d h \ Z g h d [ h e _ _ \ Z ` g u f b i--h [ e _ f g j ij_` ^_ \k_]h , l_jjblh jbb [u\r _ ]h < h kl h qgh]h .pZjkl\ Z h q_j_^v kj_^b dZglbZdh\ < k\hx , \ h a f h ` g,h b a a Z h l k m l k l \ b y k Z f h k l h y l _ e v g h c ^ b g Z k l b b )\ gh_ j b fZ rdem x v w i ^ g k hk i j Z \ b l _ e, y d h l h j u cd Z d L h ] b ^ m [ g \ D Z e h _ ]\ _ [ u b g b p b b j h \ Z l v Z f [ b p b h a g u c , , kfe ]hjh ^kdh]h kljhbl_evkl\ Z j h ev \ ki_pbnbq_kdh f jZa\blb b >m jh \_jg Z fh]eh . K\hx iha bp by f_kl gu o ie_f _gguobf _\rb o kh [kl\_g gh_ ij_^kl Z\e _gb _ h [ bfi_jkdh f h [jZ , webl `b ag b keh`b\r __ky \ j_am evl Zl_ jh fZg I \ . Zpbb wij_^kl Z\e _gb, _ \ d h lhjh f ]h j h ^ g_ , ba ^h g ., a Z g b f Z e \ Z ` g h ] h . f _ jk l Z l h f g _ h [ o h ^ b f h i h f g b l v b k l h j b b > m jI-II_ j \ g .Zg . w Ibw , qlh \ h\ \ h klZzlky ^h klZlh qgh_ qbkeh g_ykg uo f_kl dh lh j uo ih a\ h ebl m lh qgb lv , ba m q_gb _ i_j_kf h lj_l v \u^\b gm l m x Zj ] m f_g. lZp bx ; m l y ] b g : e _ d k Z g ^ j F b o Z c e h \ b q ( K Z g d l I _ l _ j [) j ] m K l Z [ b-bb k l h j b y ^ h b a \ _ j ` _ g .b y

JZchg \ dhlhjhf gZoh^ylky ba\_klgu_ \beeu KlZ[bc bf__l ^j_\gxx b , b k l h j b xG Z o h ^ y s b c k y i h [ e b a h k l b g _ d j h i h e v F Z ^ h g g Z ^ _ e e _ = j Z p b y j Z g g b . h lghky lky _ sz d\\ . ^h g . w 7-3 I_j\hg ZqZe vgh a^_kv ijh`b\ Ze h kf_rZggh_ , gZk_e_g \ ag Zqbl _evgh c f_j_ k\y aZg gh_ k . wlj \m kdZfb < 5 . ^h g.w ihy \e yxlky h kdkdb_ we_f_g lu , lZd`_ h lf_q_gu ke_^u ihdeh g_gby ]j _q_kdbf [ .h > h kbo ih j g_ h [gZjm `_g h f_klh ^j_\g _] `_kl\Zf i h k _ e _ g b y K l , j[ Z a j m r _ g g h ] h K m e e h c \ h \ j _ f y k h x a g b. qI_ k d h _c wh h g h g Z i e Z l Z bb hke \ lc ] u [ u e h k h h j m ` _ g h g _ k d h e v d h [ h.] < Z l` g _ o r \ b _ e eZ g g u _ h \ b e e Z o \ h \ j _ f y b a \ _ j ` _ g b y Zuc ^ < _ a m \ b y 79 ]. g . wk h h [ s Z x l i b k v f Z I e b g b y .F < e Z Z _k lhh y s b c f h f _ g l i b k v f _ g g u _ b \ g^r ] Zjo_he h ]b q_kdb_ bklh q gb db iha\h eyxl m \_j _gg h \h kk h a^Zlv b klhjb x wl hc f_ . Dgyavdbc B] hjv He_] D h e h f)g Z ( h\bq J h f Z g b a Z p b y > Z d bl b j b q _ k d b _ k i h j u . Bk h . >Zdby [ueZ ihke_^gbf [hevrbf aZ\ ^h e]h\_qgu. f Jbfkdhc ijh\bg pb_c h gZ :\j_ebZg \u\_e e_]bhgu ba jbfkdbo \ b ag Zqbl _evg Zy qZklv jbf kd h ]h . L_f

h _ \ Z g b _ f J b f k d h c . bA i _ j \ b _bZ g b _ f g _ k Z f u f fZ h \ [ueZ e_l. < gZqZe_ o ]] I \ . bfi_jZlh j 165 \k_]h 70. II e Z ^ _ g b c d k _ \ ._ j M l j Z q>g gg Z y _ f e b i h d b g m e m hl _ m u_ a gZk_e_g, by ]b jbf kd h ]h ]h kih^kl\ Z \ >Z g_ f_g __ blh

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h dZaZeb kv bklh jbq_kdb aZf _qZl_ev gh . ieh ^ h l\h jguf b Jhf Zgkdh_ gZk_e_g b_ kh o jZgb eh k l_jjb lh j bb [u\r_c >Zdbb b ihke _ Zglbqghc \ wih o b ys __ \j _fy ijy fufb _ ]h ,Z gZklh gZke_^gbdZfb y\e yxlky \hklh qgh j h fZgkdb_ , ijh`b\ Zxsb_ gZjh ^u \ kh\j_f _gguo ]h km ^Zjkl\ Z o J m fu gb y b . Fh e^Z\b y Fh `gh ^Z`_ ]h \h j bl v h g_dh _f n_ghf _g_ jh fZgba Zp >Zdbb <_^v gZ jy^_ l_jj blh jbc . , \_dZf b \oh ^b\rb o \ k h klZ\ Jb fkdhc , ^_j`Z\u b , _kl_kl\ _gg ,h ih^\ _j] Z \r boky p_e_g ZijZ\ e_gghc jhf Zgb aZpbby lZdh \hc g_ h, klZeh , gZke_^b e b [ h h g Z d j Z c g _ g _ a g Z q b ll he v g Z b _ j b f k d b _ i j h \ b g p b b ,BIeZ g g h g bG h j b d . W _ [u\r ebjby y , , ; j b l Z g b y b j y ^ . bM u o _ r g Z y j h f Z g b a Z p b y B k i Z g b b b = Z e e b bm g _b lm ^ \ b \ y l _ e v gki , q u Zb ^h e]h\j_f _ggh klv j bf kd h ]h ]h kih^kl\ Z lZf 0 e_l). ( [h e__ 50 Hkh [_ggh klb j h fZgba Zpbb >Zdbb m `_ g_ h ^g h klhe _lb _ \u au\Zxl h , \ _ ^ m s b _ k y g _ l h e v d h \ b k l h, j g h _ kbdf h x s b _ Z b dy_ j d h \ u j Z ` _ g g u c i h e b bq _c g m h djZk . A^_kv h kh [ h klhb l \u^_ebl v ijh lb \h klhygb_ \_g ]_j kdhc b j m fu gkdh c bk . Hij_^_ezg gh _ m qZklb _ \ wlb o ^bkd m kkby o i jbg bf Z_l b h l_q_kl\ _ggZy bkl . Ba gZb [h e__ ^bkd m kkbh gg uo i j h [e_f ^ h e`gh \u^_ebl v ke_^ m xsb _ : - d Z d b f h [ j Z a h f i j h b k o h ^ b e Z j h f Z g?b a j _ \ p b y j > Z deb b e b a ^ _ k v a Z k _ e _ g b IZ Zeb h\Z h ijZdlb q_kdb h [_aex^_\r_c ih ke_ [_ki h sZ^gu o ih o h ^h\ LjZyg Z l_jjbl h jbc i h k _ e _ g p Z f b b a j Z a g u o i j h \ b g p b cb e b i _ ` j_ bib h b k o h ^ b e Z Z k k b f b e y p b y j b f e , bf j ag Zqbl _evgh c qZklb kh o jZgb \r _]h ky \ >Zdbb f_klg h]h g Zk_e_gb y ? - k i h j f _ ` ^ m Z \ l h o l h g b k Л Z f b b ] j Z p b h g b kЛl Z f ba g b p Z i h a b p b c i j b g p b i b Z e ? l b? f . JZ : Z\lholhgbklu bkoh^yl ba g_ij_ju\gh]h ijh`b\Zgby j h f, Z g b Z b _ jf h \ Z g g aal \h klhqgh j hfZg kdh]h gZk_e_g by gZ a_f eyo ; [u\ r_cZpbh gbklu ihe Z ]Zxl fb]j >Zdbb , qlh jh fZgbah \Zggh_ gZk_e_g b_ \f _kl_ k jbf kdbf b e_] bhg Zfb ijZdl bq_kdb ih egh h klZ\ e_ggmx : \j _ebZg h f ijh . m g Z y l h e v d h I\ I il _ u \ k y q_ deZl, b\ yw i h o m k j _ ^ g _ \ _ d .h \ v y j u_ \ _ _ - g Z d h g _ pk i h j \ g m l j?b \ l h o l h g b k.l hA ^ _ k v ^ \ _ i h a b p b jbh f Z g b a Z p b y r e Z , Z Л \ : b k d e x q b l _ e v g h g Z l _ j j b l h j b b i j h \ b g p( b b \ j _ > _ Z d b y b k l h j b q _ k d b _ h [ e Z k l kh f ggu_ J m f u g b b ; Z g Z Z g k b e v \ Z g b y b ), k h _ ] e Z k g h ` _ \ a ] e?yd^ Z Z c g b o Z \ l h o l hЛg b k l h \ , Lj l Hel gby jf , jhfZgbaZpby fh]eZ \uoh^blv aZ ij_^_eu ijh\bgpbb >Zdby b jZkijhkljZ >g_kl jZ gZ \kx l_jjb lhjb x - , aZk_ezg gm x kh \j _f_g gu fb \h klhqgh j hfZg kdbf b gZjh ^ . EyimklbgZ ?e_gZ
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D m e v l E b \ b b \ J b f k d h c b f i _ j\ .b g .w i h ^ Z g g u f g m f b a f Z l ). d b I b \( b : \ l h j Z g Z e b a b j m _ l g Z ^ i b k b b b a h [ j Z ` _ g b y g Z j b f k d b o f h g. _ l ho gd - gdphZ g p Z I\ ^Z .h w I .\ g., w f _ x s b _ b h l g h r _ g b _ . d G _ E b \ h b l bj y > j m a bg e_ e _ k e kf gZ jZag hh [jZab _ fhg_lg uo, k\yaZgg uo k Eb\\_kv fZ ijb f_qZl _evgh h [jZs_g b_ lb ih\ , b_c wfbl _glh \ d _z h [jZa m gZ ijh ly` _gbb klhe v ^ebl _evgh ]h ijhf_` m ldZ \j _f_g b . Bah [jZ`_g by b gZ^ibkb gZ fhg_lZo y\eyebkv \Z`gufb bgkljmf_glZfb \ keh`ghf b fgh]h]j ijhi Z]Zg^u bfi_jZl h jkdh]h, aZljZ] b\ Zxs_]h b qe_gh\ k_fvb ijb : \lh j h \ dm evlZ . gp_ik ijb o h ^bl d \u \h ^m , qlh jZkkfZl jb\ Z_fu _ fhg _lu h ljZabeb gZb [ h e__ ag Zqbf u_ d m evl Z Eb\\ bb , lhf qbke_ _z ih kf_jl gh_ h[h `_kl. \e
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I H A> G Y Y : G L B Q GH K L V B > J? < G ? ? OJ B K L B : G K L < H

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D h j i m k i b k _ f I j h d h i b y (VI k , \ h dhh l h j h _ \ d e x q166, l Z \ i h k e _ ^ g _ _ b a ^ Z g b _ = Z a \ .)d ] Zx W : fZlh - 174 ibkv fZ \ ? =j_q_kdh c iZ ljh e h]b104), bf __l \Z`gh_ agZq_g b_ . ( Л- b bkl h jbq_kdh]h bklh qgb dZ kj_^b \k_o _]h . ijh q bo jZ[h l \Z` gm x bg nh jfZp bx Ibkv fZ ^Zxl k Z f h f Z \ l, h_ ] _h d m e v l m j g h ,c h k _ j]_ h h l g h r _ g b b d k \ h _ f m ^ _ e m b i h \ u r Z xV- j h e v j ^_ l VI \ \ . d Z d \ Z ` g h ] h d m e v l m j g h ] h p _ g l j Z \ d h g l _ d k l _ k h q b g _ g b c ^ j .m ] b o I j h d h i b c h [ j Z s Z _ l k y \ k \ h b o i b k v f Z o d r b j h d h f m d j mj ]m a _ ,c h bkl lh\ _ jghg\ bb h \ , ^ m jj ^ d \u jZ` Z_l k\h _ fg_gb _ h lgh kbl_evgh kZfu o jZaghh [jZaguo _ kbl m Zpb^_j`b lky . LZd` a^_kv kh c fgh ]h k\_^_g bc h [ h lghr_g byo k m q_gb dZfb b dh ee_] Zfb i j h^Z_l o hjZ fb , qlh n_kkh j h r__ ij_^klZ\ e_gb _ h [ ZdZ^_fbq_kdh c kj_^_ \ =Z akdhKeh` guc b jblh jbq_kdb c yau . c rdh e_ h ljZ` Z_l h [rb jgm x d m evl m j m Z\l h jZ b dh e_ [e_lky f_` ^m [md\Zev gu f b f . Kf_kv ^j_\g bo b gh\ uo l_jf, bg h \ q_ kdbo b o jbkl bZg kdb o, \u jZ` _gb_ c qZklu_ yau Z lZd` kkue db b Zeexa bb gZ ^j_\g b_ l_dklu k^_eZeb Ijh d h ib y g_ h q_gv ba\_kl guf \ , g h _ ] h Z ^ j _ k, Zgl _ u h f g _ g ,g \ h k h d h p _ g b e b _ ] h .i b k vkf lZ m q _ g u c \ g _ f d Z d [ u h l l _ k k u QZ h q_eh \_dZ gZ \l h j hc , ieZg , aZ keh` ghkl vx klb ey Ijh d h ib y fu fh `_f m \b ^_ h ^gZdh h ij_^_e_ggu _ q_jl u _]h \g m lj_gg _]h . fb jZ :m ^blh jby Ijh d h iby jZa^_ey_l _]h gjZ\ kl\_gg p_gghklb b dm evl m jgu_ \ddhibc b Z j[blj djZkghj_qby `_ \j_fy, \u k h d h . Ijh m ku- , b \ lh , fh j Z e v g u c o j b k l,b g Z ibhgf b g Z x s b c h ^ h [ j h ^ _ l _ e v g u o i j F b _ jj Z o^ j _ k Z l h \ I j h d ,h i b y Zg . bf Z

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i j _ ^ k l Z x s b c \ _ ] h i b k, vgf Z a \ Z g ?b f _ f f m ^ j u o i Л, _ e h l h j u c ` b \ _ l f _ ` ^ m y a u q _ k d b f Zo jh qd gZke_^b _f b o jbkl bZg kdh c ^ m .o h \gh klvx < _ ^ _ r d b g F b o Z b e : e _ d k Z g ^ ( h \ h kd\Z jF bq ) D \ h i j h k m b ^ _ g l b n b d Z p b b i j ?Carmen contra PaganosЛ. _n_dlZ

: g h g b f g Z ? I h w f Z i j h l b \ y a u q g(Carh en contra paganos) y \ e y _ l k y h ^ g b f b a y Л b d m\ gZb [h e__ ijbf_qZl _evg uo ijh y \e _gb y e bl _jZlmjgh c ihe _fb db , jZa\ _j gm \r _cky \ Jb f_ f_` ^m Zih e h] _lZf b o jbkl bZg kl\ Z b aZs bl gb dZfb yauq_kdh c klZjb guV \ \\ dhgp _ IV - gZqZe_ . P_gljZev g m x jh ev \ ihwf_ aZgb fZ_l h [jZa ij_ ^klZ\bl _ey k_gZlh jkdhc - ij_n_dlZ Zjbkl h djZlb b Jb fZ b Zdlb\ gh]h klhjh ggbdZ yau q_kdbo d mb kf_jlv - `b agv evl h \ JbfZ dh lhjh]h ih^\_j] Zebkv gZiZ^dZf o jbklb Zgkdh ]h Z\l h jZ . K fhf_glZ i_j\h]h ba^Zgby ihwfu ebqg h klb ij_n_dlZke_^ h \Zl _evgh \j _ f_g b ^_ckl\ by ihwf u \_e bkv [m jgu _ gZ m q ,b , ,h kih ju
< h _ g g u c i h l _ g p b Z e \ Z j \ Z j h \ \ i h a ^ g _ f .J b f _ Ab[Z_\ :g lhg
< ]_h ]j Znbq_kdbo ij_^klZ\ e_gb y o ih a^g_c Zglbqgh klb gZreh h ljZ` _gb_ klhe dgh o j b k l b Z g k d b o b y a u q _ k d b o \ a ] e y ^ h \ g Z i j h k lF _ Z g h l j\ h k i h\ je_ f y_ g b y g _ [ _ k g h ] h . j kl k Z b h` J Z y y \ e y _ l k y h ^ g b f b a \ Z ` g _ c r b o i m g d l h \ l Z d h ] .h Kk\ y h _ e d g h \ _ g b k Z g b _ ls ggh_ I y ihf _sZ_l _]h gZ
< h a g b d g h \ _ g b _ d m e v l Z k \ y l u o \ j Z g g _ f o j b.k l b Z g k l \ _ D m evl k\y,luih qbl Zgb _ fhs _c b j_eb - n_gh f_g h dZaZ\ rb c \e bygb_ gZ o d\bc , jZkijh kljZg_g b_ b m l\ _j`^_gb _ o jbklb Zgkl\ Z \ iha ^g_Zglb qghf y gZ kihju . G_kfhlj fbj_ \h djm ] wlh ]h ,dm evl Z _ky _s_ k _ ^db o aZf _qZgb c yau qgb d h \ km s_kl \ m _l ^h gZqZ\ rb III \ ., h g \

52

k b o i. h > h d e Z ^ i h k \ y s _ g \ h i j h k m h n h j f b j h \ Z g b b b \ h a g b d g h \ _ g b b j b l m j f h s Z f \ j Z g g _ f o j b k l b Z I-IVl \ _ \ \ .), b \ w l h c k \ y a b g Z r _ \ g b f Z g b _ [ u e h h [ j Z s (I g k \h afh `guf ij_^ih kue dZf o jbkl bZg kd h ]h bm ^_ckdbf b Zgl bqg uf ih]j_[Zev g - dm evl Z j b l m Z e Z f b h [ u q Z y f i h q b l Z . b Z a m fl _ b r bi o _ ^ k l Z \ e _ g b c h \ h k d j _ k _ g b b ^ m r b b gJ y \b j _ j \ bm^Zbaf _ knh jfb jh\ Ze h gZ dh lh jm x miZe h _\Zg]_e vkdh _ ke h \h ^j_\g y y , ihq\ m .
k h [ III u \ . hj

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GZqbg Zy k o ]]III \ . b \ l_q_g b_ \k_]h klh e_lb y o jbkl bZg kdZy p_jdh \v K 20. : njb db ijh \_e Z ihqlb ^_kylh d ihf _klguo ag Zqblh \ , kh [h j _evg Zy qZklv d h lhju o ijbr e \j _fy Dbij bZg Z DZjnZ]_gKZfb ih k_[_ ih f_kl gu_ k h [h j u rbjhdh ijZdl bdh . kdh]h P _ j d h \ v x ^ e y j _ r _ g b y h l ^ _ e v g u o ^ h ] f Z l b q _ , d bgoZ d h h \ j h n j b50- _ \ ] .]III \ . h g b kh^ ki :\ d_ n m g d p b h g b j m x l i h q l b g Z j _ ] m e . j< g h c Z h k g _h \ v g h f _ j _ i j Z d l b d Z i j h \ _ ^ _ g b y ag qbl e _ ihf _klg uo kh [ h j h \ h ljZ` ZeZ wdde_abh e h] bq_kdb_ \a ]e y^u DbijbZg Z ( [ h jv[Z aZ _^bgkl\h p_jd\b b nhjfbjh\Zgb_ lZd gZau\Z_fh]h fhgZjobq_kdh]h _ibkdhiZlZ bgkl lZdbf h [jZahf ), h ^gZdh g_ bkq_ji u\ ZeZkv bfb .
= h l u g Z k e m ` [ _ J b f k d h c b f II_ I b. b 6\0- o ] .] IV \ . ij\ Dhiueh\ B\Zg :e_d kZg^jh\bq( F h k d ) Z \ O j b k l b Z g b a Z p b y :k \ h h \ Z j b Z g k l \ Z _\ l d hjlh^hdkZevghfm o j b k l b Z gI khl [ \ e _ f Z . jm ojhgheh]bb b j_ij_a_glZlb\ghklb bklhqgbdh\ .

Bklh jby j h fZgh \ Zj\Zjkdh]h ]hkm ^Zjkl \Z k\_\ h\ gZ Ibj_g _ckdhf ihem fZe h h [_ki_q_gZ ib kvf _gg ufb bklh Hkgh \g h c ijh [e_fhc y\ ey_l ky o jh gheh ]b q . qgb dZfb a Z a h j f _ ` ^ 469 ]. ( g Z d h l h j h f a Z d Z g q b \ Z _ l k y O j h gbb d Z ].,BdZ p h jyu f ^ Z l b j h \ Z g m ) 561 ^ hlb I_j\ uc ;jZdZj kdbc khH^gZd h bf _gg h gZ ? lzf guЛ i_jbh ^ ijb o h ^blky h q_gv . [hj wlh l c \ Z ` g u c w l Z i \ o j b k l b Z g b a Z p- b j b g _ \y l\ b _ b f b o j b k l b Z g k l \ Z g b d _ c k d h ] h h [ b i k\ h ba `b\Zg b_ ZjbZg kl\Z gZf ih qlb g bq_h g _ b a\ _klgh h ^Zev g_cr_c km ^v [_ Zjb Z . O hly k \ _ \ h \ , l _ f g _ f _ g _ ,_ k l h b l h [ j Z l b l v \ g b f Z g b _l h Z _ jl\ h k l _ i _ g g Z y a Z ^ lZhqyZr Z y d Z d ,q gi ,k \

53

i_j_^ fh gZjoZfblZd b i_j_^ _ib kdh iZf b ihke _ h dhgqZl _evgh ]h ljb , h j l h ^ h d k, babZ d e x q Z e Z k v \ i j _ h ^ h e _ g b b Z f h j n g h k l b p _ j d h \ g u o k l j m d kbkl_f u _iZjobZevgh]h m . Wlh fh`gh k\ya Zlv ql hl_f^ey ZjbZgkdbo ijZ\ e_gb y ,k ]_jf Zgp_\ [ueZ o ZjZdl_jgZ ]hj Za^h [ h e__ Z fh jngZy h j ]Zg baZpby djZcg _c jZaf ulh klvx _iZjobZev ,gu o ]j Zgb p kbeb y b_jZj o h \ \ i_j\ m x ihwlh fm m g Z i j Z \ e _ g u g Z i j _ h ^ h e _ Z jbb_ Z g k d h ] h g Л k e _ b k l _ f _ p _ j d h \ g h c h j ] Z g b a Z p ?g Z \ k^by DjZkgh[Z_\Z Xeby ?\]_gv_\gZ ( F h k d )Z \

m fnZ lmj b p_jd\_c p_jd h \ h q_j_^v bb

I h g y l b? k e m ` _ g b _ \ k h q b g _ g b y o N b e h g Z : e _ d k Z g ^ j b c k d h ] h _ Л . D m e b d h \ Z X e b y < b d l( h jh kg ZZ F h \ d) \ OZjZdl_jgu_ k h \ j _ f _ g g b d h. \ q_jlu ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb JbfZ \lhjhc i h eIV \ b \g u ] e Z a Z f b h .

K h ] e Z k g h k h h [ s _ g b y f Z g l b q g u o, ` Z bl a gj h \ \ J b f k d h c b f i _ j b bc \ h h. e \hv 2i IV \ . [ u e Z g Z i h e g _ g Z i h ^ h a j b l _ e v[ g hg llZ, fxb Z a g y f b b i u .l d Zf fi bj Z l h j k d Z y \ e Z k l v , mk v d B_ nZdlbq_kdb j Z\g yeZkv \ k_^h a\h GZk_e_gb_ ijb \udZeh `b lv \ h [klZgh\ d_ ih klhy . e_ggh klb ^h ghkh \ ihkl _i_g gh]h jZaj m r_g by dh ]^Z lh _^bgh , dh] ^Z Z^fb gb kljZp by , c Bfi _jbb ^_ckl\ h \Ze Z ihjh c \ m s_j [ ]h k m ^Zj kl\ m b , bf i_jZl h jm m kl bki ul u\ Ze h ldju Z kZf Z\] g _ i j b y a g v d k \ h b f i j b [ e b ` _ = h j h ^ J b fe b r b \ r b c k y h n b p b Z e v g h ] h k l Z l m k Z k . gguf , B f i _ j b b g Z i h f b g Z h f g _ g b x Z g l b q g u o ,Z bl f ij_ j b x \ f b g b Z l.x > _ Z ` _ j b f k d b c , , ie \ h h\ j K_gZl klZe lZ keh \gh a^_kv f_kl h k[h jZ \k_]h fb jZ _gb _ h [s_kl\Z [ueh klhe v , ? dbf Л JZkkeh \_e bdh gZklh evdh ` _ j _adh jZae bqZeb kv b b \j bgl_j_ku `^_g b_ . GjZ\ kl\ _ggh , , , _fyi j_ijh\h klv ih fg _gb x : ff bZg Z FZjp_ee bg Z ZeZ \f_kl_ k h [sb f m iZ^dh fH[s_klh\ 2- c , bkq_a . gjZ\ \h i h . IV \ . [ u e h g _ k l h e v d h f b k l b n b p b j k dZ g g u fh [ h e v r _ k m._ \ _ j g fu_ rf _ g b _ e , h\ hevd K o jbklb Zgkl\ Z b yau q_kl\Z ijb \_eh d j h klm kZfu o jZagh h [jZagu o h nh [b , \dexqZy h k [ h_ h lghr_g b_ d ^ h [Z\e_g ghf m \ n_\jZe _ Ih e h` _gb _ aZ ij_^_eZf b ]h j h ^Z Jb fZ [ue . ^gx ^h klZlh qgh gZi jy`_gg uf bpu \k_ [h e__ k m .`Ze bkv . =jZg =_jf Zgkdb _ ie_f _gZ aZo\Zlu \Ze b h i m k l h r Z e b l _ j j b l h j b b a Z i Z ^ g u o , i k h \a ^ Z pZbyc k \ h b k h [ k l \ _ g g u _ i h k _ e _ g b y j bg\ ? dh jh e_\ kl\Л. Z < g m l j _ g g y y i h e b l b d Z Z \ ] m k l h \ \ a Z i Z ^ g u o i j h \ b g p b y o \ u g mZ^ _ gbgahf cg q b \ h , [ue ` _ ih kl h ygg h ih^kljZb\ Zl vky ih^ gh\u_ j_Zebb . L_i _jv hgZ [ueZ gZ ijZ\ e_gZ gZ ih^^_j`Zg rZl dh]h fbjZ k jZkk_eb\rbf bky gZ wlbo l_ jjbl h ,jbyolhju _ kh klZb\ey eb d h ]_jfZgpZf h kgh\gmx qZkl v Zjfb b b Z^fbgbkl jZpb b bf i_jZlh jZ . F_ev gbd >f bljbc B] hj_\bq ( F h k d )Z \

JZgg__ ojbklbZgkl\h b jZ[kl\h \ kh\_lkdhc bklhjbh]jZnbb .

H^gbf ba hkgh\guo we_f_glh\ bah[jZ`_gb_ jZgg_]h ojbklbZgkl\Z \ kh\_ b k l h j b h ] j Z n b b [ u e h h l g h r _ g b _ o j b k l b .Z < g k dh \ _Z g l b q g h f m h j b h ] jl lkdhc bkl Z[k k e h ` b e h k v g _ k d h e v d h l h q _ d a j _ g b y g Z ^ Z g ghm e Z ikj g h e hf^ mh c b a g b o o j b k l b . K ]x h[ _ g [ueh j_eb]b_c i j ,Z d yh s l bh oj u k e g Z \ \ y a Z e b \ _ h_ wlm j_eb]bx jZ j _ \ h e x p b h g g u o m k l j _ f.e K l h j h g g b d b \ l h j h c l h q d b a j _ g b y l ihh eoZ b Z e b Z g k l \ h _gbc ,q j] kl b a Z j h ^ b e h k v d Z d j _ \ h e x p b h g g h _ ^ \ b ` _ g b _ j Z [ h \ b \ h e v g,h h l iZmbs\ _rg_ _ g b dhh_ c k \ k\ \ p_ev x j_Zev gh _ baf_g _gb _ khpb Zevgh wdh ghfbq_kdh ]h kljhy j h ggbdh\ lhc . Ij_h[eZ^Zgb _ klh b e b b g h c i h a b p b b a Z \ b k _ e h d Z d h l d h g d j _ l g h ] h f h f _ g l Z j Z a \ b, l l Z d k b \ _ l k d by h hl h[sbo l_g^_gpbc \ bah[jZ`_gbb Zglbqghklb kh\_lkdbfb mq_gufb L_fhc ^Z

54

y\ey_lky [hjv[Z b \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ kh \_l kd h c bklh jbh ]j Znbb . Fbjhex[h\ B\Zg :g^j_ _\bq k d ) Z (Fh \

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Ijh[e_fZ imitatio \ i _ j b h ^ _ ^ b g h e b q g h ] h i j Z \ e _ g b y D h g k l Z g l b g Z < _ e b d h ] h (324 - 337 ] ] .). Bfi_jZlhj DhgklZglbg <_ebdbc y\ey_lky agZdh\hc nb]mjhc fbjh\hc bklh l Z d b o k _ j v _ a g u o g h \ h \ \,_ ^ _ g b cd b a f _ g _ g b _ d m j k Z j b f k d h c j _ e b ] b h a g h c i h dZ h kgh\ Z gb _ gh\hc klhe bpu . IjZ\e_gb _ wl h ]h bfi_jZl h jZ gZa \Zgh k e_ ]dh c jm db Zg bkke_^h \Zl _e_c j_\ h expb _c Dhgkl Zgl bg Z , ijb \k_f gh\Zlh jkl\ _ gkl Zglbg g_ ? Л. H^gZdh , Dh f h ] g _ m q b l u \ Z l v f g h ] h \ _ d h \ h c j b f k d b c ] h k m ^ Z, j k l \hg g u c khei Z \ le b \ Z e h l Z d q _ h[m u y\ e_gb,_ dZd tat io, ih^jZ` Zgb_ \u^Zxsb fky ^_yl_ey f ijh reh]h imi . < gZmd_ ^Z\g h ihkl Z\e _gZ ijh[e_fZ b ^hklZlhqgh ohjhrh jZajZ[hlZgZ \ jy^_ kZfhklhyl_evguo jZ[ D h g k l Z g l b g Z ( l : .\ gmitatio m ugust i) b k \ h _ f m , h lhp gm l Z g p b x( ;. OJehh^ ` j _ mk ]mkl A i D k j ). . J Z c lO ; j Z g ^,l W D N h ). ^ _ g ,. m < gZkl h ys _ f ^h deZ^_ jZkkfZl jb\ dZdh _ f_klh wl h ih^jZ` Zgb _ aZg bfZe , Z_lky b^_h e h ]b q_kd h c kbkl _f_ _^bgh ebqghc \e Z klb , Dh gkl ZglbgZ dZdbf b kj_^kl\ Zfb hgh \u jZ` Ze h kv b dZd m x b f_e h p_ev . G b d h e v k d b c B \ Z g F b (oFhckd\Z q Z e h) \ b Kf_jlv bfi_jZlhjZ
>h deZ^ ih k \ys _g ZgZebam h [jZaZ bfi _jZlh jZ
55

IZgl_e__\ : e_dk_c > fbljb_\ bq ( KZgdl I_l_j[mj] ) F m q _ g b q _ k l \ h b j Z k i j h k l j Z g _ g b _ o j b k l b c kgl kb lZe v g h e b d j h \ v f m q _ g b d h \ : ^_ Z \ l\ _ ? Л [ueZ ? k_f_g_f P_j d\b Л?

>h deZ^ i h k\ys_g j Zkkfh lj_gbx jh eb fm q_gb q _kl\ Z \ j Zkijh kljZg _gb b o jbkl I- kl\ Z \ bZg III \\ . Lj Z^bpbh ggh kqblqlh h gh h dZau\Zeh [ h evrhc wnn_d l gZ yau q_kd m x , Z_lky , ^ _ f h g k l j b j m y h l \ Z ] m o j b k l b Z g b b o \ _ j ,g g h l fvu ki\ h ecZ \]_ qZl _ h w l h [ u e h: g _ l Z hk _ , j_ f f m q_gb q_kl\ h g_ fh] e h b] jZlv kdh e v [u lh gb [u eh a gZqb fhc j h eb .ijb h [j H g h [ u e h i h e g h k l v x \ g m l j b o j b k l b Z g k, d f* b fe h i\ e _ g y l_ f u f b h l l Z e d b \ Z x s b f Z y h gb g ih klhjh gg_]h gZ[ex^Zl_ey . Fmq_gb ,db kj_^h lhqb\r bkv gZ k\h _ f ih^\ ib] i_ o Christi), kh (im tat g_ h [jZsZe bkv d Z m ^blh jbb kijbgb fZe Z kv bf b g_ dZd h [t_dl kd h j__ dZd , hgZ \h , Z ijh ih\_^b , , bg klj m f_g l ^h klb`_g by PZjkl \b y G_[_kgh]h . < h \ j _ f y b o d Z a g b g _ i j h b k o h ^ b e h g b, dd hdl b o u q mh_ k e b [ u i j h k e Z \ b l v k b Z hj _ f ^ ] ; h ] Z o j b k ,l b Z,lg_ q l h i j h b k o h, ^ bbe^ _ b b e b r v b o _ ^ b g h \ _ .j p u Z \ e Ba\ _klgu _ gZf ke m qZb h [jZs_g by yau qgb dh \ ihke _ fm q_gb q_kl\ ijb jZkkf h lj_g bb h dZau\Zxl ky j_a m evl Zlh f beb [h e__ beb f_g __ ^ebl _evg h ] h km `^_g gu fb ^h dZagb j_Zdpb _c gZ ijhbko h ^ys__ m `_ kh klh y \r boky o g_ , beb . L_f jbkl bZ f_g __ , fm q_gb q_kl\ h h dZau\Zeh wnn_d l gZ qe_gh \ o jbkl bZg kdbo h [sb g , _s_ g_ ijbgy\ rbo dj_s_gb _ - dZl_om f_ghHgh m dj_ieyeh gh\hh [jZs_gguo bf h [jZa_p ih\_^_gby .\ , ^Z\Ze h , ^h klhc gh]h gZklh y s_]h ojbkl bZg bg Z b i h ^lZedb\ Zeh d ke _^h\Zg bx wl h c fh . IZgq_gdh
F yl_` ? \h_ggh]h dZa gZq_y( h fyl _` _ N mev\by F Z djbZg Z 260-262 ]] .). Л

Fyl_` FZdjbZgZ ijh lb\ =Zeeb_gZ \h fgh]h f h klZ_lky \ l_g b [ h e__ ag Zqbl _evguo k h [ u l , c j h b a h r _ ^ r b o \ \ h k l h q g h c q Z k l b J b f k d h c B f i _ j b ,b- \ i h j lZ ` _ g\ j _ _f yb bi wh b ie_g _gb _
56

MagZ\ h j Z a ] j ,h f _ ^ _ g Z ld j h k Z ,Z je _ a b ^ f g k m x D \ b _ l Z. b H FZ b Z g^ b W_ _ pb ; =h j h ^ [ue \ayl , D\b_l b ;Zeeb klZ m f_js \e_g u \j_f _g gh ihkeZggu_ =Zeeb_gh f \hc k . H^g h \h ]e Z\_ k =_jZdeb Zghf \u kZ^beb kv \ : e_dkZ g^jb ]. ih ke_^gb _ h qZ]b fyl_`Z \ . D e_lm b 262 ?] bil_ [ueb ih ^Z\e_g u . Ijbq bg u ihj Z`_gby fyl 1) h lkm lkl\ b_ m FZdjbZgZ \h _gg hc b ihe bl b : _`Z o Zjba ;fu2) g_^h h p_g dZ FZdjbZgh f m klh cqb\hkl b iha bpbc jZkiu e_gbZ ; 3) =Zee b_g _ FZdjbZghf j_kmjkh\ f_`^m
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kbf \h ebq_kdh ]h ag Zq_gb y h l^_evg uo , _]h . H^gZdhgZ gZr \a , ij_^klZ\ ey_l bg l_j_k b ]ey^ bgl _jij_lZp by d hfi e_dkZ jbkm gdh \ dZd ijh kljZ gkl\ _ggh]h p_eh]h . GZf ij_^klZ\ ey_l ky wl h lhih ]j Znbq_kdZy k , _fZ ^b ZjZfZ d Zd h gZ \b ^blk , qlh o _z Hev\ bb k f_kl Z]^_ jZkih e h `_g kde_i >Z `_ \ gZklh ys __ \j _fy ijh ke_`b\ Z_lky kljm dl m jg , . k h \ i Z ^ _ g b _ j _ Z e v g h ] h , \ g ZZ e x ^ Z _ f h ] h k i h \ _ j o g h k l b g Z ,^ b d e _ h h ifh a b p b b \ b^ [ k d if ih] j_[Zevghc dZf _j_ . GZr Z ^h ]Z^dZ ih ^l\_j`^Z_lky, l_f qlh ^_e vnbg b , h jze [jZ`zg gu_ \ kde_i_ bah , y\ eyxlky lZd` _ fh lb\Zf b ]_j [Z bb JZkih e h` _gb _ kbemwlh \ `b\h lguo \ dh fih ab Hev\ . jh kib kb gZ\h ^yl gZ fu kev fgh]h ag Zqghkl b bo hfh] [ulv b ]_j Zev^b q_kdb : ^_evnbg [jZah\ kbf \h e h fb bah [jZ`Zl v ^_evnbg Z ba ZebfZgZ , , kbe m wl h jeZ fh` _l h lf _qZlv f _klh ^bkeh j b f k d h ] h ] Z j g b a h g Z. \ ] h j h ^ _ Kih k h [ ba h [jZ`_g by ijh kljZg kl\Z ko _fZl ba f_ jh, kib kb Z_l h k h [_ggh klb , ijb \kzf h ljZ` `b \h ibkb gZqZeZij_^klZ\ e_ggu_ \ j h kibkyo Ih fi _c i_j_l _dZgb _ \b ^Z kh kl_gu g ., g w . Wlh kl_g ;mba h [jZ`_g b_ ]_j Zev^b q_kdbo nb] - gb\u r_[_a qzldh ]h h [ h ag Zq_gb y yjm kh \ m j `_ ( qlh \ i h k l j h _ g b b ] e m [ b g g h c d h f i h a b p b b k h h l \ _ l k l \ m _ l i - a[bep b_ ); f i _ j Z^ Z q Z_ k h b` y ^ _ evr ihfh sv x gZk_q_d g_db o we_f_g lh \ \ha fh` gh- eZg^r ZnlZ [t_^bgy xsb o h l^_evg u_ , kj_^u ,h kbe m wlgu _ nb ] m ju \ i j h kljZg kl\_ggh _ p _e h _ . D m a v f b g Z X e b y G b(dFhhekZd_ )g Z \Z DeZkkbnbdZpby b lbiheh]by k\ylbebs (N h g Z Z]l hj b bebZ f iZ f _ j Z kZdjZevguo d h f i e _ d k h \ -I \ \ . ^ h g .). VI w

Ijh [e_f_ deZkkbnb dZpb b kZdjZevg uo dh fi e_dkh \ jZaebqg uo j_] bhgh \ weebg k fgh]hdjZlgh klZgh\beZkv l_fhc h[km`^_gbc \ kh\ j_f_gghc bklhjbh]jZnbb k l Z \ b e b k v \ h i j h k u, g Z k h fh e v d h ^ Z g g u _ l b i h e h ] b b f h ] m l [ u l v m ^ h \ e _ l \ h j b h ld j Z a e b q g u o j _ ] b h g h \ K _ \ _ j g h ] h I j b q ._ j ` \ j y ^ e b i h ^ h c ^ m l ^ e y k b k l _ f Z l b a Z p b b n Z g Z ] h j b ,c k d b o k k \ y, Zbgehib_ j \ m x qlh \yal \ s h q_j_^v, k kh kl h y gb _f kh o jZggh klb kZdjZevgu o dhf ie_dkh\ . LZdbf h [j, ih^f _jdb\Zy ij__fkl\_ggh klv \ h j]ZgbaZpbb b mkljhckl\_ k\y Zah q ; h k i h j _ i h h l g h r _ g b x k h k \ y l b e b s Z f b , fZl jlh i d e` _ b k h h l \ _ l k l \ b _ h k g h \ g u o b o l b _ Zh c h [ s _ w e e b g k, d ibj f_ ^ e Z ] Z _ l k y g Z h k g h \ Z g b b Z g Z e h ] b c b a k \ y l b e b s\ g w e b b g k d , _kl e g _ d h l h j u _ d h j j _ d l b \ u \ l b i h e h ] b x w e e b g k d b o k \ y l b eH ^ s bN ZbgaZ ] hajm e v l Z l h \ . bg f j_ bb w l h ] h y \ e y _ l k y h l d Z a h l \ u ^ _ e _ g b y? id Z lw e e b g k d b _ k \ yЛl, b b [ h Z k \ _ ^ _ g b c h Zg _]hj b ebs klh ev fZkrlZ[g uo b ag Zqbf uo h [s_weeb gkdb o kZdjZevg uo h [t_dlZ ;h kihj kd h ]h pZjkl \Z ,f b NZg Z]h jbb , \ p_eh , \ qZklg h, klb. : gZeb a bf _xsb o ky bkl h qgbdh g_l i h a \ h e b e \ u ^ _ e b l v k e _ ^ m x s b _ d Z l _ ] h j b b k \ y l b e b : I. NK \ y lZb]e b s Z j _ ] b h g Z e v g h ] s Zg hjbb agZq_g; by =h j h ^kdb_ k\yl beb sZ II. : 1. JZkiheh`_g gu _ gZ Zdjh ihe_ 2. JZkiheh `_g gu_ \ q_jl_ ] h j h ,^ Zg h g _ g Z Z d j h i.h Iej _ b ] h j h ^ g u _ k \ y l b e b s Z ; III . D j h f _ l h, ] \ h d e Z k k b n b d Z p b x \ d e x q _ g u j y ^ f h g m f _ g l Z e v g u o h [ s _ k,l \ _ g g u o d h l h j u _ g _ y \ e y e b k v k \ y l b e b sgZk h f g _ g g h ] j Z e b \ Z ` g m x j h e v \ j _ e b ] b h a g h c ` b , gh _ fb , ,b ih e bkZ , gZqbgZy m `_ k f hf_g lZ _ ]h .h kgh\Zgb y

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Fhe _\ ?\] _gbc :e_dk Zg^jh\bbq` g b c G h \ ] h) j h ^ (G H [ h ^ g h f b a Z k i _ d l h \ k _ f Z g l b d b h [ j Z a Z a Z c p Z \ ] j _ d h k d .b n k d h c l h j _ \ l b d _ ? k l v \ k d b n k d h c b k l h j b b h dbhgl hw u b a [hu^ e h i b k ,^ ji c (Herod., IV,134), k h ]e Zkgh d h lhjhfm kdbnu \u b] jZeb \ k l m i b \ \ g _ ] h i h i j b q b g _ q ll h ] hb o h l \ e _ d \ u k d h q b , h I _ j \ u f , d l h i j _ ^ i h e h ` b e l h b a h [ j Z ` _ g b y \ k Z,^ gi b d Z `\ Z x s ,q hj h :e_dkZg^jhihevkdh]h b Dmev h[kdh]h dmj]Zgh\ =_jh ^hlZ[ue ; G =jZd.h Wl h l wibah^ iha^g_ _ [ue fgh] , . \ Z \ l h j Z .f b u i j _ ^ e Z ] Z _ f _ s _ h ^ g m \ _ j k b x \ h a f h ` g h ] h j _ r _ F FhgZ oh\ K_j]_c Xjv_\b q ( KZjZlh\ )

Z V _ \ s _ ^ h\ g . w _ j h ^ h l h f g. = j_r Zxs__ kjZ`, _gb _ k i_jkZf ^Z`_ g_ \ r b c b a i h ^ d h i u l. d h g _ c bo aZcp_\ gZ ieZklbgZ ijyfh k\yaZgu k ijb\_^_gg h djZlg h b gl_jij_lbjh\ Zg g b y w l .h ] h \ h i j h k Z

G h \ u _ g Z o h ^ d b Z d Z g n k d b o Z f n h j b d h j j _ d l b \ u d b o l b i h e h ]. b b b o j h g h e h ] IbkZj_\kdbc GbdheZc I_ljh\bq _ ` ) (
Bgl _j_k d j ZajZ[h ld_ ijh [e_fu w]_c kdh q_jghfh jkdbo k\y a_c k \h^h g . w\ II lu . Z j o _ h e h ] b b b b k l h j b h ] j Z n b b Z g l b q g h k XX \ \ h ( :g b .d LgZZ q Z e, j = Q Z c ,e L lb . a F eev]_ _g . ^. K m ebf bjkdbc m `_ d dh 40- o ]] lh]h `_ \_dZ [ueb \u ^_e_gu ^\Z h kgh\ gu o i_jbh ^Z ), Z gpm . w ] _ c k d h c l h j ] h \ e b \ I j b q _ j :g h f b l k d (1850-1700 ] . ^ h g .)wb f b d _ g k d(1550-1425 djhjv_ bc ] bc ] . ^ h g . ( > ` . D Z g l)h j ] w . L h ] ^ Z ` _ . :F. L Z e e v , j= gQ Z c e ^ b j y ^ ^ j m ] b o b k k e _ ^ h \ Z l _ e _ c h [ j Z l b e b \ g ] ._ h [sghkl v g_dhlhju o ihdZaZl_e_c Zjo _h eh] bq_ kdbo d m evl m j kl_i_c K_\_jgh ]h w i h o b [ j h gW u _ b ^ u b : g Z l h(ehbj b Z f _ g l Z p b y d _ j Z f b d b b i j _ ^ f _ l h \ d h g k ,d h c m , a] g k o h ^ g u c l b i g Z d h g _ q g b d h \ k l j _ e b f h e h l d h \ , ^ g u_ y d Z leZ d\ h d [ g h c f h ] b e u b b^ o [m Z hf , g Z o h ^ d b ] _ f Z l b l h \ u o , a _ Zd Z e h \ h c i h k m ^ ,u f Z e[um k ` _ j l \ _ g g b d h \ b). l i n j ygk b o . < h i j _ d b \ a ] e. y < ^ w cf k Z .b L F f K, h W Z .` N h j k ^ ,Z D d; Z _ ] _ g Z . b ; > ` Z : h k .g > c . e Owceb , jZkkf Zljb \Z\r bo wlb ko h ^kl\Z \ dhgl _dkl_ ijb o h ^Z weebg kdbo ie_f , [h evrb gkl \h m qzgu o jZkkfZl jb\ Zeh bo \ dZq_kl\ _ , ke_^h \ j_Zev guj o l_qguo o h ly b kdh h k \ y a _ c D j b l Z b F b d _ g k p b j d m f i h g l b c k d h c h [ e Z k l v, xj Z k k j_ \ hj k l j h lg y y ] _ b ou ^ h d i _ m Z W b^ >g_i jh >hg_p dh]h f_` ^m j_qvy b ^Z`_ ^h AZiZ^gh (cL Kb[bjb bjkdb cdZq_kl\ _ . K m ebf ). < h kgh\g h ]h wdkih j lgh]h lh\ZjZ klh j h ggbdb ijyfuo dh glZdlh\ W]_b ^u k g Z a u \ Z e b h j mf ` _ b _ b g Z d h g _ q g b d b , d ihki Z e ,b n Z y g k h \ m x i , k jm^ f m u l m Z e _ l Z b ( q, bc b h i _ ^ _l m djZr _gb y \ fb d_gkdh f Z \ dZq_kl\ _ ij_^f _lh \ bfihj lZ , ahehlh b ^jZ]h p_g gu_ , klb e_ - f_^v dZfgb . KijZ\ _^eb\ h klb jZ^b ke_^ m _l h lf _lb lv \ dh gp _ o ]] ijh reh ]h \_dZ [ueb , qlh 40. \u kdZaZg u b kd_ilb q_kdb_ hp_g db h lgh kbl_evgh ih^h [g uo . j_r _gb c ijh [e_fu J. DZji_g l_j , kh ihklZ\ b\rbc gZijZ\ e_gby jhau \_ljh\ b j_`b f l_q_gbc \ ;hkih j_ NjZdb ckdhf j Z a \ b l b y k m ^ h k l j h _ g b y b f h j _ o h ^ g u f b d Z q _ k l \ Z f b f h j k d b o k m ^ h \ D, j b l h f h [ h k g h \ Z e \ ,u \ h ^ h ] e Z k g h d h l h j h f m d h j Z [ e b l h ] h \ j _ f _ g b g _ j Z k i h e Z ] k \ha fh`ghklyf b ^ey bo ij_h ^ h e_gbyh ljy gZ, fg _gb_ h ijyf uo l h j]h \uo dh glZdl . G_kf wlh Fbd_gkdh c =j_p bb k Ijbq_j ghfh jv_f ijh ^ h e `Ze h kh o jZgy lv k\h x m klh cqb \h k b [eZ]h ^Zjy \g _^j_gb x \ gZ m d_ ] eh [Zevgh ]h b j_]bh gZev gh]h ihj y^dZ f bj kb N ; j h ^ _ e v C < Z e e _ j k l Z)c g f _ l h ^ h \ e Z g ^ r Z n l g h c b f _ _ j r Z n l g h c Z j (o>h.e h ] b b . ,. b _` ; m `_d F Dh jnfZg N.
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Wlh i h [m ^beh ki _pb Zebklh \ jZa gu o h [eZkl_c agZg by aZg ylvky ba m q_ gZdh ie_g guo d gZkl h ys _fm \j _f_g ,b ijh bkoh ^ysb o ba kbg o jh gguo fb d_g nZdlh \ d m e v l m j, \ x ` k lhh ],qh g h \ ] jh g h ] h hg k_ _ b A Z i Z ^ g h ( :h F I jE b_ k ,d j hg \ : f h j ]. . q_ < h K Z n j h gK .\ K _ j _ a Z g k d .Z B \ Z g ,h \ ?Z . L< _ j f x e v .> = ^ _ ; h _ ^ _ ,j H O z d f Z g g b N ,h; ,F y `. . . Dh ev[ J_a m evl Zlh f klZeZ dh gkl ZlZp by nZdlZ h dZdkmhih kj_^h \Zg guo ). , kh s_kl \h \Zg bb l h j ] h \ u o d h g l Z d ln h\ j f _ h [ f _ g Z b d _ g k d h c = j _ p b b k h k \ h b f b k _ \ _ j g u f b , i Z j l g z (\ h )F l Z d b h [ h e _ _ ^ j _ \ g _ f b _ \ j Z a b c k d h f i j h b k o b d _ _ g b b ^ g Л oq _ j l f Z l _ j b Z e v g h c ?fh`^ ghb u d m evl m ju ie_f zg _z kl_i gu o b e_ kh kl_i gu o h [eZkl_c wih o b [jh h kfu ke_gb b . Ijh] j_kkm \ ga u ijh [e_fu kihkh[kl\h \Zeh jZa\blb _ kh\j_f _ ggh c bg^h_\ j(hG .Y F_ji_jl , ? G i_bkl bdb . Q _ j g u,o > ` . F w e e h, j b . W g l h g b b bj \ g _ ^ j _ g b _ \ Z j o _ h e h ] b b f _ ` ^ b k p b i e b g Z j g u > .) ^ f_l h ^ h \ ^Zlbjh \db Zjo_he h] bq_kdb o iZfdZeb[jh\ Zggu_ ), ? k^\b g m \r bo \j _f y ( ylg bdh \ ^Zlu Л k m s _ k l \ h \ Z g b y h k g h \ g u o d m e v l m j [ j h g a h \ h ] h II\ I_ dl Z . k Ph _ g g j D e v g u^ lZ .w gZqZe m k ^h g . w ^gZ ba qZkl_c bo gh kbl_e_c m `_ ^h klZlh qgh ijh qgh, h k_eZ II lu . h W i b j _ b g Z I _ e h( iEh _ g g Zk . _ O w f f h g ^ ` . F Z j ,Z I. I Z \ m d .b, q jl h b h [ t y k g y j g( G )_ ,> g )^ dZd \u y\ ey_f u_ ko h ,^kl\Z lZd b \h agbdZxs b_ \ ijhp_kk_ _]h bg l_ji j_lZpbb be hlghkbl_evgh ijyfuo lhj]h\uo dhglZdlh\ . Ih^hkbgh\ :e_dkZg^j g . K\_^_gby , Ik_\^h Kdb fg Z h eb[b yKljZ[h, gZ ,I , >bh gbkby I_jb , : jjb ZgZ: ff bZg Z FZjp_ee bg Z w]_l Z , . Ih ^h k bgh \ kqbl Z_l \ lZdhf ]_h]j Znbq_kdh f dZam k_ fh `_l hljZ` Zlvky ij_^kl , qlh FZgu q_ bf _xs_f b klhdb g Z DZ\ dZa_ b \iZ^Zxs _f \ gb` g__ l_q_g b_ > h gZ , . KZijudbg K_j] _c X jv_\bq ( F h k d )Z \ ( Fh kd\Z ) \ D Z \ d Z a k d b (Straboj Z o 2. 2): D Л o ] h XI. bklhjbb h^gh]h

_ehk_ VI ?\i . Qhj_n FboZbe FboZceh\ bq ( Gb`g_\ Zjlh\ kd ) I_qZlv :kZg^jZ b \eZkl_c IZglbdZi _y ba . O_ jkhg_kZ

KjZ\g bl _evgh g_^Z\ gh gZ l_jj blh jbb . ]h j O_jkh g_k [ueZ h [gZjm `_g Z \b keZy k\b g i_qZl v( bee ). HgZ \u iheg_gZ \ k hh l\ _lkl\bb k Zgl bqghc ?_ ljZ^bp b_c .1 . nbab q_kdb_ iZjZf_lju >e-- 15 ff , >h-- 14 f f , >]-- 12 ff , >\ -- 10 ff , L -- 3,4 ff , \_k -- 3 ]j. < : gZkl h y s__ \j _fy i _qZlv ojZgb lky \ qZkl ghc dhee_dp bb . E. k [ ?@? >?]|[ @? > ]| ? ? > ]|[ ?@ > ] -- q_lu j_okljh qgZy gZ^ib kv b .: . I_j\u_ ih ke_^gb _ [m d\u kljh d g_ m f_kl beb kv , l .d aZ]hlh \dZ h dZaZeZkv f_g .vr _ rl ^ Zfi Z H[h h d g_ ijh kfZljb\Z_lky . H k ? . GZ^ gZ^ib kvx dh fi h abpb y ba em dZ b .klj_e u^ h ih ^ lZd` f g_ . .: H[h d gb _ i j h k f Z l j b \ Z ._ l B a a Z j Z a g b p u \ i e h s Z ^ b r l Z f i h \ e b p _ \ h c b h [ h j h l g h c k l h j ky ]j _[_gv ih ] m jl m i jZ\ . e m dZ __ Kh o j o h jh rZy gZqb l_ev guc ba ghk ih\ _ ,jogh kl_c jjh abb dZgZeh \ b .: , g_a ke_^u dh h [ h j h l g h c k l.h j h g _ Ij_^eh `_g gZy j_d h gkljm dpby l_dklZ ebp _\h-- klh j h gu c _^bgkl\_ggh \ha fh`gZy.d ,l ^hiheg_gb_ ? ?? ... ... \ ??? ? ? Л (? . 1 & Л) -- ? p Z j yg Z i j Z r b \ Z _ l k y k Z f h Zk h [ h c " Л ,

66

keh\h ? ? ? (? 1 / ! Л) -- ? : k Z g ^ jЛZ \ i h e g _ j Z a e b q b I h ^ h [ g h ] h j h ^ Z # . fh h [ h agZq_g b_ hlij Z\b l_ey o ZjZdl_jgh b ^ey [m e e bf i_jZlhjh\ JbfZ . Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky ba h [jZ`_g by b gZ^ib kblhgZ j_ \_j k_ e_gb_ gZ i_qZl b : kZg^ , bo ih y\ lZd` _ \ih eg_ ^ h im klb fh.d wl h l ]h km ^Zjv \ah r_e gZ ljhg ijb ih^^_j` d_ [h kih ,l i h e b k h \ b i j b ^ _ j ` b \ Z e k y i h h l g h r _ g b x d g b f i h e b l b d b g Z b [ h e v r _ ] h .[ e Z ] h K m ^ b f i h \ h a j h ` ^ _ g b x i h e b k g h c . w f _ bik k b b] Z ,_ f q l h : k Z g ^ j b i h e b k g u _ \ e Z k l Ij ^ heZ IZgl bdZi _y kh \f _klgh gZeZ` b\ Zeb dhgl Zdlu, \ur O_jkh ba ahg u [ h kihj kdh]h k _^rb f g_khf \ e b y g b y \ j _ a m e v l Z l _ ^ Z j h \ Z g b y _ f m : wneZ\ l _ l u b b ^ _ g l b q g h ] h h n h j f e _ g b y f h g _ . _ djb i_qZl _c o h jhrh ba\ _klgu . KZfh `_ km s_kl \h \Zg b_ wl h ]h Zjl_nZdlZ k\b ^_l_ev kl\ m _l h [ Zdlb\ gh kl O_jkh g_kZ k ;h kihjhf ijb . :kZg^j_

Be. e I_qZ lv pZ jy :kZ g^jZ b \ eZ kl_c IZ glbdZ i_y ba O_j khg_kZ 1 R Z r e h \ Z L Z l v y g Z X ( v _ Z jZ ) h \ jK\g Zl ;hjb^aZ hihjguc imgdl i_jkh\ \ x]h aZiZ^ghf Ijbq_jghfhjv_ .

I_jkb^kdh_ ijh gbdgh\_gb _ \h NjZdb x h lghkblky - di_j\ ufgpm VI dh ^_kylbe_lb yf V \ . ^h g . w >ey aZdj_ie_g by gZ aZ\h _\Zgguo l_jjbl h j byo i_jkZfb [ue h kgh\ Zg i m g d l: h > h j b k d \ ^ h e b g _ , _ W Z h g g Z K l j. b ? h _ g _ h ^ b g l Z d h c i m g; d lj b ^ a Z \ = [j c fs -h k m s_kl \h \Ze \ \h klhqgh c ,Nj Zdbb lbck dh f ih[_j_` v_ ^ h l gb q_]h g_ m ih fb gZ_l h gZ ihg . =_jh ;h j b^a_ h ^gZd h k\_^_g by h g_c [ueb k hojZg_gu _]h ij_^r _kl\ _ggbdhf , - =_dZl__f F b e _ l k d b f > Z g g u c n j Z ] f _ g l = _ d Z l _ y [ u e k h o j Z g _ g ^ \ m f y i h a :^ g Wf e b _ fZ \ l h j Z . bb = _ j h ^ b Z g h( fS PRQ OHY[ (II 937, 10 L)) b K l _ n Z g h f < b a Z g l b (176, b10, s.v. 31, 26 ckd f %RYUX]D h k g h \ Z g b b k \ _ ^ _ g b c = _ d Z l _ y ; h j b ^ a m f h ` g h i j b [ e b a b l _ e v g h e h d ). G Z x]h aZiZ^ghf ih[_j_`v _ Q_jgh ]h \ fhjy , h [eZklb f_` ^m : ih eeh gb_c b KZefb^_kkh . MklZgh \e _gb _ i_jkZf b d h gl j h ey gZ^ wlbf b l_jj bl h j byf b ke_^m _l h lgh kblv i h o h ^ m > Z j b y _ d j Z s _ g b _ d _ h h \ j _ f _ g b g _ i 478 ^ ], _ Z \ h a f h ` g h b -j Z g v r _ , Z ij - ] ha . _ g d i_jb h ^m B h gb ckdh]h \h.kklZg by

67

R_idh EZjbkZ =_hj]b_\g g _ p) d (>h Z

G _ d j h i h e b ; h k i h j Z b k h p b Z e v g h i h e b l b q _ k d h _ j Z a \ b l b _ ] j _ qVI-IIb o h [ s _kd \ \ . ^ h g. w < ba m q_gb b [h kihj kdbo h [sbg h k h [ h _ f_klh aZg bf Zxl fZl _jbZe u ih] j_[Ze h [jy^gh kl b gZeba l_jjbl h jbZevgh]h b o jhgheh]bq_kdh ]h jZkij_^_e_gby ih] .: VI-II \ \ . ^ h g . w k g h \ g u o [ h k i h j k d b o p _ g l j h \ i h a \ h e y _ l k ^ _ e Z l v k e. _ ^ m x s b _ \ u \ h ^ u h JZgg b_ aZohjhg _gby VI - gZqZeZ. ^ h g . w V\ h[jZa m xl h l^_evgu _ m q Zkldb \ g_djh i i_j\ uo ih k_e_gbcO hly dm j]Zg gZy ljZ^bpb y [ueZ agZdhf Z ]j_dZf i_jbh^ . , \ gZqZevg uc [h kihj kdh c bklh jbb h gZ g_ aZnbdkb jh ,\Zg Z lhj Zy w]ZeblZjgh klv h [sb .
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= \ h a ^ _ \ Z B g g Z : g ^ j _ _ \ g Z ( Fh kd\Z ) Ius Honorarium \ k m ^ h i j h b a \ h ^ k l \ _ j b f k d h ] h a _ f _ e v g h ] h d Z ^ Z k l j Z .

>_ckl \b _ Ius honorarium \ jbf kdh f a_f _evghf ijZ\ _ gZqbgZ_lkyd ivisi k agri gZ bkih e vah \Zgb_f ]e Z\gh]h bgkljm f_gl Z fZ] bkljZlh ,\ - interdictum aZs bs Z\r_]h \ h a g b d g h \ _ gbb norum possessio n. H ^ g Z d h m ^ y i h k \ _ ^ _ g bCAR, i j _ l h j u k h a ^ Z \ Z y g h \ u c o_ ,k yf , nh jfm eyjg uc ijh p_kk ^h e `g u [ueb ZgZebabjh \Zlv b \k_ ZjoZbq_k db_ bkd o ZjZ dl_jZ , keh `b\r b_ky ih Quirit ium. Hgb m kbeb eb Terminus, dZd Zj] m f _glZ Ius jh ev k h [ k l \ _ g g h,k\ l b Z a b \ k l j m d l m j g m x k m s g h k l v . \ _ s g u o b k d h \ uj Gh gZb [ h evrb o m kbeb c h l ij_lh j h\ lj_[h\ troversia de loco, k h ^_j`Zs bc \ con Ze ZgZeb a j Z \ g u o ^ h e y o \ _ s g u _ b i h ] j Z g b q g u _ . w e _ _ lf hgj lu,u h i b j Z y k v g Z w d k i _ j l b a, m f _ g k Ij _ jh ev dhl h j h ]h ^h\_eb ^ h arbiter, ]hl h\beb d nhjfm e _ \k_ \b^u bkdh\ l hevdh m jh \gy wdki_jlb. au LZdh\h [u e h iheh `_gb_ \ ij _^deZkkbq_kdbc i _jbh ^ IC. < deZkkb q_kd m x wi h om limiy\ e_gb _ uriatio ij_\ jZlb e h Z] jbf_gkm j m g _ l h ev ih tat io b cent \ l_ogbq_kd m x h kgh\ m a _fe _ m kljh kgZ[ ^beh xjb ^bq_kdbf kl Zlm kh f \k_ __ l _o gb , gh _gb y kh klZ\ eyxs b_ . Bf_g gh wlh [ueh bkih evah\ Z gh : \] m klh f ijb k h a^Zgb b dZ^Z . L_i _jv ]e Z\g uf Zj] m f_g lh f ex[h ]h kihj Z klZeb ^h d m f_g lu k\_e h gZjZg_l bgbp bZl b , qlh dZ^Zkl ij_lh j h\ b wdk i_jlb am f _gkh jh\ . AZ\_j r_g b_f ^_ckl\ byus honorarium \ jbf kd h f a_f_evgh f ijZ\ _ klZeh m kbe_g b_ q I nh jf m eu adjudicatio, kgb `Z\ r_c gZi jy`_ggh klv kihj Z b ijb \h ^b\r_c d dh fi j hf bkk - j_r _gb x ; Z lZd` _ \u ^_e_gb _ ]j m ii u bkdh \ ]^_ kh o jZgy ebkv we_f_g lu ZjoZbq_k afr, i h ] j Z g b q g u o d h g l j .h \ _ j k b c >mjgh\h FZdkbf b]_klЛ

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D b j b e b g Z : g g Z D h g k l Z g l b g h \ g ( F h kd\Z Z ) :nj bdZg kdbc kZevlmk : Z ]jb f_gkmjZ b khklZ\ a_f_ev . D b j b e e h \ Z F Z j b y G b d h e Z _ \ g Z ( Fh kd\Z ) H[s _kl\_gg u_ k_evkdh o hayckl \_ggu_ m]h^v y ih ljZdlZlZf jbfkd bo a_fe_f k \ _ ^ _ g b y f f m g b p b i Z e v g u o a Z d(I g. h^ h g . - I \ . g .). h\ \ w w DhnZgh\ E_hgb^ Ev\h\bq ( Fh kd\Z ) A_jgh\Zy JbfZ . d h g ^ b d p bleges repetundarum yb \ f_`^mgZjh^ghf ijZ\_ j_kim[ebdZgkdh]h

69

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; j Z d D m i b ^ h g Z b I k b Fol_ bf h j n h a Z o Л : i m e _ y b j b f k d h _ k _ f _ c g h _ .i j Z \ h ?_ Z \

< b k l h j b b D m i b ^ h g Z b , IkkZ fo _ b a g Z f _ g b l h c b a \ k l Z \ g u o g h \ _ e e j h f Z g Z b hc ? F_l Zfh jnhau qbl Zl_ev g_h` b^Zggh h [gZjm `b \Z_l \ kdZah qghf ih\_kl\h \Zgbb Л, f _ ` ^ m [ h ] h f b k f _ j l g h c x j b ^ b q _ k d b _ i j _ l _ g a b b d a Z d h g g h kZl lbv bD m [i jbZh g Z .F o ,^ d Z <_g_jZ , m dZau \Z_l gZ g_jZ\ _gkl \h klZlm kZ k lkl\h g ^h e` ghc im[ebqgh klb i , h lkm lh j b_ a Z d e x q _ g b b ,[ jh l d Z l k l \ b _ k h ] e Z k b y h l p Z Dt.m i b ^ .h g Zj h b g h \ _ e e u i j h o h ^ y l Z km (Me 6. 9) = _ i m lv h l k h `bl_ev gZih fb gZxs _ ]h jZkijhkljZg zgg uc kj_^b \u k rb o keh z\ bfi_j , kl\ Z I-II \ \ . d h g d m ,[ b h Zhl n b p b Z e v g h i j b a g Z g g h ] h \ _ j o h \ g u f [ h `(Mel . \ 6. f a Z d ^g _kt h 23). Ijyfu_ kkuedb gZ Xeb_\ aZd h g ijhl b\ ij_ex[ h ^_ygbc lteriis coercendis), (lex Iulia de adu ih ^j h [gu _ h ib kZgb y k\yaZgg uo k aZdexq_g b_f aZdh gg h ]h [jZdZ ljZ^bp bh h [s__ \gbf Zgb_ d g_a Zd h gg uf ex[h\g uf ?k\yayf jnh aZo ]m l jZkkf Zljb \Zl vk F_lZfh \ Л fh d Z d Z \ l h j k d Z y b ] j Z k Z d l m Z e v g u f b b g l _ j _ k Z f b < g b f ^ Z l _ h jvbgbu c j hZ Z Z Z b a . Zm b e fgge ijZ\ h\ uo Zki_dlh \ kdZah qgh]h [jZdh k h q_lZgby ih a\ h ey_l e m qr_ ij_^ klZ\ b : i m e__f dh fb q_kdbc wnn_d lZd` _ m \b ^_l v l_kg m x \a Zbf h k \y av fb jZ ijh ba\_^_g ,Z l j _ Z e v g u f f b j h f Z \ l h j Z b q b lII \ l. _ e _ cw \ h Z g. Eyimklbg ;hj bk K_j] __\bq ( F h k d )Z \

JZa\blb_ ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb agZlghc nZfbebb \ wihom Iha^g_c j I j b g p b i Z l Z \ d h g l _ d k l _ d Z l _ ] h j b b Z g l b q g h c n h j f u k h [ k l \ _.g g h k l b

70

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aZjm[_` ghc bklhjb h]jZnbb - o- gZq . OO I \_dZ . 1970

< kbem ljZ^bpbhggh]h Zdp_glZ Zglbdh\_^h\ gZ ibkvf_ggu_ bklhqgbdb l_h i_j_h kfu ke_gb_ \h af h `gh kl_c ijb\e _q_gb y fZl _jbZe h\ aZoh j h g_gbc ^ey bkl j _ d h g k l j m d p b c i j h b a h r e h g _ .l Z :dg Z ^ e b\ g h Z g ] e h y a u q g u, o i hj k \ y h _lg g u o Za Z[ s bkke_^h \Zg bx k\y a_c ih]j_[Zev gh]h h [jy^Z k jZae bqg uf b klhjhgZf b be agb , iha \h e `b \ u ^ _ e b l v g Z b [ h e _ _ Z d l b \ g h j Z a \ b \ Z x s b _ k y g Z i j Z \ e _ g b y , bugyl \ _ b il jv_ l Z p f _ b _ g b y \ j bab g f_l h ^ h e h ]bb bkke_^h \Zgbc . Fbnheh] bq_kdb j_eb] bha ghfm ih ^o h ^m m ^_e yeh kv ag Z \ g b f Z g b _ 1970- o ] ] i h a ^ g _ _ Z d l b \ b a b j m _ l k y b a m q _ g b _ k h p b Z e v g h ] h g Z i \ ., ih e bl bq_kdh]h ( hljZ` _gb _ \ i h ]j _[Zevg uo jb lm ZeZ o i jh p_kkZ klZg h\ e_gb y ih ebk ). G Z f _ l h ^ h e h ] b x m, qb k k e _ ^ h \ Z \ r b o Z g l b q g h _ h [ s _ k l \ h i h f Z l _ j b Z e Z, f i h ] j zguo ih\ ebyeb jZ[ h .lu E ;bgnh j^Z (1960- _ ]] H ^gZdh \ha gbd \hi j h k ijZ\hf_jghklb i_j_g .). aZdh ghf _jgh, kl_c e_gguo \ ihl _klZjg uo h [s_kl \Zo _q_kdbc khpb m fijb\_eh d \uy\ , gZ ]j , qlh i_j_kfh ljm kh pbZev gh] h ih^o h ^Z \ o h ]h ^ h \ Baf _g_gby k h kl h yeb \ h ljbp Zg . 1980- d g . i j y f h c \ a Z b f h k \ y a b f _ ` ^ m i h ] j _ [ Z e v g h c i j Z d l b d h c b k h p b Z ei v g h c Zhgjb b g b a , hgbf , ]Z qlh g_ km s_kl\ h \Zeh ` zkldbo ijZ\ be ih\ _^_gb y i jb kh\_jr _gbb ih]j_[_gb y . : d l m Z e v g u f b g Z i j Z \ e _ g b y f b k h \ j _ f _ g g u o b k k e _ ^ h \ : h ibj c ^ _ e _ g b _ x il jkbyq b g Zg _ y\ey ljZgknh jfZp bb b h k h [_gg h kl_c ih] j_[Zevgh] h h [jy^Z \ jZaeb qgu _ i_jbh ^u ]j m ii gZ k_e_gb\u ykg_g b_ , y ag Zq_gb y fZl_jbZev gu o b b^_h eh ]bq_kdbo w ih] j_[Zevg uo jbl ,m Zeh qg_g b_ \h af h `gh kl_c d h ebq_kl \_g guo f_l h ^ h \ bkke_^h\ m lh \ i h ] j _ [ Z e v g u o ^ Z.g g u o =hgqZjh\
>j_\g_jbfkdh_ ijZa^g_kl\h Emi_jdZebc \ kh\j_f_gghc dmevlmj_ . >Zgbeh\ ?\]_gbc K_j]__\bq ( Y j h k e Z) \ e v

H[jZa K_dmj blZk m :f[jh^` h Ehj_gp_l lb .

BlZevygkdbc `b\h ibk_p \_dZ :f[jh ^`h Eh j_gp_llb ba\_kl_g \ i_j\mx h q_j_^v XIV k \ h b f p b d e h f n j ? :h d _ ] h j b y ^ h [ j h ] h b a e h ] h i .j Z>eZ_ g b y y o m ^ h ` _ k l \ _ g g Z y _k ee Л \ ggZ dh fihab pb y [ueZ gZibkZg Z>_\yЛlb b_g kdh c jZlmIZeZp ph Im[ [ebdh\k_]h ? AZe_ \ k - rb . Ba j Z a g h h [ j Z a b y i _ j k h g b, nabZdi ZqpZ lc _ g g u o g Z l j _ o k l _ g Z o a Z e Z \ i _ j b ., ^ g Z k _ be 1337-1339 ] ] h [ m ^ _ l b g l _ j _ k h \ Z l v ; _ a h i Z. kD jhukel Z l u c Z g ] _ e i j Z \ h c j m d h c ^ _ j ` b l j Z a \ _ j g m l u c k g v l_dklh, f e_\h c - \b k_ebp m k dZag _gg uf ij_kl. m ig bdh f _ jZae bqguo hXVIKjZ\g _gb [jZah\

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XVIII \\ . ihdZa u\ Z_l qlh kb_g kdZy K_dmjbl Zk h [eZ^Z_l yjdh c bg ^b\ b^ m , . Kh \_jr _gg h g _k h ihkl Z\bfZ hgZ b k ^j_\ g_jb fkdhc Securitas. ;h e vr bgkl\h bkke_^h \Zl _e_c kqbl Z_l nj_kdb Eh j_gp _llb h lh[jZ` Zxl g_d , qlh ih e bl bq_kd m x dh gp _ip bxm eZlu dh lh j h c fh` gh ijh ke_^bl v \ ebl_jZl m jgu o iZ , ihkl : gl bqg h klb b Kj_^g_\ _dh \vy fg_gb x l_h e h] Z >`h gZ , GZ\h g_ kb \ IZeZpp h . Ih j h kib I m [ [ e b d h w l h d \ b g l w k k _ g p b y n b e h k h n k d b o l _ h j b:c] m jkbl k lghZ _ e;y Z ` _ g g h ] h b - ,\: ble Nh fu : d\b gkdh ij_^g Zag Zq_gg Zy ^ey ijZ\ ys _c webl F_^b_\b kl DvyjZ Nj m ]h gb , ]h . u Kb_gu ih ^q_jdg m eZ k\y avitas k nb] m jh c IZdk wlh ih`Ze m c_^bgkl \_g gZy Zee_] h jby Secur Pax. - , , : f [ j h ^ ` h , b a h [ j Z ` _ g b _ d h l h j h c h l q _ l e b \ h i h d Z a u \ Z _ l \ e b y g b _ d e Z k k. b q _ k d h K m s_kl \ m _l lZd` _ lh qdZ aj_g by bkdmkkl\h \_^Z Wj\ bg Z eZkgh d h lhjh c om ^h `g , k h] IZghnkdb k h a ^ Z e K _ d m, j baly \ k a Z h k g h \ m h [ j Z a j b f k d h c [ h ], b o jbZ gbyds l_ c k b b \ : d Z ^ _ f b b \Z g < hj y ba ys guo bkd m kkl\ . Kb_gu, dZd ijZ\ ,beh [jZ`Ze Zkv \ \b ^_ djue Zlhc ,`_g sbgu I h [_^Z bah ^_j`Zs _c \ jm dZ o sb llypeus virt utis) k gZ^ib kvx gZr _f kem qZ_ sb l [ue aZf _g_g (c .< k\b ldhf G h . h ldm ^Z fh ]e Z \a ylv ky ? \b k_ ebp Z kfu ke g_k m l DZ dh c f_^Zev h gu Zgl bdb ab j h \Zggu fb kbem wlZfb , h jgZf _glbjmxsb_ jZkkf Zljb \Z_f uc njZ]f _glQl h ? nj_kdb h [s_]h f_`^ m h [jZaZf b KljZoZ b ;_ahiZkg h klb (Timor) ? AZfhjyobg :e _dk_ c
Djufkdb_ ]hlu dZd wlgbq_kdZy khklZ\eyxsZy iha^g_Zglbqghc b jZgg_k LZ\jb^u \ hl _q_k l\_gghc bkl hj bh]jZnbb . DZjixd K_j]_c =_hj]b_\bq ( F h k d )Z \

? < _ k l g b d ^ j _ \ g _ c b k l h j bЛb b k d e Z ^ u \ Z g b _ k h h [ s _ k l \ Z k h \ _ l k d b o b k l h j b d h \ ^ j ._ \ g h k l b Dmavfbg Xjbc GbdheZ_\ bq ( KZfZjZ ) I j h \ b g p b Z e v g Z y a Z: i ` Z ^ a g v b k f _ j l v Z g l b q g b d Z \ ] h j h ^ _ g Z < h e ] _ b gy . Emjv_ AbgZb^Z :g^j__\gZ ( KZgdl I_l_j[ m j] )

J _ p _ i p b b d e Z k k b q _ k d h c Z g l b q g h c ^ j Z f Z l m j ] b b \ i j h l _ k l Z g l k d h f \ \ l ._ Z l j _ XVI-XVII

jZf Zl m j] by b l_Zlj ij_^kl Z\e yeb kv m `_ bl Ze vyg kdbf ]m fZg bkl Zf g_h lt_f e h [jZah\ Zgb y : ijZdl bdZ ^_deZfZp bc b m q_gb q_ kdbo ih klZgh \h d [ueZ gZi jZ\ e_ ^j_\g bo yau dh g_eZl bg kdZy ^jZfZl m j] h j bq_kdb o ijb _fh \ lZd` _ wlbq_kdb o b (\ ), jbl by ,Z k h p b Z e v g u o m k. l Z gd h h d _ XV \ . b ^ _ y \ h a j h ` ^ _ g b y j b f k d h ] h i m [ e b q g h ] h l _ < h\ gp ih ^o \Zl u\ Z_lky Dh gjZ^hf P_evlqlh kh a^Z_l h kgh\m ^ey kh a^Zgb y kbkl _fZl b , bkhf l _ Z l j Z \ i _ j b h ^ J _ n h j f Z p b b ] m f Z g b k l Z f b i.j hG _ Z q Z g lZZy147k - o ] ] b g Z l kl bg fb0 . ijh ly`_gb b \k_]h XVI klhe _lby Zdlb\ gh i_qZl Zxlky b dh ff _glbjmxlky ,l_dklu lZd`_ ba^ZxlkyIeZ\l Kh nh ,deW\jbib ^ b : jbklh nZgklZgh\db jbf kdbo b j_` _ , . Ih ^j_\g_] j_q_kdbo Z\ lh j h \ y\e yxlky h [yaZl_evghc ijZdlb dh c \ ijhl_klZglkdbo r , gZqbg Zy k 1530- o ] ] K Z f h k l h y l _ e v g u _ i j h b a \ _ ^ _ g b y g _ f _ p d b o b r \ _ c p Z j k d b o ^ j Z f Z l m j . h jb_g lbj h \Zgu gZ deZkkbq_kdb c h dZghg : wl ^b^Zdlbq_kdb _ ijh ba,\_^_gb yebkl bq_kdb klb [eba db_ Zgl bqg uf h [jZap Zf \h kijb y lb _ deZkkbq_kdh ]h l_Zlj Z g_ [ueh h . H^gZdh

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ih e h` bl _evguf : ijh ba\_^_gb y Zglbqgu o Z\lh j h \ Zkkhpb bjh \Zebkvqlh yauq_kl\h f , k gZ \h eg_ o jbklb Zgkdh ]h jb] h jbafZ i_jbh ^Z J_n h jfZp bb i j_^klZ\eyeh kv g _ijb _ fe_f uf . KZfhceh\Z F Zjby IZ \eh\ gZ ( G b ` g b c G h \ ] h) j h ^

D j b l _ j b b h k \ h _ g b y Z g l b q g h ] h g Z k e _ ^ b y \ l \ .h Dqmkj [ lk\ _ d:h ] h j_ .

< ^h deZ^_ ZgZeb ab j m xlky f_l h ^u h k\h _gb y Zgl bqg uo b^_c \ l\ h jq_kl\ _ : g^j_ y D m j [kdh ]h \ m keh \b yo i_j_oh ^Z bg l_ee _dl m Z evgh c kbl m Zpb b h l Kj_^g_\ _d \ j _ f _ g b. Kd\hjph\ : jlzf FboZceh\bq (Q_ey[bgkd )

Jhev =:BFD \ klZgh\e_gbb kh\_lkdh]h Zglbdh\_^_gby .

Y k g b l k d b c G b d h e Z c :(g Z h h e )_ \ b q F l kd\Z v
Hkh[_gghklb [jblZgkdhc bklhjbh]jZnbb Zglbqghklb wihob Ijhk\_s_gby .

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