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Дата изменения: Sat Jan 4 16:31:14 2003
Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 19:49:34 2012
Кодировка: Windows-1251

11

1. =eZ\ZKLJH?GB?BKU BKKE?>H<:GBYEBL?J:LMJGU?>:GGU?
=mfbgh\u_ \_s_kl\Z =< - wlh keh`gu_ kf_kb mklhcqb\uo d [bh^_kljmdpbb \ukhdhfhe_dmeyjguo l_fghhdjZr_gguo hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc ijbjh^gh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby h[jZamxsboky ijb jZaeh`_gbb jZklbl_evguo b `b\hlguo hklZldh\ ih^ ^_ckl\b_f fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ b Z[bhlbq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ kj_^u>Hjeh\ b ^j @ =< ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc fZdjhdhfihg_glm hj]Zgbq_kdh]h \_s_kl\Z ihq\_gguo b \h^guo wdhkbkl_f Z lZd`_ l\_j^uo ]hjxqbo bkdhiZ_fuo Bo kh^_j`Zgb_ \ ihq\Zo b \h^Zo khklZ\ey_l- hl h[s_]h hj]Zgbq_kdh]h \_s_kl\Z \ lhjnZo b m]eyo hgh dhe_[e_lky hl ^h [Thurman, 1985] H[s_ijbgylZy deZkkbnbdZpby =< [Stevenson, 1982; Hjeh\ @ hkgh\ZgZ gZ jZaebqbb \ jZkl\hjbfhklb \ dbkehlZo b s_ehqZo Kh]eZkgh wlhc deZkkbnbdZpbb =< ih^jZa^_eyxl gZ ljb khklZ\eyxsb_ ]mfbg - g_ba\e_dZ_fuc hklZlhd g_jZkl\hjbfuc gb \ s_ehqZo gb \ dbkehlZo ]mfbgh\u_ dbkehlu=D - njZdpby =< jZkl\hjbfZy \ s_ehqZo b g_jZkl\hjbfZy \ dbkehlZoijb jG < nmev\hdbkehluND - njZdpby=Stevenson, 1982; Hjeh\ @ Ihwlhfm \ ^Zevg_cr_f gZr_ \gbfZgb_ [m^_l \ hkgh\ghf khkj_^hlhq_ghgZjZkkfhlj_gbbbf_gghwlhcnjZdpbb=< Bklhjby bamq_gby =< gZkqblu\Z_l m`_ [he__ ^\mokhl e_l K Hjeh\Z b ^jm]bo H^gZdh \ hlebqb_ hl _\jhi_ckdhc ljZ^bpbb \ gZr_c kljZg_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ =< hkms_kl\eyehkv ij_bfms_kl\_ggh \ jZfdZo ihq\h\_^_gby b obfbb ]hjxqbo bkdhiZ_fuo D qbkem g_fgh]bo bkdexq_gbc

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Jbk 1.1. =bihl_lbq_kdbc kljmdlmjguc njZ]f_gl ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihq\[Kleinhempel, 1970]. KlhoZklbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j =< y\ey_lky ke_^kl\b_f ki_pbnbdb ijhp_kkZ bo h[jZah\Zgby dhlhjuc \ hlebqb_ hl [bhobfbq_kdh]h kbgl_aZ `b\h]h \_s_kl\Z g_ bf__l ]_g_lbq_kdh]h dh^Z Kbgl_a =< ijhbkoh^bl ih ijbgpbim _kl_kl\_ggh]h hl[hjZ gZb[he__ mklhcqb\uo d [bhjZaeh`_gbx kljmdlmj bo \j_fy `bagb \ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_ bkqbkey_lky khlgyfb b lukyqZfb e_l [Hjeh\ Hjeh\ 1993] DZd \b^gh ba ijb\_^_ggh]h kljmdlmjgh]h njZ]f_glZ ih k\h_c obfbq_kdhc ijbjh^_ hgb ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc g_j_]meyjgu_ khihebf_ju ZjhfZlbq_kdbo hdkbihebdZj[hgh\uo dbkehl k \dexq_gbyfbZahlkh^_j`Zsbobm]e_\h^guonjZ]f_glh\MdZaZggh_kljh_gb_ - gZebqb_ dZjdZkghc qZklb l_ ZjhfZlbq_kdh]h m]e_jh^gh]h kd_e_lZ aZf_s_ggh]h Zedbevgufb b nmgdpbhgZevgufb ]jmiiZfb kj_^b dhlhjuo ij_h[eZ^Zxl dZj[hdkbevgu_ ]b^jhdkbevgu_ b f_lhdkbevgu_ b i_jbn_jbq_kdhc qZklb h[h]Zs_gghc ihebkZoZjb^gufb b ihebi_ilb^gufb

13 njZ]f_glZfb - y\ey_lky h[sbf ^ey =< \k_o bklhqgbdh\ ijhbkoh`^_gby Ih wlhc ijbqbg_ =< aZgbfZxl h^gm ba kZfuo \ukhdbo klmi_g_d \ b_jZjobb keh`ghklb kljh_gbyijbjh^guohj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc ij_\hkoh^y g_nlb eb]gbgubm]eb < kbem keh`ghklb kljh_gby mgbdZevgh rbjhd ki_dlj \aZbfh^_ckl\bc \ dhlhju_ fh]ml \klmiZlv =< b \ hkh[_gghklb bo gZb[he__ j_Zdpbhgghkihkh[gZy qZklv - ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu (=ND) GZebqb_ lZdbo ]jmii dZd dZj[hdkbevgZy ]b^jhdkbevgZy dZj[hgbevgZy \ khq_lZgbb k ijbkmlkl\b_f ZjhfZlbq_kdbo kljmdlmj h[_ki_qb\Z_l kihkh[ghklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \klmiZlv \ bhggu_ b ^hghjgh-Zdp_ilhjgu_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by h[jZah\u\Zlv \h^hjh^gu_ k\yab Zdlb\gh mqZkl\h\Zlv \ khj[pbhgguo ijhp_kkZo LZd ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ohjhrh k\yau\Zxl \h^m kihkh[gu d bhgghfm h[f_gm h[jZamxl dhfie_dku k f_lZeeZfb b Z^^mdlu k jZaebqgufb deZkkZfbhj]Zgbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbc H[eZ^Zy mdZaZggufb k\hckl\Zfb ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu \uihegyxl p_euc gZ[hj \Z`guo [bhkn_jguo nmgdpbc D bo qbkem hlghkylky kljmdlmjbjh\Zgb_ ihq\u [Martin and Waksman, 1941; Chaney and Swift, 1984] gZdhie_gb_ iblZl_evguo we_f_glh\ b fbdjhwe_f_glh\ \ ^hklmighc ^ey jZkl_gbc nhjf_ [Tate, 1980] j_]mebjh\Zgb_ ]_hobfbq_kdbo ihlhdh\ f_lZeeh\ \ \h^guo b ihq\_gguo wdhkbkl_fZo [

14 oZjZdl_jbklbd \aZbfh^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k jZaebqgufb wdhlhdkbdZglZfb Obfbdb \hhjm`_ggu_ gh\_crbfb bgkljmf_glZevgufb f_lh^Zfb bkke_^h\Zgby k wglmabZafhf \hkijbgyeb gh\uc khpbZevguc aZdZa Lhevdh aZ ]h^ \ &KHPLFDO $EVWUDFWV hlj_p_gabjh\Zgh [he__ klZl_c \ dhlhjuo lZd beb bgZq_ jZkkfZljb\Zxlky ijh[e_fu bamq_gby kljh_gby b k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uodbkehlK Hjeh\Z ?=mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ihq\ b h[sZy l_hjby ]mfbnbdZpbb? [Hjeh\ @ \ dhlhjhf bgl_gkb\gh ijhjZ[Zlu\Zxlky f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ ijh[e_fu bkke_^h\Zgby b b^_glbnbdZpbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ^_eZxlky]em[hdb_nbehkhnkdb_h[h[s_gbyh[bo[bhkn_jghcjhebb kbf[bha_ k `b\uf \_s_kl\hf \\h^blky ihgylb_ h ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo dZd kZfhj_]mebjmxsboky kbkl_fZo Ijb wlhf \ kbem ki_pbnbdb gZmqguo bgl_j_kh\ Z\lhjZ hkgh\ghc mihj \ fhgh]jZnbb ^_eZ_lky gZ \uy\e_gb_ nZdlhjh\ ^_l_jfbgbjmxsbo ]_g_abk ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ ihgbfZgb_ bo obfbq_kdhc ijbjh^u b [bhkn_jguo nmgdpbc < lh `_ \j_fy [_a hl\_lZ hklZehkv [hevrbgkl\h ijh[e_f k\yaZgguo kh kljZl_]b_c ZgZeblbq_kdh]h bkke_^h\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl b kihkh[Zfb qbke_ggh]h hibkZgby bo kljh_gby < k\yab k baeh`_gguf \ ij_^eZ]Z_fhf djZldhf h[ahj_ ebl_jZlmju hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ m^_eyehkv jZkkfhlj_gbx ZgZeblbq_kdbo f_lh^h\ b ih^oh^h\dhlhju_gZb[he__qZklhbkihevamxlky^eybkke_^h\Zgbykljh_gbyb k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Z lZd`_ kihkh[Zf k\_jldb ihemqZ_fhc bgnhjfZpbb ^ey __ ^Zevg_cr_]h bkihevah\Zgby ^ey deZkkbnbdZpbb b ijh]ghaZk\hckl\]mfmkh\uodbkehl

15

1.1 We_f_glguckhklZ\]mfmkh\uodbkehl
1.1.1 We_f_glguckhklZ\]mfmkh\uodbkehljZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby
H[uqgh ih^ we_f_glguf khklZ\hf ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihgbfZxl khklZ\ bo hj]Zgbq_kdhc qZklb h[jZah\Zgghc kjZ\gbfufb dhebq_kl\Zfb Zlhfh\ m]e_jh^Z \h^hjh^Z b dbkehjh^Z H[yaZl_evguf fbghjguf we_f_glhf y\ey_lky Zahl ihqlb \h \k_o ij_iZjZlZo hij_^_ey_lky b k_jZ H^gZdh ihfbfh hj]Zgbq_kdhc qZklb \ khklZ\ \k_o \u^_e_gguo ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \oh^bl b g_hj]Zgbq_kdZy qZklv HgZ khklhbl ba ahevguo we_f_glh\ (ij_bfms_kl\_ggh bhgh\ f_lZeeh\ hdkb^h\ dj_fgby b Zexfbgby) b ]b]jhkdhibq_kdhc \eZ]b kh^_j`Zgb_ dhlhjhc ^hklb]Z_l Ihwlhfm \ h[s_f \b^_ [jmllh-nhjfmem ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl fh`gh aZibkZlv ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf CxHyNzOpSqMr (Al2O3)l (SiO2)m (H2O)n, ]^_F-bhguf_lZeeh\ x, y, z, p, q, l, m, n - kl_obhf_ljbq_kdb_dhwnnbpb_glu Kj_^gbc we_f_glguc khklZ\ hj]Zgbq_kdhc qZklb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl jZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby ijb\_^_g \ lZ[e 1.1 aZbfkl\h\Zgghc ba jZ[hlu [Rice and MacCarthy, 1991] :\lhju wlhc im[ebdZpbb ih^\_j]eb klZlbklbq_kdhc h[jZ[hld_ ^Zggu_ ih we_f_glghfm khklZ\m ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl him[ebdh\Zggu_ \ [he__ q_f ebl_jZlmjguo bklhqgbdZo Ihwlhfm ijb\h^bfZy bfb k\h^dZ y\ey_lky gZb[he__ ij_^klZ\bl_evghc KjZ\gbfu k g_c fh]ml [ulv lhevdh ^Zggu_ kh[jZggu_ >K Hjeh\uf [Hjeh\, 1991] gh d kh`Ze_gbx hgb hlghkylky lhevdh d ]mfmkh\ufdbkehlZfihq\ DZd \b^gh ba lZ[e kh^_j`Zgb_ m]e_jh^Z \ =D jZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby \Zjvbjm_l hl ^h dbkehjh^Z - hl ^h %. < p_ehf ^ey =D oZjZdl_jgu [he__ gbadb_ agZq_gby Zlhfgh]h khhlghr_gby GK q_f ^ey ND qlh mdZau\Z_l gZ bo [hevrmx g_gZkus_gghklv >Zgguc ihdZaZl_ev m[u\Z_l \ jy^m fhjkdb_ ^hggu_ hleh`_gby > ij_kgu_ \h^u > lhjnZ ihq\u ND oZjZdl_jbamxlky [he__ gbadbf kh^_j`Zgb_f m]e_jh^Z b [he__ \ukhdbf - dbkehjh^Z Wlh ij_^iheZ]Z_l [hevrmx kl_i_gv aZf_s_gby ZjhfZlbq_kdh]h dZjdZkZ ND dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsbfb nmgdpbhgZevgufb ]jmiiZfb FZdkbfZevgh_kh^_j`Zgb_dbkehjh^ZoZjZdl_jgh^eyNDij_kguo\h^

16 LZ[ebpZ 1.1 Kj_^gbcwe_f_glguckhklZ\]mfmkh\uodbkehljZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby\jZkq_l_gZ[_aahevgmxgZ\_kdmQ-qbkeh ij_iZjZlh\+klZg^Zjlgh_hldehg_gb_>5LFHDQG0DF&DUWK\ 1991]
Ij_iZjZl K =Dihq\ (n=215) NDihq\ (n=127) =DlhjnZ (n=23) NDlhjnZ (n=12) =D\h^ (n=56) ND\h^ (n=63) =Dfhjkdbo ^h** (n=95) 55.4+3.8 45.3+5.4 Kh^_j`Zgb_we_f_glh\fZkk G 4.8+1 5.0+1 H
*

:lhfgu_hlghr_gby S HK GK

N 3.6+1.3 2.6+1.3 2.8+1.0 (n=21) 2.0+0.5 2.6+1.6

36.0+3.7 46.2+5.2

0.8+0.1 0.50+0.09 1.04+0.25 (n=67) 1.3+0.5 0.78+0.16 1.35+0.34 (n=45) 0.4+0.2 0.47+0.06 1.04+0.17 (n=12) 0.8+0.2 0.53+0.09 1.20+0.33 (n=11) 1.1+0.3 (n=13) 0.6+0.08 1.12+0.17

57.1+2.5 5.0+0.8 35.2+2.7 54.2+4.3 5.3+1.1 37.8+3.7 51.2+3 4.7+0.6 40.4+3.8

46.7+4.3 4.2+0.7 45.9+5.1 2.3+1.07 1.2+0.7 0.75+0.14 1.10+0.13 (n=14) 56.3+6.6 5.8+1.4 31.7+7.8 3.8+1.5 4.1+2.3 3.1+1.4 0.45+0.18 1.23+0.23 (n=66) 0.8+0.6 0.77+0.17 1.56+0.13 (n=11)

NDfhjkdbo 45.0+4.0 5.9+0.9 45.1+6.0 ^hQ
*

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17 \_kvfZ kms_kl\_ggh aZ\bkbl dZd hl f_lh^Z hij_^_e_gbyhkh[_ggh dbkehjh^ lZd b kihkh[Z dhjj_dlbjh\db i_j\bqguo ^Zgguo ZgZebaZlhjZ gZ kh^_j`Zgb_ ahevguo we_f_glh\ \ ijh[_ b ]b]jhkdhibq_kdmx \eZ`ghklv GZebqb_ \h^u gZb[he__ kms_kl\_ggh \eby_l gZ j_amevlZlu hij_^_e_gby \h^hjh^Z Ihwlhfm bf_ggh ^Zgguf nZdlhjhf k gZr_c lhqdb aj_gby h[tykgy_lky lh qlh ^Z`_ \ ij_^_eZo \u[hjhd ij_iZjZlh\ koh^gh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby b njZdpbhggh]h khklZ\Z \_ebqbgZ hlghkbl_evgh]h klZg^Zjlgh]h hldehg_gby ih \h^hjh^m ^hklb]Z_l lh]^Z dZd ^ey ^\mo ^jm]bo fZdjhwe_f_glh\ - dbkehjh^Z b m]e_jh^Z - hgZ g_ ij_\urZ_l Ijbkmlkl\b_ \ khklZ\_ ahevguo we_f_glh\ bhgh\ s_ehqguo b s_ehqgha_f_evguo f_lZeeh\ fh`_l ijb\h^blv d h[jZah\Zgbx l_jfhklhcdbo dZj[hgZlh\ b dZd ke_^kl\b_ \uau\Zlv aZgb`_gb_ j_amevlZlh\ hij_^_e_gby m]e_jh^Z G_kfhljy gZ bkdexqbl_evgh rbjhdh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ we_f_glgh]h ZgZebaZ ^ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl _]h f_lh^bq_kdbf Zki_dlZf ihk\ys_gu ebrv _^bgbqgu_ jZ[hlu >.XZDWVXND et al., 1978; Huffman et al., 1985; Rise and Sulbu, 1989; Abbt-Braun et al., 1990@ Ihwlhfm fu khqeb g_h[oh^bfuf [he__ ih^jh[gh jZkkfhlj_lv hkgh\gu_ f_lh^u ijbf_gy_fu_ ^ey hij_^_e_gby kh^_j`Zgby we_f_glh\ \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo b \hafh`gu_ bklhqgbdb kbkl_fZlbq_kdbo hrb[hd

1.1.2 F_lh^bq_kdb_Zki_dluwe_f_glgh]hZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uodbkehl
Hij_^_e_gb_ KG1 b6 >ey hij_^_e_gby K G 1 \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo dZd ijZ\beh bkihevamxl f_lh^ Z\lhfZlbq_kdh]h ihemfbdjhZgZebaZ iha\heyxs_]h hij_^_eylv kh^_j`Zgb_ \k_o lj_o we_f_glh\ ba h^ghc gZ\_kdb 1.5- f] >Huffman et al., 1985@ Ijhp_kk hij_^_e_gby fh`gh ko_fZlbqgh jZa[blv gZ ljb klZ^bb hdbkebl_evguc ibjheba h[jZapZ ijb -1100hK jZa^_e_gb_ ijh^mdlh\ ibjhebaZ KH2 G2H b 12 b bo ^_l_dlbjh\Zgb_ [Kuwatsuka, 1978]. >ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Z\lhfZlbq_kdh_ hij_^_e_gb_ g_ \k_]^Z ^Z_l ijZ\bevgu_ j_amevlZlu hkh[_ggh ^ey h[jZaph\ kh^_j`Zsbo agZqbl_evgh_ dhebq_kl\h fbg_jZevguo dhfihg_glh\>Huffman et al., 1985@ Ijbqbghc wlhfm fh`_l [ulv g_ihegh_ k]hjZgb_ \_s_kl\Z ijb [ukljhf ibjheba_ bbeb k\yau\Zgb_ qZklb ^bhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z \ l_jfhklhcdb_ dZj[hgZlu s_ehqguo f_lZeeh\ Ih ^Zgguf >K Hjeh\Z>Hjeh\ 1990@ aZgb`_gb_ j_amevlZlh\ ih m]e_jh^m fh`_l ^hklb]Zlv- gZ dZ`^u_ aheu H^gZdh ijb gZebqbb \ ij_iZjZlZo hdbkb dj_fgby s_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu [m^ml ij_^ihqlbl_evg__ k\yau\Zlvky \ [he__ mklhcqb\u_ kbebdZlu < lZdhf kemqZ_ ijbkmlkl\b_ f_lZeeh\\f_gvr_ckl_i_gb\eby_lgZj_amevlZluhij_^_e_gbym]e_jh^Z GZbf_gvrZy lhqghklv ^Zgguo K G 1-ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl oZjZdl_jgZ^eyZahlZ>5LFH and MacCarthy, 1991@Ijbqbghcwlhfmfh`_l[ulv

18 lh qlh kh^_j`Zgb_ ZahlZ \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo fZeh b kbevgh \Zjvbjm_l hl h[jZapZ d h[jZapm Ihwlhfm keh`gh ih^h[jZlv ih^oh^ysbc klZg^Zjl ^ey h^gh\j_f_ggh]hhij_^_e_gbyKGb1\]mfmkh\uodbkehlZoG_khhl\_lkl\b_ `_ f_`^m kh^_j`Zgb_f we_f_glZ \ h[jZap_ b klZg^Zjl_ \k_]^Z ijb\h^bl d agZqbl_evguf hrb[dZf hij_^_e_gby >F_lh^u dhebq_kl\_ggh]h hj]Zgbq_kdh]hwe_f_glgh]hfbdjhZgZebaZ, 1987]. K_jm \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo hij_^_eyxl dZd k ihfhsvx ZgZebaZlhjh\ lZdb\jmqgmx:\lhfZlbq_kdh_hij_^_e_gb_k_ju\dexqZ_ll_`_klZ^bbqlh b ZgZeba gZ K G 1 ijb wlhf ^_l_dlbjm_fhc nhjfhc y\ey_lky622 Jmqgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ dZd ijZ\beh \dexqZ_l kh``_gb_ ijh[u \ dhe[_ k dbkehjh^hf ih]ehs_gb_ 622 keZ[uf jZkl\hjhf G2H2 ^hhdbke_gb_ 622 ^h 623 b ihke_^mxs__ hij_^_e_gb_ kmevnZl-bhgZ k ihfhsvx bhgghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb beb lbljh\Zgb_f Ba2+ \ ijbkmlkl\bb f_lZeehbg^bdZlhjZ >+XIIPDQ HW al., @ Gbadb_ kh^_j`Zgby k_ju ijb\h^yl d g_h[oh^bfhklb bkihevah\Zlv agZqbl_evgu_ dhebq_kl\Z \_s_kl\Z qlh ^_eZ_l jmqghc ZgZeba ij_^ihqlbl_evg__ Hij_^_e_gb_ dbkehjh^Z >ey hij_^_e_gby dbkehjh^Z bkihevamxl ^\Z hkgh\guo ih^oh^Z Dhjrmg b =_evfZg @ \dexqZxl \ k_[y \hkklZgh\bl_evguc ibjheba ijh[u b ^Zevg_crmx dhg\_jlZpbx ijh^mdlh\ ibjhebaZK2 &22, H2O, NO2, SO2) \ KH iml_f bo ijhimkdZgby q_j_a kehc kZ`b Ijb wlhf ^ey ijZ\bevgh]h hij_^_e_gby kh^_j`Zgby dbkehjh^Z \ hj]Zgbq_kdhf \_s_kl\_ g_h[oh^bfh dhebq_kl\_ggh_ ij_\jZs_gb_ \k_o ijh^mdlh\ \hkklZgh\bl_evgh]h ibjhebaZ \ KH H^gZdh \ keh_ kZ`b \hafh`gh h[jZah\Zgb_ dhfie_dkh\ m]e_jh^Z b dbkehjh^Z khklZ\Z KxOy o >> \ >F_lh^u dhebq_kl\_ggh]h hj]Zgbq_kdh]h we_f_glgh]h fbdjhZgZebaZ @ f_^e_ggh jZaeZ]Zxsboky k \u^_e_gb_f KH Ihwlhfm ^ey ihemq_gby ijZ\bevguo j_amevlZlh\ lj_[m_lky ihklhygkl\h mkeh\bc ZgZebaZ b [ebahklv kh^_j`Zgby dbkehjh^Z \ h[jZapZo kjZ\g_gby b ZgZebabjm_fuoijh[Zo Ij_bfms_kl\_gguf f_lh^hf hij_^_e_gby dbkehjh^Z \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZoy\ey_lkyhij_^_e_gb_ihjZaghklbOhlyg_evayg_hlf_lblvqlhaZ\ ihke_^gb_ ]h^u jZkl_l dhebq_kl\h jZ[hl bkihevamxsbo ijyfh_ hij_^_e_gb_ dbkehjh^Z [Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994; Abbt-Braun et al., 1990] KlZg^Zjlguf kihkh[hf ijb\_^_gby ^Zgguo ih kh^_j`Zgbx dbkehjh^ZdZd \ijhq_f b ^jm]bo we_f_glh\ \ klZlvyo y\ey_lky fZkkh\h_

19 ijhp_glgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ h dhlhjhf ]h\hjblky qlh hgh kdhjj_dlbjh\Zgh gZ \eZ`ghklv b ahevghklv Ijb wlhf aZ bkdexq_gb_f ^\mo ki_pbZevguo im[ebdZpbcihk\ys_gguoijh[e_fZfwe_f_glgh]hZgZebaZ]mfmkh\uodbkehl [Huffman and Stuber, 1985; Abbt-Braun et al., 1990], gb \ h^ghc jZ[hl_ g_ hibku\Z_lky kihkh[ dhjj_dpbb ^Zgguo ih kh^_j`Zgbx dbkehjh^Z gZ \eZ`ghklv b ahevghklv Ihwlhfm gZf hklZ_lky lhevdh ij_^iheh`blv qlh bkke_^h\Zl_eb hkms_kl\eyxl dhjj_dpbx ^Zgguo kh]eZkgh kihkh[m [Huffman and Stuber, 1985] hibkZgghfm \ fhgh]jZnbb \uims_gghc F_`^mgZjh^guf h[s_kl\hf ih bamq_gbx ]mfmkh\uo \_s_kl\IHSS). Hg khklhbl \ lhf qlh \ ijh[_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hij_^_eyxl dbkehjh^eb[h ijyfuf f_lh^hf eb[h ihjZaghklbaZl_f\g_c`_hij_^_eyxlkh^_j`Zgb_]b]jhkdhibq_kdhc\eZ]b b dhjj_dpbx gZ \eZ`ghklv ^ey \ZjbZglZ ijyfh]h hij_^_e_gby dbkehjh^Z hkms_kl\eyxl \uqblZy dbkehjh^ \h^u ba gZc^_ggh]h h[s_]h kh^_j`Zgby dbkehjh^Z \ ijh[_ HibkZggmx ko_fm dhjj_dpbb Z\lhju \_jbnbpbjh\Zeb ijh\h^y khhl\_lkl\mxsbc ZgZeba q_luj_o ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl h^bg ba dhlhjuo [ue aZ\_^hfh \ukhdhahevgucahevghklv \ur_ Z ljb ^jm]bo-gbadhahevgu_ K gZr_c lhqdb aj_gby ^ZggZy ijhp_^mjZ lj_[m_l ^Zevg_cr_c \_jbnbdZpbb LZd l_ `_ Z\lhju [Huffman and Stuber, 1985] mdZau\Zxl qlh ijhp_^mjZ Z\lhfZlbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ gZ kh^_j`Zgb_ dbkehjh^Z \dexqZ_l \ k_[y ijh^m\dm ibjheblbq_kdhc dZf_ju ]hjyqbf bg_jlguf ]Zahf ihke_ \g_k_gby ijh[u ^ey m^Ze_gby ke_^h\ dbkehjh^Z \ha^moZ Ijb wlhf hlf_qZxl hgb \f_kl_ k \ha^mohf fh`_l me_lmqb\Zlvky g_ijhqgh k\yaZggZy \h^Z ba ijh[u L_f g_ f_g__ \ dZq_kl\_ klZg^Zjlghc ijhp_^mju dhjj_dpbb j_amevlZlh\ ijyfh]h hij_^_e_gby dbkehjh^Z ij_^eZ]Z_lky ijhklh_ \uqblZgb_ dbkehjh^Z ]b]jhkdhibq_kdhc \h^u Wlhl nZdl aZkem`b\Z_l hkh[h]h \gbfZgby \k\_l_j_amevlZlh\ihemq_gguo\gZr_cjZ[hl_ Hij_^_e_gb_ \eZ`ghklb >ey hij_^_e_gby \h^u h[uqgh bkihevamxl ^\Z hkgh\guo f_lh^Z lbljbf_ljbq_kdbc f_lh^ Nbr_jZ >Njblp b R_gd @bihihl_j_\_kZh[jZapZijb\ukmrb\Zgbb>+XIIPDQHWDO 1985]. F_lh^ Nbr_jZ hkgh\Zg gZ hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evghc j_Zdpbb f_`^m SO2 b,2 \ ijbkmlkl\bb \h^u \ kj_^_ f_lZgheZ >hklhbgkl\hf f_lh^Z y\ey_lky lh qlh hij_^_ey_lky lhevdh g_ \oh^ysZy \ kljmdlmjm \_s_kl\Z \h^Z D g_^hklZldZf fh`gh hlg_klb fZemx mklhcqb\hklv j_Z]_glZ g_h[oh^bfhklv bahebjh\Zlv mklZgh\dm hl \eZ]b \ha^moZ Z lZd`_ f_rZxs__ \ebygb_ ijbf_k_c dhlhju_ fh]ml j_Z]bjh\Zlv k bh^hf D qbkem ihke_^gbo hlghkylky Zdlb\gu_ dZj[hgbevgu_ kh_^bg_gby obghgu b f_jdZilZgu >+XIIPDQ HW al., @ l_ ]jmiibjh\db dhlhju_ fh]ml ijbkmlkl\h\Zlv b \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo ?s_ h^gZ ijbqbgZ h]jZgbqb\ZxsZy ijbf_gbfhklv f_lh^Z Nbr_jZ

20 ^ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl - bo g_^hklZlhqgZy jZkl\hjbfhklv \ [_a\h^ghf f_lZghe_ >ey hij_^_e_gby \eZ`ghklb \lhjuf f_lh^hf h[jZa_p ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ukmrb\Zxlijbih\ur_gghcl_fi_jZlmj_-60hKgZ^32O5^hihklhyggh]h \_kZ beb \Zdmmfbjmxl ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb ^h l_o `_ l_fi_jZlmj \ l_q_gb_ ^ebl_evgh]h \j_f_gba qZkZ j_]bkljbjmy ihl_jx \_kZ >+XIIPDQ HW DO @ Ijbf_gyxl wlhl f_lh^ b \ g_kdhevdh fh^bnbpbjh\Zgghf \b^_ Ihke_ lsZl_evgh]h \ukmrb\Zgby h[jZa_p wdkihgbjmxl Zlfhkn_jghc \eZ]_ b j_]bkljbjmxl aZ\bkbfhklv gZ[hjZ \_kZ h[jZapZ hl \j_f_gb >$EEW-Braun et al., 1990@ WdkljZihebjmy ]jZnbd ^Zgghc aZ\bkbfhklb gZ fhf_gl \j_f_gb t = 0, hij_^_eyxl \_k Z[khexlgh-kmoh]h h[jZapZ Ih jZaghklb f_`^m \_khf \ha^mrgh-bZ[khexlgh-kmoh]hh[jZapZgZoh^yl_]h\eZ`ghklv F_lh^u ihl_jb-gZ[hjZ \_kZ f_g__ ljm^h_fdb q_f f_lh^ Nbr_jZ b g_ qm\kl\bl_evgu d ijbkmlkl\bx \_s_kl\ Zdlb\guo ih hlghr_gbx d bh^m Hkgh\gZy ljm^ghklv - ih^[hj hilbfZevghc l_fi_jZlmju ^ey \ukmrb\Zgby ijh[ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihkdhevdm aZ\bkbfhklv ihl_jb \_kZ h[jZapZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hl l_fi_jZlmju g_ bf__l ieZlh >+XIIPDQ HW DO 1985]. Ihl_jb \_kZ f_^e_ggh \hajZklZxl ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_jZlmju ^h 0 K ihke_ q_]h gZ[ex^Z_lky g_dhlhjuc kdZqhd Ih-\b^bfhfm ijhbkoh^bl ^_khj[pby \k_ [he__ ijhqgh k\yaZgghc k \_s_kl\hf \h^u k ieZ\guf i_j_oh^hfdwebfbgbjh\Zgbx\h^u\oh^ys_c\kljmdlmjm]mfmkh\uodbkehl Ijb kjZ\g_gbb j_amevlZlh\ hij_^_e_gby ih ihl_j_ \_kZ k ^Zggufb f_lh^Z Nbr_jZ[uehmklZgh\e_ghqlhf_`^mgbfbgZ[ex^Z_lky^hklZlhqghohjhr__ khhl\_lkl\b_ijbl_fi_jZlmjZo\ukmrb\Zgby-60њK>+XIIPDQHWDO 1985]. Hij_^_e_gb_ ahevghklb Ahevghklv ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hij_^_eyxlih\_kmg_k]hjZ_fh]hhklZldZihke_ihegh]hkh``_gbyh[jZapZgZ \ha^mo_ beb \ lhd_ dbkehjh^Z H^gZdh ^Ze_dh g_ \k_]^Z djbl_jbc iheghlu kh``_gby h[hkgh\Zg LZd \ jZ[hl_ >Huffman et al., 1985@ ijb\_^_gu j_amevlZlu hij_^_e_gby ahevghklb h[jZaph\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihemq_ggu_ q_lujvfy jZaebqgufb eZ[hjZlhjbyfb Hij_^_e_gb_ ahevghklb \uihegyeb ijb^_j`b\Zykv bg^b\b^mZevguo j_]eZf_glh\ < j_amevlZl_ ^ey h^gh]h b lh]h `_ \ukhdhahevgh]h h[jZapZ jZa[jhk agZq_gbc khklZ\be [he__ hl \_ebqbgu Ke_^h\Zl_evgh ^ey \ukhdhahevguo h[jZaph\ g_dhjj_dlgh hij_^_e_ggZy \_ebqbgZ ahevghklb fh`_l ijb\_klb d kms_kl\_gghfm bkdZ`_gbxagZq_gbckh^_j`Zgbchkgh\guowe_f_glh\ LZdbf h[jZahf ^ey hij_^_e_gby we_f_glgh]h khklZ\Z ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ jZkq_l_ gZ [_aahevgmx [_a\h^gmx ijh[m g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_klb hij_^_e_gb_ KGN, S \eZ`ghklb b ahevghklb Ijb wlhf hij_^_e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby ]b]jhkdhibq_kdhc\h^u\ijh[Zo]mfmkh\uodbkehlbkihkh[mq_lZ__\ebygby gZ j_amevlZlu hij_^_e_gby G b H lj_[mxl [he__ ]em[hdh]h f_lh^bq_kdh]h

21 h[hkgh\Zgby G_j_r_ggmx ijh[e_fm ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc b ZgZeba \ukhdhahevguo ij_iZjZlh\ \ qZklghklb oZjZdl_j \ebygby khklZ\Z ahevguo we_f_glh\gZhij_^_ey_fh_kh^_j`Zgb_m]e_jh^Z

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23 \hafh`ghklv gZebqby ^bkmevnb^h\ b g_]b^jhebam_fuo kmevnb^h\ F_`^m l_fwlb]jmiiuaZf_lghjZaebqZxlkyihkihkh[ghklbk\yau\Zlv+J,, J_amevlZlu jZaebqguo f_lh^h\ ih hij_^_e_gbx nmgdpbhgZevgh]h khklZ\Z]mfmkh\uodbkehlh[h[s_gu\lZ[e 1.3. LZ[ebpZ 1.3 NmgdpbhgZevguckhklZ\]mfmkh\uodbkehljZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gbybnjZdpbhggh]hkhklZ\Z
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CH3I+Ag2O Ihl_gpbhf_ljby P_ca_ey

3-6 3.7-8.3 7.8-10.1 6.9-9.2

=D^hgguohleh`_gbc CH3COOCa Lbljh\Zgb_ Lbljh\Zgb_ P_ca_ey Lbljh\Zgb_ 2.2-3.9 3.7-5.8 2.6-3.0 8.5-9.1 Gillam and Riley, 1982 "- " >jZ]mgh\ 1951 Stevenson, 1982 Schnitzer and Gupta, 1965

24
=jmiiu F_lh^hij_^_e_gby j_Z]_gl
KHHG ArOH ArOH+R OH K+2N
2

Kh^_j` ffhev]
5.3-5.8 9-14 6.7-10 NDihq\

Ebl_jZlmjZ

dhebqf_lh^
P_ca_ey Lbljh\Zgb_ Lbljh\Zgb_

>jZ]mgh\ 1951 Stevenson, 1982 Schnitzer and Gupta, 1965 Wright and Schnitzer, 1959

Ba(OH)2 Ac2H3\

NDih\_joghklguo\h^ K+2N K+2N KHHG CH3COOCa Ac2H3\ Ac2H3\ ArOH+R OH (CH3Si)2NH - CH3COOCa ArOH KHHG KHHG ArOH KHHG Ac2H1D+&23 - -
1 29 2 1 2

=@O G-YFJ Si-YFJ
29

3.8-4.3 6.8-7.6 5.8 4.7-4.8 4.6-10.1 13 4.4 6.6 6.1-6.7 12.2 1.4 4.2-5.6 4.8-8.1

Arsenie et al., 1992 Noyes and Leenheer, 1994 Herzog et al., 1996 Ephraim et al., 1989 Gillam and Riley, 1982 Ephraim et al., 1989 Noyes and Leenheer, 1994 Herzog et al., 1996 Ephraim et al., 1989 Gillam and Riley, 1982 Schnitzer and Desjardins, 1962 Ephraim et al., 1989 "- "

(CH3Si)2NH

Ihl_gpbhf_ljby Lbljh\Zgb_ =@O G-YFJ Si-YFJ

Ihl_gpbhf_ljby Lbljh\Zgb_
1

G-YFJ

ND]jmglh\uo\h^ Ihl_gpbhf_ljby Ihl_gpbhf_ljby

NDfhjkdbo\h^ CH3COOCa Lbljh\Zgb_ 4.4-8.9 Gillam and Riley, 1982 KHHG Ba(OH)2 Lbljh\Zgb_ 5.3-13.4 "- " ArOH * F_lh^ P_ca_ey hkgh\Zg gZ jZks_ie_gbb f_lbeh\uo wnbjh\ bh^ghc dbkehlhc k ihke_^mxsbf hdbke_gb_f h[jZamxs_]hky f_lbebh^b^Z ^h bh^Z dhlhjuc aZl_f hllbljh\u\Z_lkylbhkmevnZlhf

Ba kjZ\g_gby ijb\_^_gguo \ lZ[ebp_ ^Zgguo fh`gh k^_eZlv \u\h^ h lhf qlh f_lh^u hkgh\Zggu_ gZ obfbq_kdhc fh^bnbdZpbb ^Zxl \ kj_^g_f [he__ gbadb_ j_amevlZlu ih kjZ\g_gbx k lbljbf_ljbq_kdbfb Ih-\b^bfhfm wlh k\yaZgh k l_f qlh kl_jbq_kdb_ nZdlhju ij_iylkl\mxl dhebq_kl\_gghfm ijhl_dZgbx j_Zdpbc k hj]Zgbq_kdbfb j_Z]_glZfb \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb g_`_eb k bhgZfb f_lZeeh\ F_lh^u obfbq_kdhc fh^bnbdZpbb \ jZ[hl_ g_ bkihevah\Zeb ihwlhfm gb`_ [m^ml h[km`^_gu f_lh^bq_kdb_ Zki_dlu lhevdh lbljbf_ljbq_kdbof_lh^h\ZgZebaZ]mfmkh\uodbkehl

25

1.2.2 F_lh^bq_kdb_Zki_dlulbljbf_ljbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uodbkehl
H[jZlgh_ b aZf_klbl_evgh_ lbljh\Zgb_. =mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu h[jZamxl k bhgZfb s_ehqgha_f_evguo f_lZeeh\ fZehjZkl\hjbfu_ kheb >6FKQLW]HU and Khan, 1972, DmoZj_gdh @ >Zggh_ k\hckl\h bkihevam_lky \ ljZ^bpbhgguo f_lh^Zo hij_^_e_gby h[s_]h kh^_j`Zgby dbkehlguo ]jmii \ h[jZapZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih j_Zdpbyf k ]b^jhdkb^hf [Zjby b Zp_lZlhf dZevpby aZf_klbl_evgh_lbljh\Zgb_ G:
^\mohij_^_e_gbc $UHG :-dbkehlguchklZlhd]mfmkh\uodbkehl < h[hbo kemqZyo j_Z]_gl [_j_lky \ ba[uld_ >ey hp_gdb qbkeZ ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\rbo ]jmii ihke_ hkZ`^_gby ]mfZlh\ \ [Zjblh\hf f_lh^_ ba[ulhd %D2+2 lbljm_lky +Kl h[jZlgh_ lbljh\Zgb_ \ KZ-Zp_lZlghf - hij_^_ey_lky dhebq_kl\h mdkmkghc dbkehlu \uk\h[h^b\r_cky \ j_amevlZl_ j_ZdpbbM^Ze_gb_]mfmkh\uodbkehlbajZkl\hjZ\\b^_hkZ^dZ]mfZlh\[Zjby beb dZevpby ijb\h^bl d k^\b]m jZ\gh\_kby ^bkkhpbZpbb \ijZ\h b ke_^h\Zl_evgh [he__ iheghfm hij_^_e_gbx ]jmii ih kjZ\g_gbx k ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdbf lbljh\Zgb_f H^gZdh g_kfhljy gZ h[jZah\Zgb_ fZehjZkl\hjbfuokh_^bg_gbch[_j_Zdpbb\agZqbl_evghckl_i_gbh[jZlbfu [Perdue, @ b ^ey ^hklb`_gby iheghlu ij_\jZs_gby g_h[oh^bf kms_kl\_ggucba[ulhdj_Z]_glZ ;Zjblh\uc b KZ-Zp_lZlguc f_lh^u [ueb jZajZ[hlZgu \ -o ]h^Zo KlZ^gbdh\uf b khlj >DmoZj_gdh Z; DmoZj_gdh [; Кухаренко, 1948; &lZ^gbdh\ b ^j 1934; Kukdh\ 1936; Сысков b Кухаренко, 1947; DmoZj_gdh b ;hjha^bgZ @ ^ey ZgZebaZ ij_iZjZlh\ =D m]e_c :\lhjZfb [ueh ihdZaZgh qlh ij_^_evgh_ dhebq_kl\h [Zjby ih]ehsZ_fh]h ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb ba jZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z wd\b\Ze_glgh dhebq_kl\m f_lhdkbevguo ]jmii hij_^_ey_fuo \ =D ihke_ bkq_jiu\Zxs_]h f_lbebjh\Zgby Wlh ]h\hjbl h lhf qlh\ j_Zdpbxk&lZ^gbdh\ b ^j 1934; Kukdh\ @ Ij_^_evgh_ dhebq_kl\h KZ ih]ehsZ_fh]h ba jZkl\hjZ KZH:k2 b khhl\_lkl\_ggh dhebq_kl\h \u^_eb\r_cky mdkmkghc dbkehlu ohjhrh kh]eZkm_lky k kh^_j`Zgb_f dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii hij_^_e_gguf f_lbebjh\Zgb_f h[jZapZ f_lZghehf \ ijbkmlkl\bb +&O >DmoZj_gdh Z DmoZj_gdh [@ Iha^g__ [ueh ij_^eh`_gh fgh`_kl\h fh^bnbdZpbc ^Zgguo f_lh^h\ gZijZ\e_gguo gZ ZgZeba fZeuo dhebq_kl\ ij_iZjZlh\ >3HUGXH, 1978; Perdue et al., 1980; Brooks and Sternhell, 1957; Schnitzer and Gupta, 1964; Schnitzer and

26 Gupta, 1965; Gillam and Riley, 1982; Bonn and Fish, @ H^gZdh g_ [ueb j_r_gu hkgh\gu_ ijh[e_fu [Zjblh\h]h b KZ-Zp_lZlgh]h f_lh^h\ - q_ldh g_ hij_^_e_gu mkeh\by dhebq_kl\_ggh]h ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbc jZaguo ij_iZjZlh\ kh[hbfbj_Z]_glZfb>3HUGXH 1985]. Fh`gh \u^_eblv ljb nZdlhjZ hilbfbaZpby dhlhjuo g_h[oh^bfZ ^ey ihemq_gby ^hklh\_jguo j_amevlZlh\ hij_^_e_gby k ihfhsvx mdZaZgguo f_lh^h\ \u[hj dhebq_kl\_gguo khhlghr_gbc j_Z]_glkm[kljZl - \ jZaebqguo \ZjbZglZo f_lh^bd j_dhf_g^mxlky jZaebqgu_ khhlghr_gby [Schnitzer and Khan, 1972; DmoZj_gdh Z Bonn and Fish, 1991]; (2) ijZ\bevghklv hij_^_e_gby lhqdb wd\b\Ze_glghklb ijb dhebq_kl\_gghf hij_^_e_gbb ba[uldZ 'DYLV, 1982; Perdue, 1978; Perdue et al., 1980]. < p_ehf [Zjblh\Zy b KZ-Zp_lZlgZy f_lh^bdb y\eyxlky ^hklmigufb b ^hklZlhqgh mgb\_jkZevgufb ^ey ZgZebaZ ]mfbgh\uo dbkehl ihq\ b m]e_c lh]^Z dZd hij_^_e_gb_ ]jZgbp b mkeh\bc bo ijbf_gbfhklb ^ey ZgZebaZ \h^guo b ^jm]bo h[jZaph\ ^he`gu khklZ\blv ij_^f_l ki_pbZevgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby Ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdh_ lbljh\Zgb_ Ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdh_ lbljh\Zgb_ y\ey_lky h[s_ijbgyluf f_lh^hf hij_^_e_gby kh^_j`Zgby dbkehlguo ]jmii >Kb]]bZ b OZggZ @ H^gZdh _]h bkihevah\Zgb_ ^ey ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl khijy`_gh kh agZqbl_evgufb ljm^ghklyfb %RZOHV et al., @ \h-\lhjuo ^ey iheghlu hij_^_e_gby keZ[hdbkehlguo ]jmii lj_[m_lky ^hklb`_gb_ hq_gv \ukhdbo dhgp_gljZpbc s_ehqb ijb dhlhjuo lhqgu_ baf_j_gby jG jZkl\hjZ aZljm^g_gu [Perdue, 1985; Kdm] b Mwkl @ G_kfhljy gZ mdZaZggu_ ijh[e_fu ^Zgguc f_lh^ rbjhdh bkihevam_lky ^ey hp_gdb dbkehlghklb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [Buffle and Delodoey, 1978; Davis, 1982; Herbert et al., 1993]. GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gguc kihkh[ hij_^_e_gby lhqdb wd\b\Ze_glghklb aZdexqZ_lky \ lbljh\Zgbb ^h nbdkbjh\Zggh]h agZq_gby jG >)ULPPHO et al., 1985; Davis, 1982; Herbert et al., 1993; Piccolo and Camici, @H[uqghjG kqblZxl hdhgqZgb_f lbljh\Zgby dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii Z jG -10.3 - \k_o dbkehlguo ]jmii >)ULPPHO et al., 1985; Buffle and Delodoey, 1978; Patterssonet al., @ Hq_\b^gh qlh lZdhc kihkh[ hij_^_e_gby \deZ^Z dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii \_kvfZ mkeh\_g ld jG lhqdb wd\b\Ze_glghklb ijb lbljh\Zgbb fgh]bo hj]Zgbq_kdbo dbkehl e_`bl \ur_>Kdm] b Mwkl @ Z keZ[uon_ghevguo]b^jhdkbeh\-\ur_

27 >jm]hc kihkh[ ij_^mkfZljb\Z_l bkihevah\Zgb_ f_lh^h\ fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby ^ey h[jZ[hldb djb\hc lbljh\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Dhebq_kl\_ggZy bgl_jij_lZpby djb\uo lbljh\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl h[uqgh g_ kh^_j`Zsbo y\guo i_j_]b[h\ y\ey_lky \_kvfZ keh`ghc b g_h^ghagZqghc aZ^Zq_c ba-aZ gZebqby [hevrh]h qbkeZ obfbq_kdb g_b^_glbqguo dbkehlguo ]jmii obfbq_kdZy ]_l_jh]_gghklv b ihebwe_dljheblguo wnn_dlh\ >3HUGXH 1985; Gamble and Underdown, 1980; Gamble, 1972]. Kms_kl\mxl ^\Z hkgh\guo ih^oh^Z d hibkZgbx ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ihebwe_dljheblh\ IW Kh]eZkgh h^ghfm ba gbo >L_gnhj^, 1965; Katchalsky and Gillis, 1950; Katchalsky et al., @ jZkkqblu\Zxl oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdb_dhgklZglu^bkkhpbZpbbS.0 bg^b\b^mZevguobhgh]_gguo ]jmii iml_f wdkljZiheypbb aZ\bkbfhklbS. hl kl_i_gb ^bkkhpbZpbb d gme_\hc kl_i_gb ^bkkhpbZpbb H^gZdh lhqghklv ihemqZ_fuo agZq_gbc aZqZklmx g_\_ebdZ Ijb hij_^_e_gbb oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbo dhgklZgl dZ`^h]h lbiZ bhgh]_gguo ]jmii IW kh keh`guf obfbq_kdbf khklZ\hf qZklh ijboh^blky ijb[_]Zlv d bkdmkkl\_gguf ijb_fZf >'XELQ and Straus, 1970] qlh ^hihegbl_evgh kgb`Z_l lhqghklv jZkkqblu\Z_fuo agZq_gbc Ihwlhfm bkihevah\Zgb_ jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h ih^oh^Z hijZ\^Zgh ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ^ey ijhkluoihkhklZ\mihebwe_dljheblh\ G_kfhljygZmihfygmlu_h]jZgbq_gby f_lh^ oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbo dhgklZgl ^hklZlhqgh qZklh bkihevam_lky ^ey hibkZgby lbljh\Zgby dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >)XNXVKLPD et al., 1995]. ;m]Z_\kdbc b Ohebg 1989; hklhbgkl\h ^Zgghc fh^_eb \ ijhklhl_ - fZdkbfZevgh_ khhl\_lkl\b_ wdki_jbf_glm fh`gh ^hklbqv ijb mq_l_ fbgbfmfZ jZ\gh\_kbc G_^hklZlhd-ljm^ghklvnbabq_kdhcbgl_jij_lZpbbihemq_gguojZ\gh\_kbcb dhgklZgl Fh^_evkf_kbh^ghhkgh\guodbkehl < ] Kbffkhf >6LPPV @ [ueh ihdZaZgh qlh \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ ijhlheblbq_kdb_ jZ\gh\_kby \ jZkl\hjZo IW fh`gh hibkZlv fh^_evx kf_kb

28 h^ghhkgh\guo dbkehl MjZ\g_gb_ djb\hc lbljh\Zgby kf_kb1 h^ghhkgh\guo dbkehlfh`_l[ulvaZibkZgh\\b^_
=

i =1

N

qiKi K i + [H + ]

(1.1)

]^_ - kj_^gyy kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb Ti - fhevgZy ^hey dbkehlu k dhgklZglhc^bkkhpbZpbbDi\kf_kb GZ[hj iZj agZq_gbc Ti, pKi gZau\Z_lky S.-ki_dljhf Z f_lh^ fh^_ebjh\Zgby ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ k ihfhsvx S.-ki_dljZ - pKki_dljhkdhib_c >/HXHQEHUJHU and Schindler, @ Ijb g_[hevrbo1 jZkq_l ijb\h^bl d ^bkdj_lghfmS.-ki_dljm >ey hibkZgby ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ^bkdj_lgucS.-ki_dlj bkihevah\Zeb \ jZ[hlZo>Paxeus and Wedborg, 1985; Eberle and Feuerstein, 1979; Paxeus, 1985]. Ijb1 mjZ\g_gb_1ijbgbfZ_lbgl_]jZevguc\b^
+

=

-

+ p ( pK ) K p ( pK ) + dpK = 0.4343 + dp K K + [H ] - K + [ H ]

(1.2)

Dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z IW \ wlhf kemqZ_ hibku\Zxlky g_ij_ju\gufb nmgdpbyfb jZkij_^_e_gby dhgklZgl ^bkkhpbZpbb fh^_ev g_ij_ju\gh]hS.-ki_dljZ =eZ\guf ^hklhbgkl\hf ^Zgghc fh^_eb y\ey_lky \hafh`ghklv mq_lZ kh\f_klgh]h \ebygby obfbq_kdhc ]_l_jh]_gghklb IW b we_dljhklZlbq_kdbo wnn_dlh\ Fh^_ev g_ij_ju\gh]h S.-ki_dljZ ^ey hibkZgby ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl bkihevah\Zeb fgh]b_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb >Perdue et al., 1984; Bonn and Fish, 1991; Gamble and Underdown, 1980; Gamble, 1972; Fukushima et al., 1995; ;m]Z_\kdbc b Ohebg 1989; 3HUGXH @ KmffZjgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ]jmii k [he__ gbadbfb agZq_gbyfb j. iheZ]Zxl jZ\guf kh^_j`Zgbx dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii >3HUGXH et al., @ >hklh\_jghklv

29 ihemqZ_fuo agZq_gbc aZ\bkbl hl Z^_d\Zlghklb bkihevah\Zgghc fZl_fZlbq_kdhcfh^_eb Dhebq_kl\_ggh_ hibkZgb_ ijhlheblbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc h^gm ba gZb[he__ ljm^guo aZ^Zq ZgZeblbq_kdhc obfbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >Zevg_crbc ijh]j_kk \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb fh`_l [ulv ^hklb]gml ih f_j_ kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby f_lh^h\ dhfivxl_jgh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby b bo bkihevah\Zgby ^ey \uy\e_gby nmg^Zf_glZevguo ^_kdjbilhjh\ijhlheblbq_kdbok\hckl\]mfmkh\uodbkehl

1.2.3 Bkke_^h\Zgb_kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\h]hkhklZ\Z m]e_jh^gh]hkd_e_lZ^_kljmdlb\gufbf_lh^ZfbZgZebaZ
>_kljmdlb\gu_ f_lh^u ZgZebaZ \_kvfZ bgl_gkb\gh bkihevah\Zebkv ^ey bamq_gby kljh_gby m]e_jh^gh]h kd_e_lZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >1RUZRRG, 1988; Hjeh\ @ ;eZ]h^Zjy ijbf_g_gbx ^Zgguo f_lh^h\ ZgZebaZ \ rbjhdbc h[boh^ \hreb ihgylby ?dZjdZk? b "i_jbn_jby? dhlhju_ bagZqZevgh bkihevah\Zebkv ^ey h[hagZq_gby g_]b^jhebam_fhc b ]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ mkeh\byo dbkehlgh]h ]b^jhebaZ GZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv \ gbo \deZ^u\Zxl \iheg_ dhgdj_lguc obfbq_kdbc kfuke ihgbfZy ih^ dZjdZkhf ZjhfZlbq_kdbc m]e_jh^guc kd_e_l Z ih^ i_jbn_jb_c - m]e_\h^ghi_ilb^guc dhfie_dk ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl>Hjeh\ @ >Zggu_ h kljmdlmjgh]jmiih\hf khklZ\_ mdZaZgguo kljhbl_evguo [ehdh\ iha\heyxl kms_kl\_ggh ih\ukblvmjh\_gv^_lZebaZpbbhibkZgbykljh_gby]mfmkh\uodbkehl KhklZ\ ]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Kh]eZkgh>Hjeh\ @ ijb ]b^jheba_F+&O \ jZkl\hj i_j_oh^bl-45% fZkku =D ihq\ b- ND =b^jhebam_fhklv ]mfbgh\uo dbkehl lhjnh\ b [mjuom]e_cg_kdhevdhgb`_KhklZ\]b^jhebaZlh\bamq_g^h\hevghih^jh[gh b ^Z_l ykgh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ hkgh\guo dhfihg_glZo h[jZamxsbo ]b^jhebam_fmxi_jbn_jbx]mfmkh\uodbkehllZ[e 1.4). LZ[ebpZ 1.4 KhklZ\]b^jhebam_fhcqZklb=DbNDihq\fZkk ih^Zgguf>Hjeh\ 1990]) Kljmdlmjgu_njZ]f_glu =D q_jgha_f ^_jgh\h-ih^ahebklZyihq\Z :fbghdbkehlu 13 18 :fbghkZoZjZ 4 4 NH3 2 3 <_s_kl\ZlbiZnmev\hdbkehl 14 15 M]e_\h^u 66 59 ;_gahedZj[hgh\u_dbkehlu 1 1 ND 11 6 3 - 80 0

30 DZd \b^gh ba lZ[ebpu hkgh\ghc qZklvx ]b^jhebaZlh\ =D b ND ihq\ y\eyxlky m]e_\h^u fZkkh\h_ kh^_j`Zgb_ dhlhjuo \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo ^hklb]Z_l ih jZaebqguf bklhqgbdZf - ;he__ ^_lZevgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ bo khklZ\Z ihdZaZeh qlh m]e_\h^gZy qZklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ij_^klZ\e_gZ \ hkgh\ghf ]_dkhaZfb - k ij_h[eZ^Zgb_f ]exdhau \ f_gvrbo dhebq_kl\Zo ijbkmlkl\mxl f_lbei_glhau b i_glhau >Hjeh\ 1990; Ogner, 1970; Hayashi and Nagai, 1962]. 5- kmffu kZoZjh\ h[uqgh ij_^klZ\e_gh mjhgh\ufb dbkehlZfb >Hjeh\ @ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ iha\heyxl ij_^iheZ]Zlv qlh fhgh- b ihebkZoZjb^u k\yaZgu k dZjdZkghc qZklvx ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihkj_^kl\hf keh`ghwnbjguo fhklbdh\ [Clark and Tan, 1969]. Hjeh\ @ Bo khklZ\ oZjZdl_jbam_lky ihklhygkl\hf gZ[ex^Z_lky aZf_lgh_ ij_h[eZ^Zgb_ ZkiZjZ]bgh\hc b ]exlZfbgh\hc Zfbghdbkehl ]ebpbgZ b ZeZgbgZ Ijbf_g_gb_ n_jf_glZlb\gh]h ]b^jhebaZ ihdZau\Z_l qlh agZqbl_evgZy qZklv Zfbghdbkehl ijbkmlkl\m_l \ khklZ\_ i_ilb^guo k\ya_c>Hjeh\ 1990; Aujbg @ Djhf_ lh]h bf_xlky ^Zggu_ >Stevenson, 1985; Hjeh\ @ h gZebqbb \ khklZ\_ ]b^jhebaZlh\]mfbgh\uodbkehln_gheh\^hbND-ih^h[guokh_^bg_gbc (10-15%). KhklZ\g_]b^jhebam_fh]hdZjdZkZ]mfmkh\uodbkehl. >ey^_kljmdpbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl qZs_ \k_]h bkihevamxl hdbke_gb_ i_jfZg]ZgZlhf dZeby beb hdkb^hf f_^b \ s_ehqghc kj_^_ >Hjeh\ 1953; Hjeh\ 1990]. H[jZamxsb_ky [_gaheihebdZj[hgh\u_ dbkehlu khklZ\eyxl- hl fZkku =ND ihq\ h^gZdh ijb wlhf ke_^m_l hlf_lblv g_dhebq_kl\_gghklv f_lh^Z >Hjeh\ @ I_jbn_jbq_kdZy qZklv =D ihq\ ijZdlbq_kdb g_ kh^_j`bl g_hdbkey_fuo i_jfZg]ZgZlhf ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ \ lh \j_fy dZd \ kemqZ_NDihq\]b^jhebam_fZyqZklvfh`_lkem`blvbklhqgbdhf-\k_o [_gahedZj[hgh\uo dbkehl GZ wlhf hkgh\Zgbb \ jZ[hl_>Hjeh\ @ k^_eZgh aZdexq_gb_ qlh \ ND ZjhfZlbq_kdb_ kljmdlmjgu_ _^bgbpu jZkij_^_e_gu [he__ jZ\ghf_jgh q_f \ =D ]^_ hgb ihqlb iheghklvx khkj_^hlhq_gu \ g_]b^jhebam_fhfy^j_fhe_dme =eZ\gufb dhfihg_glZfb ijh^mdlh\ ^_kljmdpbb y\eyxlky ljb- l_ljZ- b i_glZdZj[hgh\u_dbkehlubg_dhlhju_hdkb[_gahcgu_dbkehlu>=jb]hjv_\Zb DmoZj_gdh 1968; Kumada, 1988@ >Zgguc nZdl g_ mdZau\Z_l gZ ijbkmlkl\b_ lZdbo dbkehl \ bkoh^guo fhe_dmeZo gh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h lhf qlh ^ey ZjhfZlbq_kdbo dhe_p ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZb[he__ oZjZdl_jgh bf_ggh lZdh_ qbkehK-aZf_klbl_e_c\ZjhfZlbq_kdbodhevpZo

31 Ijbf_g_gb_ ibjheblbq_kdhc fZkk-ki_dljhf_ljbb iha\hey_l ^_lZevgh bkke_^h\Zlv ijh^mdlu jZkiZ^Z ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ hlkmlkl\b_ hdbkebl_e_c IhdZaZgh >6FKXOWHQ, 1994@ qlh \ j_amevlZl_ ibjhebaZ \ h[jZamxs_cky kf_kb fh`gh b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv gZjy^m k aZf_s_ggufb ZjhfZlbq_kdbfb kljmdlmjZfb g_dhlhju_ dhebq_kl\Z ZedZgh\ b he_nbgh\ k ^ebghc p_ib- Z lZd`_ZedbeaZf_s_ggu_[_gaheu$U-(CH2)n-CH3k^ebghcp_ib^hQ = Wlh fh`_l kem`blv ^hdZaZl_evkl\hf lh]h qlh k\yab f_`^m ZjhfZlbq_kdbfb dhevpZfb ij_^klZ\e_gu g_ lhevdh dhjhldbfb fhklbdZfb lbiZ -O-, -NH-, -N=, b -CH2- gh b ijhly`_ggufb ihebf_lbe_gh\ufb p_ihqdZfb-CH2-)n ]^_Q fh`_l ^hklb]Zlv a\_gv_\ H^gZdh \hijhk h kh^_j`Zgbb lZdbo kljmdlmj \ fhe_dmeZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv y\ey_lky ij_^f_lhf ^bkdmkkbc>%H\HU 1996; Stevenson, 1982]. Ihemq_gb_ gh\hc bgnhjfZpbb h khklZ\_ dZjdZkghc b i_jbn_jbq_kdhc qZkl_c ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k ihfhsvx ^_kljmdlb\guo f_lh^h\ ZgZebaZ - \Z`g_crbc bgkljmf_gl ^ey [he__ ]em[hdh]h ihgbfZgby ijbgpbih\ kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl H^gZdh bkihevah\Zgb_ ^Zgghc bgnhjfZpbb ^ey qbke_ggh]hhibkZgbykljh_gby]mfmkh\uodbkehl\_kvfZijh[e_fZlbqghba-aZ ljm^ghkl_c kh[ex^_gby fZl_jbZevgh]h [ZeZgkZ ijb ijh\_^_gbb ^_kljmdpbb ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl K wlbo ihabpbc ]hjZa^h [he__ i_jki_dlb\guf ij_^klZ\ey_lky bkihevah\Zgb_ g_^_kljmdlb\guo f_lh^h\ kljmdlmjgh]h ZgZebaZ Ijbf_g_gbx kZfh]h fhsgh]h ba gbo - ki_dljhkdhibb YFJ gZ y^jZo 1 G b 13K - ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihk\ys_g ke_^mxsbcjZa^_e

1.2.4 Bkke_^h\Zgb_kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\h]hkhklZ\Z]mfmkh\uo dbkehlf_lh^Zfbki_dljhkdhibbYFJ
Ki_dljhkdhiby 13K YFJ. Ljm^gh i_j_hp_gblv jhev ki_dljhkdhibb 13K YFJ \ ihemq_gbb bgnhjfZpbb h kljmdlmj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl <-o - 70-o ]h^Zo gug_rg_]h klhe_lby ijbgpbiu kljh_gby m]e_jh^gh]h kd_e_lZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hklZ\Zebkv ij_^f_lhf h`b\e_gghc ^bkdmkkbb \ dhlhjhc qZklv bkke_^h\Zl_e_c ijb^_j`b\ZeZkv dhgp_ipbb h[ ZebnZlbq_kdhf oZjZdl_j_ kljmdlmju ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Z ^jm]Zy qZklv jZkkfZljb\ZeZ kljmdlmjm]mfmkh\uodbkehldZdbkdexqbl_evghZjhfZlbq_kdmxIhemq_gb_\ 1976 ] i_j\h]h ki_dljZ 13K YFJ ND ihq\ [Stuermer, 1976] iha\hebeh ^Zlv h^ghagZqguc hl\_l gZ \hijhk h kljh_gbb m]e_jh^gh]h kd_e_lZ wlbo kh_^bg_gbc ihdZaZ\ qlh \ g_f \ khihklZ\bfuo dhebq_kl\Zo kh^_j`Zlky dZd ZjhfZlbq_kdb_ lZd b ZebnZlbq_kdb_ njZ]f_glu

32 \_s_kl\ qlh iha\hebeh kms_kl\_ggh m]em[blv dZq_kl\_ggu_ agZgby h njZ]f_glghfkhklZ\_]mfmkh\uodbkehl[Ricca, 1993; Skjemstad, 1983]. Lbibqguc 13K YFJ ki_dlj ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb\_^_g gZ jbk. DZd \b^gh ba jbkmgdZ iheb^bki_jkghklv b obfbq_kdZy ]_l_jh]_gghklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb\h^bl d lhfm qlh 13& YFJ ki_dlju wlbo kh_^bg_gbc g_ kh^_j`Zl jZaj_r_gguo ibdh\ hlghkbfuo d y^jZf 13K hij_^_e_ggh]h lbiZ Z ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc kmi_jihabpbx [hevrh]h qbkeZ keZ[h\ujZ`_gguo kb]gZeh\.

Jbk 1.2. Lbibqguc13KYFJki_dlj=Dihq\ < k\yab k wlbf ljZ^bpbhggZy \ ki_dljhkdhibb YFJ aZ^ZqZ hlg_k_gby bg^b\b^mZevguo kb]gZeh\ g_ y\ey_lky ZdlmZevghc \ kemqZ_ ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [Wershaw, @ H[sbc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam lZdh]h jh^Z ki_dljh\ij_^mkfZljb\Z_l\u^_e_gb_\gbo]jmiikb]gZeh\bebki_dljZevguo h[eZkl_c khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ZlhfZf m]e_jh^Z kh koh^guf obfbq_kdbf hdjm`_gb_f b hij_^_e_gb_ kjZ\gbl_evghc bgl_gkb\ghklb wlbo h[eZkl_c DZd \b^gh ba jbk 1.2 \ lbibqghf 13K YFJ ki_dlj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ[ex^Z_lky ebrv h^bg hlq_leb\uc fbgbfmf k gme_\hc bgl_gkb\ghklvx kb]gZeZ ijb f^ \ hklZevguo kemqZyo g_\hafh`gh ijh\_klb lhqgh_ jZa^_e_gb_ jZaebqguo ]jmii kb]gZeh\ ba-aZ bo qZklbqgh]h i_j_dju\Zgby ey \u[hjZ ]jZgbp jZa[b_gby ZgZebabjmxl iheh`_gb_ ehdZevguo fbgbfmfh\ \ ki_dljZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl

33 b ijb\e_dZxl lZ[ebqgu_ ^Zggu_ ih obfbq_kdbf k^\b]Zf y^_j 13& \ hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbyo \ khq_lZgbb k bf_xs_cky bgnhjfZpb_c h[ hkgh\guo kljmdlmjguo we_f_glZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [Wilson, Z Wilson, 1990]. GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gguf y\ey_lky \u^_e_gb_ \ 13K YFJ ki_dlj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl iylb gZb[he__ m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh jZa^_e_gguo ^bZiZahgh\ obfbq_kdbo k^\b]h\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo g_aZf_s_gguf b H-aZf_s_gguf ZebnZlbq_kdbf ZjhfZlbq_kdbf dZj[hdkbevguf b dZj[hgbevguf ZlhfZf m]e_jh^ZlZ[e 1.5).

LZ[ebpZ 1.5 Hkgh\gu_^bZiZahgukb]gZeh\\ki_dlj_]mfmkh\uodbkehl [Sotak, 1983] LbiZlhfh\m]e_jh^Z K-bG-aZf_s_ggu_ZebnZlbq_kdb_ Zlhfum]e_jh^Z H-aZf_s_ggu_ZebnZlbq_kdb_Zlhfu m]e_jh^Z :jhfZlbq_kdb_Zlhfum]e_jh^Z :lhfum]e_jh^ZdZj[hdkbevguo ]jmiibboijhba\h^guo :lhfum]e_jh^ZdZj[hgbevguo ]jmii H[hagZq_gb_ >bZiZahgkb]gZeh\f^ C
Alk

0-50 50-110 110-165 165-180 180-220

CAlkCAr

H

C&2HG CC=O

< aZ\bkbfhklb hl p_eb bkke_^h\Zgby b `_eZ_fhc ^_lZebaZpbb ihemqZ_fhc bgnhjfZpbb i_j_qbke_ggu_ \ lZ[e 1.5 hkgh\gu_ ki_dljZevgu_ ^bZiZahgu qZklh ih^jZa^_eyxl gZ [he__ madb_ lZ[e 1.6 Ijb wlhf ^_lZebaZpby ki_dljZevghc bgnhjfZpbb khijh\h`^Z_lky kgb`_gb_f ^hklh\_jghklb dhebq_kl\_gguo oZjZdl_jbklbd hij_^_ey_fh]h khklZ\Z [Skjemstad, 1983; Wilson, 1987] Wlh h[mkeZ\eb\Z_l ijh[e_fm hilbfbaZpbb \u[hjZ khhlghr_gby bgnhjfZlb\ghklb b ^hklh\_jghklb ijb h[jZ[hld_ 13C YFJ ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl dhlhjZy \ gZklhys__ \j_fy j_rZ_lky dZ`^ufbkke_^h\Zl_e_fkm]m[hbg^b\b^mZevgh

34 LZ[ebpZ 1.6 13

>bZiZahgf^ 10-25 15-50 25-50 29-33 35-50 41-42 51-61 57-65 65-85 90-110 118-122 120-140 140-162 162-190 190-220

Hlg_k_gb_kb]gZeh\ Dhgp_\u_f_lbevgu_]jmiiuZedbevguop_i_c F_lbe_gh\u_]jmiiuZedbevguop_i_c F_lbgh\u_]jmiiuZedbevguop_i_c M]e_jh^f_lbe_gh\uo]jmii \-b-iheh`_gbbdKHHG]jmii_ M]e_jh^f_lbe_gh\uo]jmiijZa\_l\e_gguoZedbevguo p_i_c F_lbe_gh\u_]jmiiu\-iheh`_gbbdKHHG-]jmii_ M]e_jh^f_lhdkbevguobwlhdkbevguo]jmii M]e_jh^KG2-HG]jmii M]e_jh^KGHG]jmiim]e_jh^ihebkZoZjb^guodhe_p f_lbgh\ucm]e_jh^ijhkluobkeh`guownbjh\ Zp_lZevgucm]e_jh^ M]e_jh^ZjhfZlbq_kdbodhe_p\hjlh-iheh`_gbbdHaZf_klbl_ex G_aZf_s_ggucbebZedbe-aZf_s_ggucm]e_jh^ ZjhfZlbq_kdbodhe_p H-bN-aZf_s_ggucm]e_jh^ZjhfZlbq_kdbodhe_p M]e_jh^dZj[hdkbevguo]jmiikeh`guownbjh\bZfb^h\ M]e_jh^d_lhgguobZev^_]b^guo]jmii

ey ki_dljh\ ihebf_jh\ hibkZgu ih^oh^u d lZdhfm jZa^_e_gbx hkgh\Zggu_ gZ ZiijhdkbfZpbb ]Zmkkh\ufb djb\ufb [FboZce_gdh 1987] H^gZdh \ k\yab k l_f qlh \ ki_dljZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl nhjfZ ibdh\ \ h[s_f kemqZ_ g_ y\ey_lky gb ehj_gp_\hc gb ]Zmkkh\hc Z \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ g_\hafh`gh hij_^_eblv b iheh`_gb_ ibdh\ ijb ^_lZevghf jZa[b_gbb ijbf_g_gb_ lZdh]h ih^oh^Z g_ iha\hey_l ihemqblv kms_kl\_ggh]h ih\ur_gbylhqghklbbgZ^_`ghklbdhebq_kl\_ggh]hZgZebaZki_dljh\ Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh hlg_k_gb_ g_dhlhjuo ]jmii kb]gZeh\ ^h kbo ihj y\ey_lky ij_^f_lhf ^bkdmkkbb LZd ]jmiim kb]gZeh\ \ h[eZklb- f^

35 ^ebl_evgh_\j_fyhlghkbebdg_aZf_s_ggufZjhfZlbq_kdbfZlhfZfK\hjlhiheh`_gbb d ]b^jhdkbevghc ]jmii_ H^gZdh \ ihke_^gb_ ]h^u ij_h[eZ^Z_l fg_gb_ qlh [hevrZy qZklv wlbo kb]gZeh\ h[mkeh\e_gZ ZlhfZfb m]e_jh^Z Zp_lZevgh]h lbiZ \ ihebkZoZjb^guo pbdeZo i_jbn_jbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl < h[eZklb- f^ g_dhlhju_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb \u^_eyxl ]jmiim kb]gZeh\1aZf_s_ggh]h m]e_jh^Z f_lbe_gh\uo ]jmii h^gZdh hl^_eblv wlb kb]gZeu hl gZoh^ysboky \ wlhc `_ h[eZklb gZoh^blky kb]gZeh\ f_lhdkbevguo b g_aZf_s_gguoKG-]jmiiij_^klZ\ey_lkyg_\hafh`guf Obfbq_kdb_k^\b]b[hevrbgkl\Zkb]gZeh\y^_j13&g_aZ\bkylhl\u[hjZ mkeh\bcj_]bkljZpbbki_dljZbjZkl\hjbl_eyH^gZdhkb]gZeudZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii b Zlhfh\ ZjhfZlbq_kdh]h m]e_jh^Z aZf_s_ggh]h HG-]jmiihc ijb i_j_oh^_ hl hj]Zgbq_kdbo Zijhlhgguo jZkl\hjbl_e_c d \h^_ b jZkl\hjZf s_ehq_c kf_sZxlky \ keZ[h_ ihe_ \ k\yab k bhgbaZpb_c khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ]jmii Ih ^Zgguf [Preston, 1987] obfbq_kdb_ k^\b]b y^_j 13K KHHG ]jmii b Ar-OH njZ]f_glh\ \ ki_dljZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ >FKH b NaOD/D2O fh]ml jZaebqZlvkygZ\_ebqbgm^hf^

1.3 Kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\hckhklZ\]mfmkh\uodbkehl jZaebqgh]hijhbkoh`^_gbyih^Zgguf13KYFJ
GZ ijhly`_gbb ^\mo ^_kylbe_lbc hkgh\ghc h[eZklvx ijbf_g_gby ki_dljhkdhibb 13K YFJ ^ey ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hklZ_lky dhebq_kl\_ggZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ hlghkbl_evgh]h kh^_j`Zgby m]e_jh^Z \ khklZ\_jZaebqguokljmdlmjguonjZ]f_glh\fhe_dme]mfmkh\uodbkehl :gZeba ^Zgguo 13K YFJ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv mklZgh\blv jZaebqby \ kljmdlmj_ =D b ND jZaebqguo ijbjh^guo bklhqgbdh\ LZd kh]eZkgh ^Zgguf bkke_^h\Zgby [Krosshavn, 1990] =D ^_jgh\h-ih^ahebkluo b k_juo e_kguo ihq\ kh^_j`Zl ijbf_jgh \ ^\Z jZaZ [hevr_ ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ ih kjZ\g_gbx k ND :gZeh]bqgu_ ^Zggu_ ihemq_gu \ jZ[hl_ [Preston, 1985] < jZ[hlZo [Shin, 1996; FboZce_gdh 1987; Cook, 1998; Preston, 1987; Ricca, 1993; Conte, 1997] ihfbfh wlh]h hlf_qZ_lky qlh ND ihq\ oZjZdl_jbamxlky \ p_ehf [he__ \ukhdbfgZ- Z[k kh^_j`Zgb_f KHHG ]jmii \ lh \j_fy dZd kh^_j`Zgb_ZebnZlbq_kdbonjZ]f_glh\\gbog_kdhevdhgb`_ihkjZ\g_gbxk =D >ey =D b ND q_jgha_fh\ gZ[ex^Zxlky koh^gu_ aZdhghf_jghklb [Wilson, 1987] Kh]eZkgh [hevr_c qZklb him[ebdh\Zgguo ^Zgguo kh^_j`Zgb_ dZj[h]b^jZlguo kljmdlmj \ ND ihq\ ij_\urZ_l lZdh\h_ ^ey =D \- jZaZ h^gZdh \ jy^_ jZ[hl [Shin, 1996; Cook, 1998; Ricca, 1993; Conte, 1997] ijb\h^ylky j_amevlZlu bkke_^h\Zgby ]h\hjysb_ h lhf qlh kh^_j`Zgb_ dZj[h]b^jZlh\\=DbNDihq\ijZdlbq_kdbb^_glbqgh H^gZba\hafh`guoijbqbgijhlb\hj_qb\hklbijb\h^bfuo^Zgguo[ueZ ihdZaZgZ \ jZ[hl_ [Malcolm, 1990] :\lhjhf [ueh ijh\_^_gh bkke_^h\Zgb_

36 kljmdlmju ND ihq\ \u^_e_gguo ih ^\mf jZaebqguf h[s_mihlj_[bl_evguf f_lh^bdZf i_j\Zy ba dhlhjuo \dexqZeZ \u^_e_gb_ \ dZq_kl\_ njZdpbb ND qZklb s_ehqgh]h wdkljZdlZ ihq\ hklZxs_cky ijb hkZ`^_gbb =D \ dbkehf jZkl\hj_ Z \lhjZy \dexqZeZ klZ^bx khj[pbb gZ Zf[_jebl_ XAD- ;ueh ihdZaZghqlh\NDihq\\u^_e_gguogZXAD-kh^_j`Zgb_dZj[h]b^jZlguo kljmdlmj kgb`Z_lky \ - jZaZ :\lhjhf k^_eZg \u\h^ h g_h[oh^bfhklb klZ^bb khj[pbb gZ Zf[_jebl_ ijb \u^_e_gbb ND ^ey hqbkldb hl ihebkZoZjb^guoijbf_k_c Dhk\_gguf ih^l\_j`^_gb_f lZdh]h \u\h^Z y\eyxlky j_amevlZlu kjZ\gbl_evgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby kljmdlmju =D b ND ijbjh^guo \h^ \u^_e_gb_ dhlhjuo \ h[hbo kemqZyo \dexqZ_l khj[pbx gZ XAD- Ih ^Zgguf [Malcolm, 1990; Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994; FboZce_gdh 1987; Knulst, 1998] kh^_j`Zgb_ dZj[h]b^jZlguo kljmdlmj \ ND ijbjh^guo \h^ gZoh^blky gZ mjh\g_ lZdh\h]h \ =D beb g_kdhevdh gb`_ < lh `_ \j_fy ijhqb_ aZdhghf_jghklb h[gZjm`_ggu_ ^ey =D b ND ihq\ khojZgyxlky ^ey =D b ND ijbjh^guo \h^ LZd kh^_j`Zgb_ KHHG ]jmii \ ND ijbjh^guo \h^ \ur_ q_f \ =D Z kh^_j`Zgb_ ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ - gb`_ Kh]eZkgh [Malcolm, 1990; Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994], ND kh^_j`Zl [hevr_ Zedbevguo njZ]f_glh\ h^gZdh ^Zggu_ [FboZce_gdh 1987; Knulst, 1998]gZoh^ylky\ijhlb\hj_qbbkwlbf\u\h^hf < jy^_ jZ[hl [ueh \uiheg_gh khihklZ\e_gb_ njZ]f_glgh]h khklZ\Z ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl jZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby LZd gZ hkgh\Zgbb khihklZ\e_gby j_amevlZlh\ 13K YFJ bkke_^h\Zgby kljmdlmju ij_iZjZlh\ ND ^_jgh\h-ih^ahebkluo ihq\ b ijbjh^guo \h^ [Malcolm, 1990] ihdZaZe qlh ihke_^gb_ oZjZdl_jbamxlky [he__ \ukhdbf kh^_j`Zgb_f ZebnZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ \ lh \j_fy dZd njZ]f_glguc khklZ\ =D wlbo ijbjh^guo kj_^ ^h\hevgh[ebahdKoh^gu_^Zggu_[uebihemq_gu\jZ[hl_[Shin, 1996]. [Wilson, 1983; Wershaw, 1981] ijh\h^beb khihklZ\e_gb_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl lhjnZ b ^_jgh\h-ih^ahebkluo ihq\ Ih ij_^klZ\e_gguf bfb ^Zgguf ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu lhjnZ oZjZdl_jbamxlky [he__ \ukhdbf kh^_j`Zgb_f ZjhfZlbq_kdbo b dZj[h]b^jZlguo njZ]f_glh\ g_`_eb ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ihq\ Z kh^_j`Zgb_ dZj[hdkbevguo b Zedbevguo ]jmii \ kemqZ_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehllhjnZg_kdhevdhgb`_ KjZ\gbl_evgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby kljmdlmju =D [mjuo m]e_c ND b =D ^_jgh\h-ih^ahebkluo ihq\ \uiheg_ggh_ [Choudhry, 1989; Shin, 1996], ihdZaZeh qlh kh^_j`Zgb_ KHHG ]jmii \ =D m]ey gb`_ q_f \ ND ihq\ h^gZdh \ur_ g_`_eb \ =D ihq\ Ih kjZ\g_gbx k =ND ihq\ =D m]ey oZjZdl_jbamxlky agZqbl_evgh [he__ \ukhdhc ZjhfZlbqghklvx b hq_gv gbadbfkh^_j`Zgb_fdZj[h]b^jZlguokljmdlmj

37 < jZ[hl_ >)UXQG 1994] [ueh ihdZaZgh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ agZqbfhc h[jZlghc dhjj_eypbb f_`^m kh^_j`Zgb_f ZjhfZlbq_kdbo b dZj[h]b^jZlguo kljmdlmj \ fhe_dmeZo]mfmkh\uodbkehlihq\ < lh `_ \j_fy g_kfhljy gZ ijhke_`_ggu_ \h fgh]bo jZ[hlZo aZdhghf_jghklb khihklZ\e_gb_ ^Zgguo ihemq_gguo jZaebqgufb Z\lhjZfb ijZdlbq_kdb g_\hafh`gh :gZeba ebl_jlmjguo ^Zgguo ihdZaZe hq_gv rbjhdbc ^bZiZahg baf_g_gby njZ]f_glgh]h khklZ\Z hij_^_ey_fh]h f_lh^hf 13 K YFJ \ jZaebqguo jZ[hlZo qlh _^\Z eb fh`_l [ulv h[tykg_gh lhevdh kljmdlmjgufb jZaebqbyfb ij_iZjZlh\ Ih-\b^bfhfm j_amevlZlu jZaebqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc kms_kl\_ggh jZkoh^ylky ba-aZ g_^hklh\_jghklb ihemqZ_fuo dhebq_kl\_gguo ^Zgguo Ih^l\_j`^_gb_f wlhfm l_abkm fh`_l kem`blv khihklZ\e_gb_ ijb\h^bfuo \ jZaguo jZ[hlZo j_amevlZlh\ bkke_^h\Zgby kljmdlmju dhff_jq_kdh]h ij_iZjZlZ =D [mjh]h m]ey ijhba\h^kl\Z nbjfu AldrichbNDj_dbKm\Zgg__lZ[e 1.7). LZ[ebpZ 1.7 NjZ]f_glguckhklZ\=D"Aldrich"bNDjKm\Zgg__ ih^Zgguf13KYFJ KH 6 6 7 1 6 KHHG 18 19 22 9 15 9 Ar 33 28 27 =D?$OGULFK" 39 59 26 4 9 12 48 17 44 Choudhry, 1989 Shin, 1996 Malcolm, 1986 Alk-O 21 20 13 Alk 21 27 31 Bklhqgbd Shin, 1996 Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994 Preston, 1987 NDjKm\Zgg__

DZd \b^gh ba lZ[e. 1.7 ijb\h^bfu_ ^Zggu_ j_adh jZaebqZxlky f_`^m kh[hc ijb wlhf hlebqby agZqbl_evgh ij_\urZxl \hafh`gmx ih]j_rghklv baf_j_gby Klhev \ukhdbc jZa[jhk wdki_jbf_glZevgh ihemqZ_fuo oZjZdl_jbklbd njZ]f_glgh]h khklZ\Z aZklZ\be gZk ijh\_klb ZgZeba nZdlhjh\ \ebyxsbo gZ ^hklh\_jghklv ihemqZ_fuo ki_dljZevguo ^Zgguo b jZaebqbc \ wdki_jbf_glZevguo mkeh\byo j_]bkljZpbb ki_dljh\ 13K YFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl

38

1.4 Ijh[e_fudhebq_kl\_gghc13&YFJ-ki_dljhkdhibb ]mfmkh\uodbkehl
< jy^m ijh[e_f ihemq_gby dhebq_kl\_gghc kljmdlmjghc bgnhjfZpbb ba ki_dljh\ YFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl fh`gh \u^_eblv ljb hkgh\gu_ ]jmiiu khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZaebqguf klZ^byf ihemq_gby b h[jZ[hldb ki_dljZevguo ^Zgguo Dhjj_dlgh_ jZa^_e_gb_ ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ bgl_]jbjm_fu_ ^bZiZahgufbgbfbaZpbykemqZcguoih]j_rghkl_cijbbgl_]jbjh\Zgbb J_]bkljZpby ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ mkeh\byo h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo khhl\_lkl\b_ bgl_]jZevguo bgl_gkb\ghkl_c kb]gZeh\ jZaebqguo lbih\ y^_j \ YFJki_dlj_bokh^_j`Zgbx\h[jZap_ I_j_qbke_ggu_ ijh[e_fu oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey ki_dljhkdhibb YFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ ex[uo y^jZo [m^ml ih^jh[gh jZkkfhlj_gu gZ ijbf_j_ ki_dljhkdhibb 13K YFJ lZd dZd \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ hgb ijbh[j_lZxl gZb[hevrmxagZqbfhklv Ijh[e_fu \hagbdZxsb_ gZ klZ^bb h[jZ[hldb b ij_h[jZah\Zgby ki_dljh\. 6WHHOLQN @ FZeh_ agZq_gb_ hlghr_gby kb]gZermf ijb\h^bl k h^ghc klhjhgu d \hajZklZgbx kemqZcghc hrb[db bgl_]jbjh\Zgby k ^jm]hc- d kgb`_gbx lhqghklb mq_lZ bkdZ`_gbc [Zah\hc ebgbb hl\_lkl\_gguo aZ kbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ hldehg_gby >DmrgZj_\ 1997] Hq_\b^gh qlh ijb bgl_]jbjh\Zgbb rbjhdbo ^bZiZahgh\ i_j_dju\Zxsboky kb]gZeh\ \ ki_dlj_ ]mfmkh\uodbkehl\deZ^\lhjhchrb[dbagZqbl_evgh\ur_ <_ebqbgZ hlghr_gby kb]gZermf ^ey jZaebqguo h[eZkl_c ki_dljZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl dZd ijZ\beh khklZ\ey_l hl ^h >:LOVRQ 1987, Steelink, 1989] qlh \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ^Zggufb>DmrgZj_\ 1997] ijb\h^bl d l_hj_lbq_kdhc\_ebqbg_ih]j_rghklbbgl_]jbjh\Zgby-hlg Hrb[dZbgl_]jbjh\Zgbyk\yaZggZykbkdZ`_gb_f[Zah\hcebgbbaZ\bkbl h^gh\j_f_ggh hl hkh[_gghkl_c ki_dljhf_ljZ mkeh\bc wdki_jbf_glZ b bkke_^m_fh]h h[t_dlZ Lhqghklv __ mq_lZ aZ\bkbl hl \_ebqbgu rmfZ jZaf_jZ mqZkldh\ bgl_jiheypbb b ijZ\bevghklb \u[hjZ Ziijhdkbfbjmxs_c nmgdpbb ijb dhjj_dpbb [Zah\hc ebgbb [Sotak, 1983; Hoult, 1983; Pearson, 1977]. Dhjj_dpby ebg_cguo nZah\uo bkdZ`_gbc ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc \ kemqZ_

39 ki_dljh\ & YFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl g_h^ghagZqgmx hi_jZpbx \ k\yab k hlkmlkl\b_f \ ki_dlj_ \ujZ`_gguo bg^b\b^mZevguo kb]gZeh\ ehj_gp_\hc nhjfu >ZggZy ijhp_^mjZ \uihegy_lky hi_jZlhjhf \jmqgmx b fh`_l kem`blvbklhqgbdhfihke_^mxsbohrb[hdbgl_]jbjh\Zgby :gZeba bkihevam_fuo jZaebqgufb Z\lhjZfb mkeh\bc j_]bkljZpbb dhebq_kl\_gguo 13K YFJ ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl. IjbgpbibZevgZy \hafh`ghklv ihemq_gby dhjj_dlghc dhebq_kl\_gghc bgnhjfZpbb ba ki_dljh\ YFJ 13& fh`_l [ulv j_Zebah\ZgZ lhevdh \ mkeh\byo h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo ijhihjpbhgZevghklvki_dljZevguobgl_gkb\ghkl_ckb]gZeh\Zlhfh\m]e_jh^Z jZaebqguo lbih\ bo j_Zevguf kh^_j`Zgbx \ h[jZap_ >ey mklZgh\e_gby lZdbo mkeh\bc hij_^_eyxs__ agZq_gb_ bf__l bgnhjfZpby h j_eZdkZpbhgguo oZjZdl_jbklbd y^_j 13& ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [Steelink, @ Hkgh\gufb wnn_dlZfb \uau\Zxsbfb kbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ bkdZ`_gby bklbgguo dhebq_kl\_gguo khhlghr_gbc f_`^m bgl_gkb\ghklyfb kb]gZeh\ y\eyxlky gZkus_gb_ [Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994; Steelink, 1989; Ernst, 1971]by^_jgucwnn_dlH\_joZma_jZ[Skjemstad, 1983; Noggle, 1971]. GZkus_gb_ \hagbdZ_l \ kemqZ_ _keb wg_j]by ijbeZ]Z_fZy d kibgh\hc kbkl_f_ \ kj_^g_f ij_\urZ_l wg_j]bx jZkk_b\Z_fmx _c \ hdjm`Zxsmx kj_^m iml_f j_eZdkZpbb [Knight, 1967] F_jhc ih^Z\Z_fhc wg_j]bb \ bfimevkghc ki_dljhkdhibb YFJ kem`bl m]he ih\hjhlZ gZfZ]gbq_gghklb kibgh\hc kbkl_fu Z f_jhc wnn_dlb\ghklb kibg-j_r_lhqghc j_eZdkZpbb - oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdh_ \j_fy T1 wdkihg_gpbZevgh]h \hkklZgh\e_gby gZfZ]gbq_gghklbMz: (1.3) Mz = M0 (1 - exp(-t/T1)), ]^_t -\j_fy M0 -jZ\gh\_kgh_agZq_gb_gZfZ]gbq_gghklbkibgh\hckbkl_fu Ijb aZ^Zgghc hlghkbl_evghc ih]j_rghklb b m]e_ = \j_fy g_h[oh^bfhc j_eZdkZpbhgghc aZ^_j`db (Td ^he`gh m^h\e_l\hjylv mkeh\bx [DmrgZj_\]: (1.4) Td ln(100/||)T1 Hq_\b^ghqlh\kemqZ_bkihevah\Zgbyg_^hklZlhqgh]h\j_f_gbaZ^_j`db kibgu y^_j Zlhfh\ m]e_jh^Z oZjZdl_jbamxsboky [he__ ^ebl_evghc j_eZdkZpb_c g_ mki_\Zxl \hkklZgh\blv i_j\hgZqZevgmx hjb_glZpbx b hlghkbl_evgZy bgl_gkb\ghklv bo kb]gZeh\ \ ki_dlj_ [m^_l aZgb`_gZ [Steelink, 1989] >ey ihemq_gby dhebq_kl\_gguo ki_dljh\ j_dhf_g^m_lky bkihevah\Zlv Tdg_f_g__71. Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh dhjj_dlgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ \j_f_gb j_eZdkZpbb jZaebqguo lbih\ y^_j \ ij_iZjZlZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ljm^gmx wdki_jbf_glZevgmx aZ^Zqm ih ijbqbg_ agZqbl_evgh]h i_j_dju\Zgby kb]gZeh\ < k\yab k wlbf k lhqdb aj_gby ihbkdZ wdki_jbf_glZevguo mkeh\bc
13

40 dhebq_kl\_ggh]h hij_^_e_gby y^_j & [he__ dhjj_dlgh ]h\hjblv ebrv h[ hp_gd_ hlghkbl_evguo kdhjhkl_c j_eZdkZpbb y^_j>Skjemstad, 1983; Steelink, 1989; Conte, 1997; Wilson, 1983b]. )UHHPDQ @ \ dZq_kl\_ dhlhjh]h h[uqgh bkihevamxl Zp_lbeZp_lhgZlu ojhfZ beb `_e_aZ >/HY\ ] LZdhc f_lh^ rbjhdh ijbf_gyxl ^ey ZgZebaZ g_nl_c b g_nl_ijh^mdlh\ qlh iha\hey_l gZ g_kdhevdh ihjy^dh\ kgbablv T1 ^ey gZb[he__ f_^e_ggh j_eZdkbjmxsbo y^_j q_l\_jlbqguo Zlhfh\ m]e_jh^Z [Shoolery, 1977] H^gZdh \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo ijbf_g_gb_ Zp_lbeZp_lhgZlh\ g_\hafh`gh Z bkihevah\Zgb_ \f_klh gbo k\h[h^guo khe_c i_j_oh^guo f_lZeeh\ \uau\Z_l h[jZah\Zgb_ g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlh\ \ke_^kl\b_ ki_pbnbq_kdh]h dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby]mfmkh\uodbkehlkbhgZfbf_lZeeh\6FKQLW]HU 1986;+XPLFVXEVWDQFHVLQWKH 6XZDQQHH ULYHU @EhdZebaZpbywlbop_gljh\ \[ebabgZb[he__f_^e_gghj_eZdkbjmxsboy^_j13&hdZau\Z_lgb\_ebjmxs__ \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ j_eZdkZpbhggu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb jZaebqguo lbih\ y^_j 13K \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo [Schnitzer, 1986] Djhf_ lh]h T1 ^ey \k_o lbih\ y^_j \ kljmdlmj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl kgb`Z_lky ba-aZ gbadhc ih^\b`ghklb fZdjhfhe_dme wlbo kh_^bg_gbc Wlb nZdlhju ^_eZxl \hafh`guf ihemq_gb_ dhebq_kl\_gguo ki_dljh\ 13K YFJ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [_a ^h[Z\hd j_eZdkZglZ Ijb wlhf hij_^_eyxsbf nZdlhjhf \ebyxsbf gZ dhebq_kl\_gghklv ihemqZ_fuo^ZgguohklZ_lky\j_fyaZ^_j`dbf_`^mbfimevkZfbKms_kl\m_l jy^jZ[hlihk\ys_gguobkke_^h\Zgbx^Zgghcijh[e_fu LZd \ jZ[hl_ >1HZPDQ @ [ueh \uiheg_gh bkke_^h\Zgb_ \ebygby Ld \bgl_j\Ze_-5 kgZki_dljZevgu_bgl_gkb\ghklbhkgh\guo^bZiZahgh\13K YFJ ki_dljZ =D ihq\ ihemq_ggh]h ijb bkihevah\Zgbb њ bfimevkZ Kh]eZkgh ihemq_gguf ^Zgguf ^ey ihemq_gby dhebq_kl\_gguo ki_dljh\ \_ebqbgZLd^he`gZ[ulvg_gb`_k
13

41 hlh[s_c bgl_gkb\ghklb 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.5 \j_fyaZ^_j`dbk_d 1 1.5 2

KAlk KAlk-O KAr CKOOH

Jbk 1.3. 3UHVWRQ@. Kh]eZkgh ^Zgguf ihemq_gguf \ wlhc jZ[hl_ m\_ebq_gb_ \j_f_gb aZ^_j`db k\ur_ k g_ \uau\Zeh baf_g_gbc \ hlghkbl_evghc bgl_gkb\ghklb mdZaZgguo ki_dljZevguo ^bZiZahgh\ :gZeh]bqgu_ ^Zggu_ [ueb ihemq_gu \ jZ[hl_[Schnitzer, 1986]:\lhjuk^_eZeb\u\h^qlhbkihevah\Zgb_Td = 0.5-1c iha\hey_lihemqZlvdhebq_kl\_ggu_13KYFJki_dlju]mfmkh\uodbkehlIjb wlhf ih^q_jdb\Zehkv qlh ^Zevg_cr__ m\_ebq_gb_ \j_f_gb aZ^_j`db g_\u]h^gh lZd dZd ijb wlhf \hajZklZxl \j_f_ggu_ aZljZlu gZ j_]bkljZpbx ki_dljh\ Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ki_dlju k fZdkbfZevghc aZ^_j`dhc ihemq_ggu_ \ i_j_qbke_gguo jZ[hlZo bf_eb djZcg_ g_\ukhdh_ dZq_kl\h Wlhl nZdl g_ iha\hey_l h^ghagZqgh hp_gblv ^hklh\_jghklv k^_eZgguo aZdexq_gbc b [_ah]h\hjhqghijbgylvj_dhf_g^ZpbbZ\lhjh\ GZb[he__ ih^jh[gh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ \ebygby j_eZdkZpbhgghc aZ^_j`db gZ bgl_]jZevgu_ bgl_gkb\ghklb jZaebqguo h[eZkl_c ki_dljZ [ueh \uiheg_gh \ jZ[hl_ [+XPLF VXEVWDQFHV LQ WKH 6XZDQQHH ULYHU @ :\lhjZfb [ueb ihemq_gu ki_dlju jZkl\hjh\ ij_iZjZlh\ =D b ND j_qguo \h^ \ 12K >FKH \ bgl_j\Ze_ Td hl ^h k ijb bkihevah\Zgbbњ bfimevkZ Ihemq_ggu_ ^Zggu_ iha\hebeb hp_gblv \_ebqbgm T1 ^ey jZaebqguo lbih\ m]e_jh^Z \ h[hboij_iZjZlZolZ[e 1.8).

42 LZ[ebpZ 1.8 +XPLFVXEVWDQFHVLQWKH6XZDQQHHULYHU]
13

K=O ND =D 1.4T11.8 T11.4

COOH 1.4T11.8 0.7T11.8

Ar 0.7T11.4 0.7T11.4

Alk-O 0.2T10.4 T10.4

Alk 0.1T10.2 T10.2

:\lhju j_dhf_g^h\Zeb ^ey ihemq_gby dhebq_kl\_gguo 13K YFJ ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl bkihevah\Zlv Td ihjy^dZ k H^gZdh ^Zggu_ h kdhjhklb j_eZdkZpbb ihemq_ggu_ ^ey jZkl\hjh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ >FKH \jy^ eb dhjj_dlgh i_j_ghkblv gZ \h^gu_ jZkl\hju H^ghc ba ijbqbg hkeh`gyxsbo ijbf_g_gb_ \ur_baeh`_gghc bgnhjfZpbb fh`_l [ulv jZaebqgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ iZjZfZ]gblguo p_gljh\ \ jZkl\hjZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \\h^_bhj]Zgbq_kdbojZkl\hjbl_eyo>3UHVWRQ]. K_jv_agZy ijh[e_fZ \hagbdZxsZy ijb bgl_jij_lZpbb ih^h[gh]h jh^Z ^Zgguo k\yaZgZ k njZ]f_glghc g_h^ghjh^ghklvx bkke_^m_fuo h[eZkl_c ki_dljZ < jZ[hl_ [Skjemstad, 1983] [ue ijh\_^_g ZgZeba baf_g_gby \ukhlu 12-lb gZb[he__ bgl_gkb\guo ibdh\ \ ki_dlj_ =D ihq\ ijb m\_ebq_gbb \j_f_gb aZ^_j`db hl ^h k Ijb wlhf [ueh ihdZaZgh qlh kb]gZeu \ ij_^_eZo h^ghc ki_dljZevghc h[eZklb bf_xl agZqbl_evgh jZaebqZxsb_ky kdhjhklbj_eZdkZpbb

QZklhlZbkihevah\Zgby

\j_fy aZ^_j`dbk !

Jbk 1.4. KlZlbklbdZ bkihevah\Zgby jZaebqguo \j_f_g \ 13K YFJ ]mfmkh\uodbkehlaZ^_j`db\jZ[hlZo-]]. LZdbf h[jZahf \ gZklhysbc fhf_gl g_ kms_kl\m_l _^bgh]h fg_gby hlghkbl_evgh \_ebqbgu hilbfZevgh]h \j_f_gb aZ^_j`db f_`^m bfimevkZfb iha\heyxs_]h ihemqZlv dhebq_kl\_ggu_ ki_dlju 13K YFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k \ukhdbf khhlghr_gb_f kb]gZermf ijb jZamfguo aZljZlZo \j_f_gb gZ

43 j_]bkljZpbxki_dljZZbkihevam_fucjZaebqgufbbkke_^h\Zl_eyfb^bZiZahg \j_f_gj_eZdkZpbhgghcaZ^_j`dbdjZcg_rbjhdjbk 1.4). DZd \b^gh ba ^Zggh]h jbkmgdZ ih^Z\eyxs__ [hevrbgkl\h bkke_^h\Zl_e_cbkihevah\Zeb\j_f_gZaZ^_j`db kbf_g__IjbwlhfZ\lhju dZd ijZ\beh kkueZxlky gZ ihemq_ggu_ ^Zggu_ dZd gZ j_amevlZlu dhebq_kl\_ggh]h bkke_^h\Zgby qlh d ijbf_jm ^ey wdki_jbf_glh\ k Td<0.5 c. y\ey_lkykhfgbl_evguf\k\_l_\ur_baeh`_gguoj_amevlZlh\ GZb[he__ \Z`guc ^ey dhebq_kl\_ggh]h ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl kemqZc ijhy\e_gby y^_jgh]h wnn_dlZ H\_joZma_jZ - j_]bkljZpby ki_dljh\ YFJ13&\mkeh\byoiheghcjZa\yadbhlijhlhgh\>1RJJOH]. <_ebqbgZ nZdlhjZ YWH ^ey y^_j m]e_jh^Z fh`_l ^hklb]Zlv fZdkbfZevgh]h agZq_gby _keb ^hfbgbjmxsbc \deZ^ \ kibgj_r_lhqgmx j_eZdkZpbx \ghkbl ^bihev-^bihevguc f_oZgbaf >5LFFD 1993]. ;eZ]h^Zjy ijbkmlkl\bx \ fhe_dmeZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl iZjZfZ]gblguo p_gljh\ h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo wnn_dlb\guc we_dljhggh-y^_jguc f_oZgbaf j_eZdkZpbb wlZ \_ebqbgZ \ kemqZ_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ^he`gZ [ulv kms_kl\_gghgb`_ Hp_gdZ \_ebqbgu nZdlhjZ YWH ^ey =D b ND ihq\ [ueZ ijh\_^_gZ \ jZ[hl_ [3UHVWRQ @ Kh]eZkgh ihemq_gguf ^Zgguf \_ebqbgZ nZdlhjZ YWH ^ey jZaebqguo lbih\ y^_j 13K \ kljmdlmj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl g_ ij_\urZ_l IjbwlhfnZdlhjYWHmf_gvrZ_lky\jy^mZebnZlbq_kdb_-dZj[h]b^jZlgu_- ZjhfZlbq_kdb_ - dZj[hdkbevgu_ Zlhfu 13K :gZeh]bqgZy aZdhghf_jghklv h[gZjm`_gZ \ jZ[hl_ [Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994], \uiheg_gghc^ey=DbNDj_qguo\h^lZ[e 1.9). LZ[ebpZ 1.9 NZdlhjuYWH^eyjZaebqguoh[eZkl_cki_dljZ]mfmkh\uodbkehl j_qguo\h^[Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994] Ki_dljZevgZy h[eZklvf^ ND =D 220-180 0.2 0.11 180-160 0.35 0.14 160-90 0.31 0.19 90-60 0.67 0.48 60-0 0.9 0.66

>ey mkljZg_gby y^_jgh]h wnn_dlZ H\_joZma_jZ rbjhdh bkihevam_fuf ijb_fhf y\ey_lky \udexq_gb_ rmfh\hc jZa\yadb hl ijhlhgh\ gZ i_jbh^ j_eZdkZpbhgghc aZ^_j`db >+XPLF VXEVWDQFHV LQ WKH 6XZDQQHH ULYHU ; Steelink, 1989]MdZaZghqlhijbwlhfy^_jgucwnn_dlH\_joZma_jZkgbfZ_lky iheghklvx Kms_kl\m_l f_lh^ dhebq_kl\_ggh]h ZgZebaZ [_a khojZg_gby bklbgguo khhlghr_gbc bgl_gkb\ghkl_c \ ki_dlj_ - f_lh^ \_kh\uo nZdlhjh\

44 ij_^mkfZljb\Zxsbc dZeb[jh\dm kb]gZeh\ ih h[jZapZf ba\_klghc dhgp_gljZpbb>DmrgZj_\@Wlhlf_lh^wdkij_kk_gihkdhevdmg_lj_[m_l ih^Z\e_gby y^_jgh]h wnn_dlZ H\_joZma_jZ b iha\hey_l bkihevah\Zlv hilbfZevgh_khhlghr_gb_f_`^mm]ehfb\j_f_g_fih\lhj_gbybfimevkh\ Kms_kl\mxl jZ[hlu h[hkgh\u\Zxsb_ ijbf_g_gb_ f_lh^Z \_kh\uo nZdlhjh\ ^ey ZgZebaZ g_nl_ijh^mdlh\ [Kfbjgh\ ] H^gZdh ijbf_g_gb_ ^Zggh]h f_lh^Z ^ey ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ij_^klZ\ey_lky gZ gZklhysbc fhf_gl g_jZaj_rbfhc aZ^Zq_c \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v k lhqdb aj_gby \u[hjZ Z^_d\Zlguo dZeb[jh\hqguoklZg^Zjlh\ L\_j^hnZagZyki_dljhkdhiby13KYFJ]mfmkh\uodbkehl. Zgguc nZdlhj ijb\h^bl d _s_ [he__ agZqbl_evghfm i_j_dju\Zgbx ki_dljZevguo h[eZkl_c qlh m\_ebqb\Z_l ih]j_rghklv aZ kq_l jZa[b_gby ki_dljZgZbgl_]jbjm_fu_^bZiZahgu Kms_kl\_gguf g_^hklZldhf l\_j^hnZaghc ki_dljhkdhibb 13& YFJ kqblZ_lky lh qlh \ ^ey wlh]h f_lh^Z \ukhdZ ^hey g_ijhy\eyxsboky \ ki_dlj_ y^_j m]e_jh^Z Ih g_dhlhjuf hp_gdZf dhebq_kl\h g_\b^bfuo y^_j fh`_l ^hklb]Zlv-h[s_]hkh^_j`Zgbym]e_jh^Z\kljmdlmj_]mfmkh\uodbkehl [Ricca, 1993, Kinchesh, 1995] qlh \uau\Z_l h[hkgh\Zggu_ khfg_gby \ Z^_d\ZlghklbihemqZ_fhckljmdlmjghcbgnhjfZpbb>%H\HU]. Ihfbfh wlh]h ijb j_]bkljZpbb CPMAS ki_dljh\ fh`_l \hagbdZlv agZqbl_evgZy g_ijhihjpbhgZevghklv bgl_gkb\ghkl_c ]jmii kb]gZeh\ kh^_j`Zgbx khhl\_lkl\mxsbo Zlhfh\ m]e_jh^Z \ h[jZap_ IjbqbgZfb wlh]h ^ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl fh]ml y\eylvky g_[eZ]hijbylgu_ khhlghr_gby \j_f_g oZjZdl_jbamxsbo kdhjhklb djhkk-iheyjbaZpbb LKG b kibg-j_r_lhqghc j_eZdkZpbb ijhlhgh\ T1H Z lZd`_ ijbkmlkl\b_ iZjZfZ]gblguo p_gljh\ b hkh[_gghklbfhe_dmeyjgh]h^\b`_gby>+XPLFVXEVWDQFHVLQWKH6XZDQQHHULYHU 1994] < kemqZ_ _keb dZ`^Zy bgl_gkb\gZy ihehkZ \ CPMAS ki_dlj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl oZjZdl_jbam_lky hlebqguf hl hklZevguo hilbfZevguf \j_f_g_f djhkk-iheyjbaZpbhggh]h bfimevkZ lh ihemq_gb_ dhebq_kl\_ggh]h

45 ki_dljZ fh`_l hdZaZlvky g_hkms_kl\bfuf [Steelink, 1997; Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994]. Ohly rbjhdh bkihevam_fu_ iZjZf_lju j_]bkljZpbb CPMAS ki_dljh\ hkgh\Zggu_ gZ \j_f_gb dhglZdlZ fk b j_eZdkZpbhgghc aZ^_j`d_ k iha\heyxl ihemqZlv dhebq_kl\_ggu_ 13K YFJ ki_dlju [hevrbgkl\Z ijhkluo hj]Zgbq_kdbo fhe_dme \hijhk h \hafh`ghklb ihemq_gby \ wlbo mkeh\byo dhebq_kl\_gguoki_dljh\]mfmkh\uodbkehlhklZ_lkyij_^f_lhf^bkdmkkbb< jy^_ jZ[hl [Wilson, 1983c; Hatcher, 1987; Frund, 1989] ml\_j`^Zehkv qlh \ wlbo mkeh\byo ihemq_gu dhebq_kl\_ggu_ CPMAS ki_dlju eb]gbgZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihq\ b fhjkdbo k_^bf_glh\ H^gZdh \jZ[hl_>&RQWH 1997] mdZau\Z_lky qlh hilbfZevgh_ \j_fy dhglZdlZ g_h[oh^bfh ih^[bjZlv bg^b\b^mZevgh ^ey dZ`^h]h ij_iZjZlZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb wlhf hgh dZd ijZ\behgb`_ fk G_kdhevdbfb ]jmiiZfb bkke_^h\Zl_e_c him[ebdh\Zgu ^Zggu_ ^hdZau\Zxsb_ qlh hij_^_ey_fh_ ba CPMAS ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl kh^_j`Zgb_ ZjhfZlbq_kdbo y^_j 13K h[uqgh gb`_ lZdh\h]h ba ki_dljh\ jZkl\hjh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [Preston, 1985; Newman, 1980; Schnitzer, 1986; Earl, 1987] Ijb wlhf kh^_j`Zgb_ ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ hij_^_e_ggh_ baKJF:Ski_dljZ\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byofh`_l[ulvgb`_ihemq_ggh]hba ki_dljZ jZkl\hjZ wlh]h ij_iZjZlZ k ^ebl_evghc j_eZdkZpbhgghc aZ^_j`dhc gZ b[he__[Humic substances in the Suwannee river, 1994;&RQWH@LZdbf h[jZahf dhebq_kl\_gghklv fgh]hqbke_gguo ^Zgguo ihemq_gguo f_lh^hf CPMAS\uau\Z_lk_jv_agu_khfg_gby < jZ[hl_ >&RQWH k] [ueZ \ukdZaZgZ ijhlb\hiheh`gZy ]bihl_aZ h[tykgyxsZy ihemqZ_fmx ^bkijhihjpbx aZgb`_gb_f j_amevlZlh\ hij_^_e_gby ZebnZlbq_kdh]h m]e_jh^Z ijb j_]bkljZpbb ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ jZkl\hj_ =bihl_aZ ij_^iheZ]Z_l kms_kl\h\Zgb_ \ kljmdlmj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [hevrbo m]e_\h^hjh^guo jZ^bdZeh\ dhlhju_ \ s_ehqghf jZkl\hj_ hdZau\Zxlky \gmljb fbp_ee ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ k\yab k dhgnhjfZpbhggufb baf_g_gbyfb b fh]ml [ulvwdjZgbjh\Zgu hl baemq_gby ]b^jhnbevghc qZklvx fhe_dme H^gZdh k lhqdb aj_gby l_hjbb YFJ lZdh_ h[tykg_gb_ij_^klZ\ey_lkydjZcg_g_m[_^bl_evguf LZdbf h[jZahf j_amevlZlu ki_dljhkdhibb 13& jZkl\hjh\ iha\heyxl ihemqZlv [he__ ihegmx b dhjj_dlgmx kljmdlmjgmx bgnhjfZpbx dZd \ dZq_kl\_gghf lZdb\dhebq_kl\_gghf Zki_dlZo

46

1.5 Ki_dljhkdhibyIFJ]mfmkh\uodbkehl
AZ^ZqZ kljmdlmjgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl f_lh^hf IFJ ki_dljhkdhibb lZd`_ dZd b \ kemqZ_ ki_dljhkdhibb 13K YFJ k\h^blky d \u^_e_gbx ]jmii kb]gZeh\ ih \hafh`ghklb hlghkysboky d ZlhfZf \h^hjh^Z koh^gh]h kljmdlmjgh]h lbiZ b bo dhebq_kl\_gghfm ZgZebam [Steelink, 1997, Skjemstad, 1993] H^gZdh ki_dljhkdhiby IFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl bf__l jy^ ki_pbnbq_kdboijh[e_f\qbke_dhlhjuofh`gh\u^_eblvke_^mxsb_ - kbevgZy aZ\bkbfhklv kb]gZeh\ ijhlhgh\ nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii hl jZkl\hjbl_eybmkeh\bcgZebqbyhlkmlkl\byijhlhggh]hh[f_gZ - ijbkmlkl\b_ \ ki_dljZo IFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl kb]gZeh\ hklZlhqguo ijhlhgh\ jZkl\hjbl_ey i_j_dju\Zxsboky k fZehbgl_gkb\gufb kb]gZeZfb ijhlhgh\]mfmkh\uodbkehl

Jbk 1.5. Ki_dljIFJ=Dihq\JZkl\hjbl_ev F NaOD/D2O. H[uqgh jZkl\hjbl_e_f \ ki_dljhkdhibb IFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl y\ey_lky F NaOD/D22 Ba hj]Zgbq_kdbo jZkl\hjbl_e_c ^ey g_fh^bnbpbjh\Zgguo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hibkZgh bkihevah\Zgb_ >FKH-d6, >FN:-d7 b f_lZgheZ-d4 [5XJJLHUR Z@ H[sbc \b^ ki_dljh\ \ 1D2''2O ijb\_^_ggZjbk 1.5.

47 dhlhjuo \ ki_dlj_ fh`_l baf_gylvky \ rbjhdbo ij_^_eZo < k\yab k wlbf lZdb_ijhlhguqZklhgZau\Zxlih^\b`gufb < ki_dljZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ[ex^Zxlky ^\_ ohjhrh jZaj_r_ggu_ ]jmiiu kb]gZeh\ K-G ijhlhgh\ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ZebnZlbq_kdbf- f^ b ZjhfZlbq_kdbf - f^ ijhlhgZf ijb wlhf bgl_gkb\ghklv kb]gZeh\ ihke_^gbo agZqbl_evgh gb`_ < ZebnZlbq_kdhc h[eZklb ki_dljZ h[uqgh \u^_eyxl ^bZiZahg obfbq_kdbo k^\b]h\ ijhlhgh\ 2-aZf_s_gguo ZebnZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ [hevrZy qZklv dhlhjuo hlghkblky d dZj[h]b^jZlguf kljmdlmjZf 3-5 f^ ^Ze__ dZj[h]b^jZlgu_ ijhlhgu b ijhlhgh\ g_aZf_s_gguo ZebnZlbq_kdbo kljmdlmj ^Ze__ ZebnZlbq_kdb_ ijhlhguijb-f^ < \h^guo jZkl\hjZo ijhbkoh^bl [ukljuc \ rdZe_ \j_f_gb YFJ h[f_g ih^\b`guo ijhlhgh\ k ^_cl_jb_f \h^u \k_ bo kb]gZeu keb\Zxlky k ibdhf +'2 hdheh f^ < k\yab k wlbf g_\hafh`gh g_ lhevdh jZa^_evgh_ gh b kmffZjgh_ bo hij_^_e_gb_ >+XPLF VXEVWDQFHV LQ WKH 6XZDQQHH ULYHU ]. IhwlhfmZ\lhjuhij_^_eyxllhevdhjZkij_^_e_gb_K-Gijhlhgh\\fhe_dmeZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Bf_xsb_ky ^Zggu_ ^ey ij_iZjZlh\ jZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gbyh[h[s_gu\lZ[e 1.10. LZ[ebpZ 1.10 JZkij_^_e_gb_kd_e_lguoijhlhgh\\kljmdlmj_]mfmkh\uodbkehl jZaebqgh]hijhbkoh`^_gby KAr-H/CAlk-H NDihq\ =Dihq\ =DlhjnZ =NDj_qguo\h^ =ND]jmglh\uo\h^ =NDfhjkdbo\h^ 0.15 0.30 0.25 0.09 0.14 0.02 + + + + + + 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.01 CHn-O/CHn 0.42+0.25 1.02+0.39 g^ 0.77+0.27 0.34+0.22 g^

DZd \b^gh ba lZ[e. 1.10 ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu jZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby oZjZdl_jbamxlky hlebqZxsbfky jZkij_^_e_gb_f \h^hjh^Z k\yaZggh]h k m]e_jh^guf kd_e_lhffhe_dme < k\yabkwlbflZdb_khhlghr_gbyfh]ml[ulv bkihevah\Zgu ^ey b^_glbnbdZpbb ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZjy^m k ^jm]bfb iZjZf_ljZfb LZd =D ihq\ b lhjnZ oZjZdl_jbamxlky [he__ \ukhdbfb agZq_gbyfb khhlghr_gby KAr-H/CAlk-H Z =ND fhjkdbo \h^ ijZdlbq_kdbg_kh^_j`ZlZjhfZlbq_kdboijhlhgh\ Ijbf_g_gb_ Zijhlhgguo hj]Zgbq_kdbo jZkl\hjbl_e_c iha\hey_l gZ[ex^Zlv \ ki_dlj_ ]jmiiu kb]gZeh\ ijhlhgh\ hkgh\guo nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii]mfmkh\uodbkehlLZd\jZkl\hj_\kmohf>FKH-d6,ijhlhgguch[f_g

48 ijhl_dZ_l f_^e_ggh \ rdZe_ \j_f_gb YFJ ^Z\Zy \hafh`ghklv gZ[ex^Zlv jZa^_e_ggu_ ibdb ijhlhgh\ dZj[hdkbevguo ]jmii-10.5 f^ n_ghevguo (10.5- f^ b kibjlh\uo-5 f^ ]b^jhdkbeh\ >5XJJLHUR b] H^gZdh \ wlhfkemqZ_rbjhdb_ibdbijhlhgh\nmgdpbhgZevguo]jmiii_j_dju\Zxlkyk kb]gZeZfb kd_e_lguo K-G ijhlhgh\ g_ iha\heyy ijh\h^blv bo jZa^_evgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ LZd ibd kibjlh\uo HG-ijhlhgh\ gZdeZ^u\Z_lky gZ kb]gZeu ДdZj[h]b^jZlguo&+n-2 Z kb]gZe n_ghevguo HG-ijhlhgh\ aZdju\Z_l qZklv h[eZklb ZjhfZlbq_kdbo Wlh g_ iha\hey_l ijh\h^blv jZa^_evgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ ijhlhgh\m]e_jh^gh]hkd_e_lZbnmgdpbhgZevguo]jmii\^Zgguoh[eZklyo Iheh`_gb_ kb]gZeh\ ih^\b`guo ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ ki_dlj_ IFJ djZcg_ qm\kl\bl_evgh d ijbkmlkl\bx ^Z`_ ke_^h\uo dhebq_kl\ \h^u \ke_^kl\b_ __ dZlZeblbq_kdh]h ^_ckl\by gZ ijhp_kku ijhlhggh]h h[f_gZ >5XJJLHUR F@ M\_ebq_gb_ dhebq_kl\Z \h^u \ h[jZap_ ijb\h^bl d mrbj_gbxbk[eb`_gbxkb]gZeh\ijhlhgh\nmgdpbhgZevguo]jmii\iehlv^h ihegh]h bo kebygby H[uqgh \ ki_dljZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ hj]Zgbq_kdbo jZkl\hjbl_eyo gZ[ex^Z_lky rbjhdbc ibd ih^\b`guo ijhlhgh\ ijb-8.5 f^Qm\kl\bl_evghklvdijbkmlkl\bx\h^uy\ey_lkydjZcg_g_[eZ]hijbylguf nZdlhjhf ^ey ki_dljhkdhibb IFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ k\yab k mihfbgZ\r_cky \ur_ \ukhdhc ]b]jhkdhibqghklvx wlbo kh_^bg_gbc Ijb wlhf obfbq_kdbc k^\b] j_amevlbjmxs_]h kb]gZeZ ih^\b`guo ijhlhgh\ hij_^_ey_lky khhlghr_gb_f dhebq_kl\Z ijhlhgh\ nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii b \h^u>5XJJLHURb]: = G2H G2H +(COOH COOH)i +(ArOH ArOH)i +(ROH ROH)i (1.5), ]^_ b - ^hey b obfbq_kdbc k^\b] ih^\b`guo ijhlhgh\ k jZaebqguf obfbq_kdbfhdjm`_gb_f < jZ[hl_ [Ruggiero, 1978] \uau\Zeb kf_s_gb_ kb]gZeh\ ih^\b`guo ijhlhgh\ b \h^u \ keZ[h_ ihe_ ^h[Z\eyy d jZkl\hjm ND \ >FKH-d6 ^_cl_jhljbnlhjmdkmkgmx dbkehlm DbkehlZ ZgZeh]bqgh \h^_ mkdhjy_l ijhlhgguc h[f_g ijb wlhf iheh`_gb_ j_amevlbjmxs_]h kb]gZeZ ijb ba[uld_ dbkehlu kf_s_gh \ keZ[h_ ihe_ :gZeh]bqguc wnn_dl ^Z_l ijbf_g_gb_ '&O [:HUVKDZ @ :\lhju h[_bo jZ[hl bkihevah\Zeb ^h[Z\e_gb_ dbkehlu ^ey m^Ze_gby bgl_gkb\gh]h kb]gZeZ \h^u ba dZj[h]b^jZlghch[eZklbki_dljZ]mfmkh\uodbkehl < gZklhys__ \j_fy gZb[he__ gZ^_`guf kihkh[hf m^Ze_gby kb]gZeh\ ih^\b`guo ijhlhgh\ b \h^u ba ki_dljh\ IFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ hj]Zgbq_kdbojZkl\hjbl_eyokqblZ_lkyij_^\Zjbl_evguch[f_gwlboijhlhgh\ gZ ^_cl_jbc ijb ij_^\Zjbl_evghf jZkl\hj_gbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \'22 k ihke_^mxsbf\ukmrb\Zgb_f>5XJJLHUR; Wershaw, 1985].

49 LZdbf h[jZahf g_kfhljy gZ lh qlh ^ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hibkZg jy^ f_lh^h\ m^Ze_gby kb]gZeh\ \h^hjh^Z nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii ba ki_dljZ f_lh^Zbodhebq_kl\_ggh]hhij_^_e_gbygZk_]h^gyrgbc^_gvg_kms_kl\m_l < jZ[hlZo [DmrgZj_\ 1997; Kanitskaya, 1996a; Kanitskaya, 1996b] [ueh \uiheg_gh hij_^_e_gb_ dhebq_kl\ KHHG- b n_ghevguo HG-]jmii \ ijh^mdlZo ]b^jhebaZ eb]gbgh\ hkgh\Zggh_ gZ khihklZ\e_gbb bo IFJ ki_dljh\ \ ]_dkZf_lbenhknhjljbZfb^_-d18 =FN: b ^_cl_jhoehjhnhjf_ Kh]eZkgh ijb\h^bfuf ^Zgguf bkihevah\Zgb_ =FN: \ dZq_kl\_ jZkl\hjbl_ey iha\hey_l jZa^_eblv kb]gZeu n_ghevguo ]b^jhdkbeh\ b ZjhfZlbq_kdbo ijhlhgh\ \ ki_dljZo ]b^jhebaZlh\ eb]gbgZ H^gZdh ^Zgguc f_lh^ g_ fh`_l [ulv \ijyfmx ijbf_g_g d ZgZebam ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ k\yab k g_jZkl\hjbfhklvx ihke_^gbo \ oehjhnhjf_ b h]jZgbq_gghc jZkl\hjbfhklvx\=FN: FKH-d6 ibd hklZlhqguo ijhlhgh\ jZkl\hjbl_ey aZdju\Z_l qZklv kb]gZeh\ ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Ibd hklZlhqguo ijhlhgh\ >FKH gZdeZ^u\Z_lky gZ kb]gZeu ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ ZebnZlbq_kdhc h[eZklb ki_dljZ Z rbjhdbc kb]gZe +'2 \ 1D2''22 ki_dlj_ aZdju\Z_l g_dhlhjmx qZklv kb]gZeh\ dZj[h]b^jZlguo ijhlhgh\ < k\yab k wlbf g_\hafh`gh dhebq_kl\_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_K-Gijhlhgh\mdZaZgguolbih\ Rbjhdhbkihevam_fufijb_fhf^eyj_r_gby^Zgghcijh[e_fuy\ey_lky ih^Z\e_gb_kb]gZeZ+'2\IFJki_dljZo]mfmkh\uodbkehl\1D2''22ijb ihfhsb h[emq_gby ^hihegbl_evguf madhihehkguf bfimevkhf gZ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c qZklhl_ Ijb wlhf djZcg_ \Z`gh lsZl_evgh ih^[bjZlv bgl_gkb\ghklv h[emq_gby lZd dZd ijb ba[ulhqghc fhsghklb bfimevkh\ \hagbdZxl agZqbl_evgu_ bkdZ`_gby [Zah\hc ebgbb Hkgh\guf g_^hklZldhf bkihevah\Zgby lZdhc f_lh^bdb y\ey_lky lh qlh \f_kl_ k kb]gZehf jZkl\hjbl_ey qZklbqgh ijhbkoh^bl ih^Z\e_gb_ kb]gZeh\ ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZoh^ysboky \[ebab qZklhlu h[emq_gby Ih ^Zgguf [Wilson, 1987, Steelink, 1987] g_^hhij_^_e_gb_ dZj[h]b^jZlguo ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijbih^Z\e_gbbibdZ+'2fh`_lkhklZ\eylv-hlgL_fg_f_g__^ZggZy f_lh^bdZ ihemqbeh rbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ijb j_]bkljZpbb ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ 1D2''22 < ki_dljZo IFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ >FKHd6 ih^Z\e_gb_ ibdZ jZkl\hjbl_ey g_ fh`_l [ulv j_dhf_g^h\Zgh \ k\yab k gZebqb_f ^hklZlhqgh bgl_gkb\guo kb]gZeh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ h[eZklb3 f^

50 Ba \ur_kdZaZggh]h ke_^m_l ijh[e_fZ hij_^_e_gby kmffZjghc bgl_]jZevghc bgl_gkb\ghklb ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl DZd m`_ mihfbgZehkv ijb j_]bkljZpbb ki_dljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo \ ki_dlj_ gZ[ex^Zxlky lhevdh kb]gZeu K-G ijhlhgh\ < k\yab k g_ba\_klghc h[s_c bgl_gkb\ghklvx kb]gZeh\ ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ ki_dlj_\hafh`ghhij_^_eylvlhevdhbohlghkbl_evgu_kh^_j`Zgby Kh\hdmighklv mdZaZgguo ijh[e_f y\ey_lky ijbqbghc lh]h qlh gZ gZklhysbc fhf_gl aZ^ZqZ dhebq_kl\_ggh]h hij_^_e_gby ijhlhgh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb ihfhsb ki_dljhkdhibb IFJ hklZ_lky g_j_r_gghc HgZ bkihevam_lky lhevdh ^ey hij_^_e_gby khhlghr_gbc dhebq_kl\Z ZjhfZlbq_kdbo dZj[h]b^jZlguo b ZebnZlbq_kdbo ijhlhgh\ ba ki_dljh\ \ NaOD/D22 LZdb_ ^Zggu_ ljm^gh khihklZ\bfu k j_amevlZlZfb ^jm]bo f_lh^h\ kljmdlmjgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl < j_amevlZl_ keh`behkvfg_gb_hgbadhcbgnhjfZlb\ghklb^Zggh]hf_lh^Zijbf_gbl_evgh d dhebq_kl\_gghfm bkke_^h\Zgbx kljmdlmju ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Hlkmlkl\b_ f_lh^Z dhebq_kl\_ggh]h hij_^_e_gby ihegh]h jZkij_^_e_gby \h^hjh^Z \ kljmdlmj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ua\Zeh ihl_jx bgl_j_kZ d ki_dljhkdhibb IFJ kj_^b bkke_^h\Zl_e_c wlbo \_s_kl\ b aZ ihke_^gb_ e_l ihy\eyebkv ebrv _^bgbqgu_jZ[hluihk\ys_ggu_wlhfm\hijhkm *** GZhkgh\ZgbbijhZgZebabjh\Zgguoebl_jZlmjguo^Zgguofh`ghk^_eZlv \u\h^ qlh g_kfhljy gZ rbjhdh_ ijbf_g_gb_ ki_dljhkdhibb YFJ ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby kljmdlmju ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \hijhkZf ihemq_gby dhebq_kl\_gghc bgnhjfZpbb m^_ey_lky g_^hklZlhqgh \gbfZgby dZd \ kemqZ_ ki_dljhkdhibb 13K YFJ lZd b IFJ < lh `_ \j_fy gZaj_eZ gZklhyl_evgZy g_h[oh^bfhklv ihemq_gby ^hklh\_jguo ^Zgguo ih kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\hfm khklZ\m]mfmkh\uodbkehl D hkgh\guf f_lh^bq_kdbf ijh[e_fZf hij_^_e_gby kljmdlmjgh]jmiih\h]h khklZ\Z ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl f_lh^Zfb ki_dljhkdhibb YFJ 13K b IFJ gZ fhf_gl ihklZgh\db gZklhysbo bkke_^h\Zgbc fh`gh hlg_klb \u[hj mkeh\bc j_]bkljZpbb dhebq_kl\_gguo ki_dljh\ 13K YFJ hij_^_e_gb_ ihegh]h jZkij_^_e_gby \h^hjh^Z \ fhe_dmeZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \dexqZxs_]h dZd kd_e_lgu_ ijhlhgu lZd bijhlhgu nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii ijb ihfhsb ki_dljhkdhibb IFJ jZajZ[hldm dhfie_dkgh]h kihkh[Z h[jZ[hldb ^Zgguo 13K YFJ b IFJ ^ey jZkq_lZ ^_lZevgh]h kljmdlmjgh]jmiih\h]hkhklZ\Z]mfmkh\uodbkehl >ey j_r_gby aZ^Zq deZkkbnbdZpbb b ijh]ghabjh\Zgby k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k bkihevah\Zgb_f 13K YFJ b IFJ ^_kdjbilhjh\ kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\h]h khklZ\Z g_h[oh^bfh [ueh kha^Zlv khhl\_lkl\mxsmx [Zam ^Zgguo ihemq_gguo k ihabpbc _^bguo f_lh^bq_kdbo ih^oh^h\ ^ey

51 ij_^klZ\bl_evghc \u[hjdb ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl jZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby b njZdpbhggh]h khklZ\Z MdZaZggu_ ijh[e_fu b hij_^_ebeb hkgh\gu_ gZijZ\e_gby bkke_^h\Zgby kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\h]h khklZ\Z f_lh^Zfbki_dljhkdhibbYFJ13KbIFJ\jZfdZoij_^klZ\e_gghcjZ[hlu

1.6 Fhe_dmeyjgh-fZkkh\uckhklZ\]mfmkh\uodbkehl
Fhe_dmeyjgZy fZkkZFF - nmg^Zf_glZevgZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ex[h]h obfbq_kdh]h \_s_kl\Z FF hij_^_ey_l jZkl\hjbfhklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl bo kihkh[ghklv d fb]jZpbb \ ijbjh^guo wdhkbkl_fZo \hafh`ghklv ih]ehs_gby fbdjhhj]ZgbafZfb b \ukrbfb jZkl_gbyfb >Hjeh\ ] < hlebqb_ hl ijhkluohj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\oZjZdl_jbamxsboky_^bgkl\_ggufagZq_gb_f FF ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu iheb^bki_jkgu lh _klv h[eZ^Zxl gZ[hjhf fhe_dmeyjguo fZkk Ihwlhfm bo oZjZdl_jbamxl fhe_dmeyjgh-fZkkh\uf jZkij_^_e_gb_fFFJ gZ hkgh\Zgbb dhlhjh]h jZkkqblu\Zxl kj_^gxx FF < aZ\bkbfhklb hl kihkh[Z mkj_^g_gby ihemqZxl ljb \b^Z kj_^gbo fhe_dmeyjguo fZkk kj_^g_qbkeh\mxMn kj_^g_\_kh\mxMw b kj_^gxx (Mz) [Swift, Hjeh\ 1992]. Kj_^g_qbkeh\Zy FF - mkj_^g_gb_ ih qbkem fhe_dme \ ihebf_j_ - jZkkqblu\Z_lkydZd
Mn =

n

i

M
i

i

n

(1.6)

]^_Qi -qbkehL-luofhe_dmekfhe_dmeyjghcfZkkhc0i. Kj_^g_\_kh\Zy FF - mkj_^g_gb_ ih fZkk_ fhe_dme \ ihebf_j_ - fh`_l [ulvjZkkqblZgZ\khhl\_lkl\bbkhke_^mxs_cnhjfmehc
Mw =

ni M ni M ni M ni M

2 i i

(1.7)

Kj_^gyyFF\ujZ`Z_lkymjZ\g_gb_f
Mz =

3 i 2 i

(1.8)

?keb \ fhgh^bki_jkguo kbkl_fZo \k_ kihkh[u mkj_^g_gby ijb\h^yl d ihemq_gbx h^ghc b lhc `_ \_ebqbgu fhe_dmeyjghc fZkku lh \ iheb^bki_jkguokbkl_fZo\uihegy_lkykhhlghr_gb_ Mz > Mw > Mn, ijb wlhf hlghr_gb_ Mw/Mn bkihevam_lky dZd ihdZaZl_ev kl_i_gb iheb^bki_jkghklb >ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZb[he__ qZklh bkihevamxl bo kj_^g_\_kh\mx fhe_dmeyjgmx fZkkm [Hjeh\ 1992; Swift, 1989].

52 wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ f_lh^u hij_^_e_gby FF ebrv h]jZgbq_ggh ijbf_gbfu ^ey ZgZebaZ ^Zgguo kh_^bg_gbc LZd f_lh^u hij_^_e_gby FF hkgh\Zggu_ gZ baf_j_gbb dheeb]Zlb\guo k\hckl\ ihebf_jZ hkfhf_ljby djbhkdhiby w[mebhkdhiby qj_a\uqZcgh qm\kl\bl_evgu d ijbkmlkl\bx gbadhfhe_dmeyjguo ijbf_k_c \ ZgZebabjm_fhf h[jZap_ Ihwlhfm bo ijbf_g_gb_ ^ey ZgZebaZ ij_iZjZlh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl dhlhju_ ijZdlbq_kdb \k_]^Z kh^_j`Zl gbadhfhe_dmeyjgu_ ahevgu_ dhfihg_glu fh`_l ijb\h^blv d kms_kl\_gghfm aZgb`_gbx FF Mn) [Aiken and Gillam, 1989]. Bkihevah\Zgb_ f_lh^Z kdhjhklghc k_^bf_glZpbb gZijhlb\ ijb\h^bl d aZ\ur_gguf agZq_gbyf FF Mz) [Swift, 1989] GZ hij_^_ey_fu_ f_lh^hf mevljZnbevljZpbb \_ebqbgu FF Mw [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ hdZau\Z_l \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k f_f[jZgZfb [De Nobili et al., 1989] Ijb wlhfke_^m_lhlf_lblvqlh\k_mdZaZggu_f_lh^uiha\heyxlhij_^_eylveb[h kj_^gxx FF iheb^bki_jkgh]h h[jZapZ eb[h jZkij_^_e_gb_ fZkku \_s_kl\Z ih njZdpbyf khhl\_lkl\mxsbf ^bZiZahgZf ijhimkdZgby nbevljmxsbo f_f[jZg
1.6.1 Bkke_^h\Zgb_fhe_dmeyjgh-fZkkh\h]hjZkij_^_e_gby ]mfmkh\uodbkehlf_lh^hfwdkdexabhgghcojhfZlh]jZnbb
F_lh^ wdkdexabhgghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb hkgh\Zg gZ jZaebqghc kihkh[ghklb fhe_dme jZagh]h jZaf_jZ ijhgbdZlv \ ihju g_bhgh]_ggh]h ]_ey dhlhjuc kem`bl g_ih^\b`ghc nZahc b bkihevam_lky ^ey ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl m`_ k ] [Posner, 1963] L_f g_ f_g__ ^h kbo ihj \_kvfZ keZ[h jZajZ[hlZg bgl_jij_lZpbhgguc ZiiZjZl ^Zggh]h f_lh^Z \ ijbf_g_gbb d ]mfmkh\uf dbkehlZf DZd k\b^_l_evkl\mxl ^Zggu_ lZ[e 1.11 ]^_ ijb\h^ylky j_amevlZlu bkke_^h\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl f_lh^hf wdkdexabhgghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb gZb[he__ qZklh bkihevam_fuc ^ey kjZ\g_gby ij_iZjZlh\ iZjZf_lj - kh^_j`Zgb_ b FF ij_h[eZ^Zxs_c njZdpbb < lh `_ \j_fy \_ebqbgu oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ kh[kl\_ggh FFJ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlMn, Mw, Mz)ijZdlbq_kdbg_bkihevamxlky

53 LZ[ebpZ 1.11 Fhe_dmeyjgu_fZkku]mfmkh\uodbkehljZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gbyhij_^_e_ggu_f_lh^hfwdkdexabhgghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb FFij_h[enjZdpbb FFD>Z kh^ 0.7-10 5-10 0.7-5 >50 <1.5 0.7-1.5 0.3-5 0.3-0.7 <0.3 0.4 0.58 >10 0.4 7 0.48 2.04 0.48 0.17 0.17 4-22 1-60 10-20 100-700 10-20 100-700 >100 17.91 100 48 68 40 50 70 60 31 41 21 23 g_mdZa 17 g_mdZa 28 31 43 43 32 100 100 52 47 47 63 31 100 DZeb[j\-\Z Ebl_jZlmjgucbklhqgbd

NDijbjh^guo\h^ I> Ghassemi and Christman, 1968 I> Ishiwatari et al., 1980 I> Varney et al., 1981 I> Giessing, 1973 - KbjhldbgZb^j3 - KbjhldbgZb^j - DZmjbq_\b^j I> "-" JH<\h^guowdkljZdlh\ihq\ I> I> NDihq\ I> I> I> I> I> I> I> I> =Dihq\ I> I> I> I> I> I> :ffhkh\Zb;ZeZ]ZgkdZy "-" "-" "-" GZaZjh\Z :gbkbfh\Zb^j NhdbgbDZjimobg DZjimobgbNhdbg "-" "-" "-" "-" Piccolo and Mirabella, 1987 " -" Khan, 1970 DZmjbq_\b^j

54 FFij_h[enjZdpbb FFD>Z kh^ 50-70 24.31 50-70 100 15.51 100-200 5.0
1

DZeb[j\-\Z I> I> I> I> I> I> NDlhjnZ I>

Ebl_jZlmjgucbklhqgbd
45 100 45 57 100 62 100

=mfbgh\u_dbkehlum]ey 2.33 100 IKKD Chin et al., 1994 1 4.1 100 IKKD "-" 1 \jZ[hl_ijb\_^_guagZq_gbyibdh\uoFF
1

MklZgh\e_gh qlh FF aZdhghf_jgh baf_gy_lky ^ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl jZagh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby Kh]eZkgh kms_kl\mxsbf ebl_jZlmjguf ^Zgguf ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu fh`gh jZkiheh`blv \ ke_^mxsbc jy^ ih \hajZklZgbx bo FF ND ijbjh^guo \h^ < ND ihq\ < =D ihq\lZ[e 1.11 K ^jm]hc klhjhgu h[jZsZ_l gZ k_[y \gbfZgb_ [hevrhc jZa[jhk ijb\h^bfuo jZaebqgufb bkke_^h\Zl_eyfb \_ebqbg FF ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \u^_e_gguo ba koh^guo bklhqgbdh\ GZijbf_j ih ^Zgguf :gbkbfh\hc b ^j [1998] FF =D q_jgha_fgh-em]h\hc ihq\u khklZ\beZ.5 D>Z lh]^Z dZd Zlh_klvijb\h^bfu_\_ebqbgujZaebqZxlky\jZa GZb[he__ yjdbf ijbf_jhf gbadhc ^hklh\_jghklb Z[khexlguo \_ebqbg FF ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihemqZ_fuo f_lh^hf wdkdexabhgghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb y\eyxlky ^Zggu_ DZjimobgZ b NhdbgZ >@ kh]eZkgh dhlhjuf FF ij_h[eZ^ZxsbonjZdpbcNDq_jgha_fZbdjZkgha_fZkhklZ\beb\k_]h >Z Hq_\b^gh qlh ^ZggZy \_ebqbgZ kms_kl\_ggh aZgb`_gZ lZd dZd FF ]exdhau b nlZe_\hc dbkehlu - ijhkl_crbo kljhbl_evguo [ehdh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl - khklZ\eyxl b D>Z khhl\_lkl\_ggh Djhf_ lh]h kh]eZkgh Hjeh\m [1992] gb`gbc ij_^_e Mn \uqbke_gguc gZ hkgh\_ ijhkl_crbo nhjfme ]mfbgh\uo b nmev\hdbkehl \ jZkq_l_ gZ njZ]f_gl kh^_j`Zsbc Zlhf ZahlZ ^ey =D khklZ\ey_l Z ^ey ND - >Z MdZaZggu_ jZkoh`^_gby k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h kms_kl\_gghc aZ\bkbfhklb ihemqZ_fuo Z[khexlguo agZq_gbc FF ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hl mkeh\bc ijh\_^_gby ]_evojhfZlh]jZnbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ

55 LZdbf h[jZahf ZgZeba ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl f_lh^hf wdkdexabhgghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb \ke_^kl\b_ hlkmlkl\by jZajZ[hlZgghc f_lh^bdb oZjZdl_jbam_lky g_ lhevdh gbadhc ^hklh\_jghklvx Z[khexlguo agZq_gbc FF gh b y\ey_lky fZehijb]h^gufb ^ey kjZ\gbl_evgh]h ZgZebaZ LZdbf h[jZahf gZaj_eZ gZklhyl_evgZy g_h[oh^bfhklv \ kbkl_fZlbq_kdhf bkke_^h\Zgbb h]jZgbq_gbc b \hafh`ghkl_c f_lh^Z wdkdexabhgghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb\ijbf_g_gbbd]mfmkh\ufdbkehlZf

1.6.2 F_lh^bq_kdb_Zki_dluhij_^_e_gbyfhe_dmeyjguofZkk ]mfmkh\uodbkehlf_lh^hfwdkdexabhgghcojhfZlh]jZnbb
;_e_gvdbc b ey _]h mkljZg_gby ]_ev-ojhfZlh]jZnbq_kdbc ZgZeba ihebwe_dljheblh\ h[uqgh ijh\h^yl \ kj_^_ gbadhfhe_dmeyjgh]h we_dljheblZ >Zgguc ijb_f rbjhdh ijbf_gy_lky b ijb ZgZeba_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl h^gZdh bkihevah\Zgb_ khe_\uo jZkl\hjh\ \ dZq_kl\_ wex_glh\ ijb\h^bl d Z^khj[pbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ ]_e_ [Posner, 1963; De Nobili et al., 1989] <_ebqbgZ mdZaZggh]h wnn_dlZaZ\bkblhlk\hckl\]_eybZgZebabjm_fuo]mfmkh\uodbkehl

56 kljmdlmjm dZd b ZgZebabjm_fh_ H^gZdh ^ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl wlh mkeh\b_ g_\uihegbfh ihwlhfm \ dZq_kl\_ klZg^Zjlh\ ijb ZgZeba_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl h[uqgh bkihevamxl gZ[hju iheb^_dkljZgh\ I> [Dell'Agnola et al., 1964; Mantoura and Riley, 1975; Piccolo and Mirabella, 1987;

57

1.7 HibkZgb_kljh_gby]mfmkh\uodbkehl bijh[e_fudeZkkbnbdZpbb
1.7.1 Bkihevah\Zgb_[ehd-ko_fbkljmdlmjguonhjfme^ey hibkZgbykljh_gby]mfmkh\uodbkehl
ey ^_fhgkljZpbb ^hklhbgkl\ b g_^hklZldh\ lZdh]h kihkh[Z ij_^klZ\e_gby kljmdlmjghc bgnhjfZpbb gb`_ [m^mljZkkfhlj_guijbf_julZdbonhjfme JZa\blb_ ij_^klZ\e_gbc h ki_pbnbd_ kljh_gbb i_jbn_jbq_kdhc b g_]b^jhebam_fhc qZkl_c fhe_dme ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZreh k\h_ \ujZ`_gb_ \ hibkZgbb bo kljmdlmju ijb ihfhsb [ehd-ko_f H^gZ ba i_j\uo [ehd-ko_f [ueZ ij_^eh`_gZ Fbkl_jkdb b Eh]bgh\uf \ ] ^ey =D ihq\ Kh]eZkgh wlhc ko_f_ fhe_dmeZ =D kh^_j`bl "y^jh" \ dhlhjh_ \oh^yl ZjhfZlbq_kdb_ dhevpZ obghgu dbkehjh^ b Zahlkh^_j`Zsb_ ]_l_jhpbdeu ]b^jhdkbevgu_ dZj[hdkbevgu_ b dZj[hgbevgu_ ]jmiiu Y^jh hdjm`_gh i_jbn_jbq_kdbfb ZebnZlbq_kdbfb p_iyfb \ lhf qbke_ m]e_\h^gh]h b ihebi_ilb^gh]h oZjZdl_jZ AZ kq_l dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby b khj[pbb qZklbpZ =D kh^_j`bl lZd`_ fbg_jZevgu_ dhfihg_glu \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v hdkb^ dj_fgby `_e_ah Zexfbgbc dZevpbc b nhknZlu K_jv_aguf g_^hklZldhf wlhc ko_fu y\ey_lky aZhklj_gb_ \gbfZgby gZ y^j_ fhe_dmeu \ke_^kl\b_ q_]h kljmdlmjZ ih^\_j]ZeZkvdjblbd_>Hjeh\ 1990, Ephraim et al., 1989]. G_kdhevdh [he__ dhjj_dlgh wlhl \hijhk j_rZ_lky \ [ehd-ko_f_ ij_^eh`_gghc IZmeb>Pauli, 1967@ Kh]eZkgh ^Zgghc ko_f_ \ hkgh\_ =D e_`Zl fbdjhyq_cdb g_kmsb_ nmgdpbhgZevgu_ ]jmiiu b [hdh\u_ fhklbdb Fbdjhyq_cdb kh_^bg_gu \ hkgh\gu_ kljmdlmjgu_ _^bgbpu - fhghgu dhlhju_\k\hxhq_j_^vh[jZamxlihebghgu K gZr_c lhqdb aj_gby ko_fZ kljh_gby kljmdlmjghc yq_cdb ij_^eh`_ggZy Hjeh\uf >Hjeh\ @ gZ gZklhysbc fhf_gl fh`_l jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd hilbfZevguc \ZjbZgl [ehd-ko_fu (jbk >ZggZy kljmdlmjgZy yq_cdZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc fbgbfZevgmx ih jZaf_jm qZklv fhe_dmeu dhlhjZy kh^_j`bl \k_ \Z`g_crb_ kljmdlmjgu_ njZ]f_glu Ih^jh[gh ijb\h^ylky oZjZdl_jgu_ njZ]f_glu g_]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb fhe_dmeu b lbibqgu_ kihkh[u bo kh_^bg_gby Z ]b^jhebam_fZy i_jbn_jby ^ZgZ \ \b^_ gZ[hjZ kljmdlmjguo dhfihg_glh\ dhebq_kl\h b oZjZdl_j khqe_g_gby dhlhjuo \Zjvbjm_lky KhklZ\ b kljh_gb_ kljmdlmjguo yq__d ba dhlhjuo keh`_gZ \ky fhe_dmeZ fh]ml lZd`_ \Zjvbjh\Zlv Ko_fZ

58 m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh h[tykgy_l dhgnhjfZpbhggu_ hkh[_gghklb fhe_dme bgl_gkb\gmxhdjZkdmb^jm]b_k\hckl\Z=D

G_]b^jhebam_fZyqZk lv
H C N HH CC R
1

=b^jh ebam_ fZyqZklv
(C H 3 )2 CHC H 2 CHNH 2 C OOH , (C 6 H 10 O 5 )2 ,
2 -

O N H

HH O CH2 C C CH CH CH

CH 2 CO HC O H R2

H R3 NCH CO OH O HCH (C H 2 )n

(C OOH )n, -(O H )n, (N H 2 )n , -- (C H 2 )n
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Jbk 1.6. Kljh_gb_kljmdlmjghcyq_cdb=Dihq\[Hjeh\@. < jZ[hlZo>Hjeh\ 1974; Ziechmann, @ [ueb ij_^ijbgylu ihiuldb dhebq_kl\_ggh]h hibkZgby kljmdlmju ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ mjh\g_?dZjdZki_jbn_jby? H^gZdh [ZeZgk kljmdlmjguo dhfihg_glh\ ihdZaZe qlh g_ b^_glbnbpbjh\ZgghchklZ_lkyhl^hfZkku]mfmkh\uodbkehlWlhih \k_c \b^bfhklb k\yaZgh k qZklbqguf jZajmr_gb_f dZjdZkghc qZklb ]mfmkh\uodbkehl^h&22ijb`_kldhc^_kljmdpbb ;ehd-ko_fu \_kvfZ m^h[gu ^ey h[s_c oZjZdl_jbklbdb klZlbklbq_kdh]h kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl h^gZdh hgb g_ iha\heyxl hibku\Zlv b ijh]ghabjh\Zlv dhgdj_lgu_ f_oZgbafu mqZklby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbyo < k\yab k wlbf \ agZqbl_evghf qbke_ jZ[hl ij_^ijbgbfZebkv ihiuldb i_j_oh^Z d fhe_dmeyjghfm mjh\gx hibkZgby kljmdlmju l_ oZjZdl_jbklbd_ kljh_gby kj_^g_klZlbklbq_kdhc fhe_dmeu ]mfmkh\uodbkehl H^ghcbai_j\uolZdbonhjfmey\ey_lkynhjfmeZDZkZlhqdbgZ(1953 ] ij_^eh`_ggZy ^ey hibkZgby kljmdlmj =D \u^_e_gguo ba hdbke_ggh]h m]ey >Hjeh\ @ < ^Zgghc nhjfme_ ij_^klZ\e_g lhevdh m]e_jh^guc kd_e_l =D hims_gu \k_ hklZevgu_ ih^jh[ghklb kljh_gby Kh]eZkgh nhjfme_ DZkZlhqdbgZ ^ey =D oZjZdl_jgZ iehkdZy ZlhfgZy k_ldZ pbdebq_kdb ihebf_jbah\Zggh]h m]e_jh^Z k [hdh\ufb jZ^bdZeZfb \ \b^_ fhe_dmeyjguo p_i_c ebg_cgh-ihebf_jbah\Zggh]h m]e_jh^Z g_kmsbfb gZ k_[_ jZaebqgu_ ZlhfubZlhfgu_]jmiiu DhfbkkZjh\ufbEh]bgh\uflZd`_bkke_^h\Z\rbfbkljmdlmju=Dm]ey ij_^eh`_gZ \ ] kljmdlmjgZy nhjfmeZ fhghf_jgh]h a\_gZ fhe_dmeu =D kh^_j`ZsZy dhg^_gkbjh\Zggh_ y^jh Ijb wlhf gZebqb_ dhg^_gkbjh\Zggh]h

59 ZjhfZlbq_kdh]h m]e_jh^Z ih^l\_j`^_gh bkke_^h\Zgb_f ijh^mdlh\ hdbke_gby >DhfbkkZjh\ b Eh]bgh\ @ H^gZdh gZebqb_ iehkdh]h dhg^_gkbjh\Zggh]h y^jZ ijhlb\hj_qblwdki_jbf_glZevguf ^Zggufhkljh_gbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ^jm]bo ijbjh^guo kj_^ ohly ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ^ey =D m]ey ^hey dhg^_gkbjh\Zgguokljmdlmjfh`_l[ulv\_kvfZ\_ebdZ Kljmdlmjgu_ nhjfmeu k ebg_cguf jZkiheh`_gb_f y^_j [ueb ij_^eh`_gu>jZ]mgh\ufjbk 1.7bKlb\_gkhghfjbk 1.8).
C6H11O5 C OOH O CH2 H2C CH CH2 O O CH N CH2 O O H 2C

OH CH CH CH N CH 2O O OH O CO NH C 8H18O3N
2

HO O

O

Jbk 1.7. Kljh_gb_ fhe_dmeu =D ihq\ ih >jZ]mgh\m pbl ih [Ziechmann, 1988]).
O COOH R CH N O O O O H O HN R CH CO NH C6H11O5 O O N O O OH O H O OH COOH COOH

COOH COOH HO HO OH O

R

Jbk 1.8. Kljh_gb_fhe_dmeu=Dihq\>6WHYHQVRQ@. >hklhbgkl\hf ^Zgguo kljmdlmjguo nhjfme y\ey_lky ijbkmlkl\b_ \ gbo ijZdlbq_kdb \k_o \Z`g_crbo khklZ\eyxsbo kljmdlmju =D H^gZdh ijb wlhf ^Zggu_ nhjfmeu iehoh kh]eZkmxlky k j_amevlZlZfb hdbkebl_evghc ^_]jZ^Zpbb ld \k_ [_gahevgu_ dhevpZ \ gbo bf_xl dbkehjh^gu_ aZf_klbl_eb Ihfbfh wlh]h bkihevah\Zgb_ ^Zgguo nhjfme fh`_l ijb\_klb d kebrdhf mijhs_gghc ljZdlh\d_ kljmdlmju =D qlh g_h^ghdjZlgh hlf_qZehkv fgh]bfbbkke_^h\Zl_eyfb>Hjeh\ 1990; Beyer, 1996]. >jm]Zy lhqdZ aj_gby gZ kljh_gb_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hljZ`_gZ \ kljmdlmjghc ko_f_ ?kljhbl_evgh]h [ehdZ" Rgblp_jZ [Schnitzer and Khan, 1972] Kh]eZkgh ^Zgghc ko_f_ hkgh\m ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl khklZ\eyxl n_ghe- b [_gaheihebdZj[hgh\u_ dbkehlu k\yaZggu_ aZ kq_l \Zg-^_j\ZZevkh\uo kbe b \h^hjh^guo k\ya_c H^gZdh lZdZy kbkl_fZ g_ fh`_l [ulv mklhcqb\Z d ^_ckl\bx ^_l_j]_glh\ b dbkehl b ^he`gZ e_]dh jZkiZ^Zlvky gZ

60 ijhklu_ fhghf_jgu_ _^bgbpu qlh g_ ih^l\_j`^Z_lky wdki_jbf_glZevgufb ^Zggufb < lh `_ \j_fy kh^_j`Zgb_ hkgh\guo kljmdlmjguo njZ]f_glh\ \ ^Zgghc kljmdlmj_ ohjhrh kh]eZkm_lky k j_amevlZlZfb jZaebqguo f_lh^h\ bkke_^h\Zgby =bihl_lbq_kdZy fh^_ev kljmdlmjgh]h njZ]f_glZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlihq\ ij_^eh`_ggZy Deycgo_fi_e_f >.OHLQKHPSHO @ jbk 1.1 ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ihiuldm h^gh\j_f_ggh khojZgblv ^_lZevgh_ hibkZgb_ kljmdlmju =D b ihdZaZlv __ klZlbklbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j Wlh ^hklb]Z_lky aZ kq_l qj_af_jghc ]jhfha^dhklb nhjfmeu \ dhlhjhc Z\lhj ijb\h^bl ijZdlbq_kdb \k_ \hafh`gu_ we_f_glu kljmdlmju b kihkh[u bo khqe_g_gby &22+ 2 &+

&22+ &22+ 2+

2 2

2+

&22+ &22+

&22+

&22+ &22+ 2+ &22+ &22+ 1+

&+

2

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2+ 2+ &22+

&22+

&22+ &22+

2

&22+ &22+ 1+ &1 &22+ &+

&+

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2+ &22+

&+2 &22+

&+

1

2 2 2+

2+ 2 2+ 2 &1 2+ &+2+ 2 2 &22+ &+

&+

2+

Jbk 1.9. Kljh_gb_ g_]b^jhebam_fhc qZklb fhe_dmeu =D ihq\ [Schulten, 1994]. KljmdlmjgZy nhjfmeZ =D ihq\ \dexqZxsZy \ k_[y ^ebgghp_ihq_qgu_ ZebnZlbq_kdb_ fhklbdb [ueZ ij_^eh`_gZ Rmevl_ghf >6FKXOWHQ @ jbk 1.9 >ZggZy kljmdlmjgZy fh^_ev [ueZ ih^\_j]gmlZ h[rbjghc djblbd_ \ k\yab k l_f qlh Z\lhj g_ mqblu\Ze \ jZkq_lZo \hafh`gu_ hrb[db f_lh^Z ibjheblbq_kdhc fZkk-ki_dljhf_ljbb >Stevenson, 1972@ Ihfbfh wlh]h

61 ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ^ZggZy nhjfmeZ gZjZ\g_ k ij_^u^ms_c ij_^klZ\ey_lkykebrdhf]jhfha^dhc^ey\hkijbylby Hkgh\guf ^hklhbgkl\hf hibkZggh]h kihkh[Z ij_^klZ\e_gby bgnhjfZpbb h kljh_gbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl y\ey_lky gZ]ey^ghklv D qbkem g_^hklZldh\hlghkblkyg_\hafh`ghklv__bkihevah\Zgby\mdZaZgghf\b^_^ey \ujZ[hldbdeZkkbnbdZpbhgguoijbagZdh\]mfmkh\uodbkehlbj_r_gbyaZ^Zq ijh]ghaZ bo k\hckl\ >ey wlh]h g_h[oh^bfh qbke_ggh_ hibkZgb_ kljmdlmju dhlhju_ [u iha\hebeh hibkZlv hkgh\gu_ aZdhghf_jghklb b ki_pbnbdm kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ \b^_ gZ[hjZ oZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\ >ey wlh]h g_h[oh^bfh kgb`_gb_ mjh\gy ^_lZebaZpbb bgnhjfZpbb Kms_kl\mxsb_ ih^oh^Zf d j_r_gbx ^Zgguo ijh[e_f hibkZgu \ ke_^mxs_f jZa^_e_

1.7.2 Qbke_ggh_hibkZgb_kljh_gby]mfmkh\uodbkehl
H^bg ba gZb[he__ rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_gguo kihkh[h\ ijbf_gyxsboky ^ey qbke_ggh]h hibkZgby kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k p_evx \uy\e_gby aZdhghf_jghkl_c bo h[jZah\Zgby b ljZgknhjfZpbb y\ey_lky ihkljh_gb_ ^bZ]jZff .OHLQKHPSHO @ GZ hkgh\Zgbb ^bZ]jZff .OHLQKHPSHO 1970; Rise and Sulbu, 1989@ lh _klv khijh\h`^Z_lky m\_ebq_gb_f ^heb dhg^_gkbjh\Zgguo kljmdlmj \ fhe_dmeZo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl J_adh h[hkh[e_ggh_ iheh`_gb_ ND gZ ^bZ]jZff_ iha\hebeh Z\lhjm jZ[hlu >.OHLQKHPSHO @ ij_^iheh`blv qlh f_oZgbaf bo h[jZah\Zgby ba jZklbl_evguo hklZldh\ ijbgpbibZevgh bghc g_`_eb q_f ^ey =D D g_^hklZldZf ^Zggh]h ih^oh^Z hlghkblky ^h\hevghgbadZy ^bkdjbfbgbjmxsZy kihkh[ghklv bkihevam_fuo ^_kdjbilhjh\ we_f_glgh]h khklZ\Z dhlhju_ hibku\Zxl kZfuc gbadbc mjh\_gv - Zlhfguc - kljmdlmjghc hj]ZgbaZpbb ]mfmkh\uodbkehl < ebl_jZlmj_ hibkZgh b kh\f_klgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ j_amevlZlh\ we_f_glgh]h b nmgdpbhgZevgh]h ZgZebaZ ^ey qbke_ggh]h hibkZgby kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl LZd gZ bkihevah\Zgbb ^Zgguo we_f_glgh]h ZgZebaZ b ba\_klgh]h kh^_j`Zgby &22+ b & 2 ]jmii hkgh\u\Z_lky wfibjbq_kdZy nhjfmeZ jZkq_lZ kl_i_gb [_gahb^ghklb ij_^eh`_ggZy >K Hjeh\uf >Hjeh\@

62 K[_gaK[_gaKZe) (1.9) Ijbwlhf K[_ga K-KZe - COOH - CO, KZe = (H/C + 2KћHK- 0.2 K - "dhwnnbpb_gl mq_lZ dbkehjh^guo nmgdpbc" jZkkqblu\Z_fuc ba ^ZgguonmgdpbhgZevgh]hZgZebaZ JZa\blb_f lZdh]h ih^oh^Z y\ey_lky f_lh^ F 3HUGXH iha\heyxsbc klZlbklbq_kdb hp_gb\Zlv gZb[he__ \_jhylgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ m]e_jh^Z f_`^m ZjhfZlbq_kdbfb b ZebnZlbq_kdbfb njZ]f_glZfb >3HUGXH, 1984@ Bkoh^gufb ^Zggufb ^ey jZkq_lZ y\eyxlky we_f_glguc khklZ\ b kh^_j`Zgb_ dZj[hdkbevguo b obghgguo ]jmii Ko_fZ jZkq_lZ hkgh\ZgZ gZ j_r_gbb kbkl_fumjZ\g_gbc 1 1 1 Ctotal - [COOH] - [C=O] (H/C)al (H/C)ar (H/C)xs = Htotal - [COOH] (1.10) (U/C)al (U/C)ar (U/C)xs Utotal - [COOH] - [C=O] \ dhlhjhc+&al, (H/C)ar, (H/C)xs -?iZjpbZevgu_" khhlghr_gby+& Z (U/C)al, (U/C)ar, (U/C)xs - "iZjpbZevgu_" dhebq_kl\Z ^\hcguo k\ya_c b pbdebq_kdbo kljmdlmj \Zjvbjmxlky kemqZcguf h[jZahf \ aZ^Zgguo ij_^_eZo Kxs ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc VS2-]b[jb^bah\Zgguc m]e_jh^ g_ \dexq_gguc \ >&22+@ b>& 2@ IhemqZ_fuc \ j_amevlZl_ fZkkb\ j_r_gbc^&al, Car, Cxs} oZjZdl_jbam_l jZkij_^_e_gb_ \hafh`guo k lhqdb aj_gby gZqZevguo mkeh\bc iZjZf_ljh\kljh_gbym]e_jh^gh]hkd_e_lZ Ihfbfh wlh]h j_r_gb_ kbkl_fu mjZ\g_gbc iha\hey_l hij_^_eblv gZb[he__ \_jhylgu_ khhlghr_gby+& b8& ^ey dZ`^h]h ba jZkkqblZgguo iZjZf_ljh\ &i Ih ^Zgguf Z\lhjZ jZkkqblZggu_ iZjZf_lju m]e_jh^gh]h kd_e_lZ &al b &ar \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ kh]eZkmxlky k ^Zggufb 13K YFJ [Perdue, 1984]. >Zgguc ih^oh^ fh`_l [ulv i_jki_dlb\_g dZd k lhqdb aj_gby jZkq_lZ ^_kdjbilhjh\ kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl lZd b ^ey \_jbnbdZpbb kljmdlmjguo ^Zgguo ij_^hklZ\ey_fuo we_f_glguf ZgZebahf b 13K YFJ ki_dljhkdhib_c < k\yab k jZa\blb_f f_lh^Z 13K YFJ-ki_dljhkdhibb b ihkl_i_ggh]h ij_\jZs_gby __ \ jmlbgguc f_lh^ ZgZebaZ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy \k_ [hevr_ bkke_^h\Zl_e_c bkihevamxl ^Zggu_ ih kh^_j`Zgbx m]e_jh^Z \ khklZ\_ hkgh\guo kljmdlmjguo njZ]f_glh\ \ dZq_kl\_ ^_kdjbilhjh\ kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb mklZgh\e_gbb \aZbfhk\yab f_`^m kljmdlmjhc b k\hckl\Zfb ^Zgguo kh_^bg_gbc [Gauthier et al., 1987; Chin et al, 1994; Haitzer et al, 1999]. Ihfbfh ^Zgguo 13K YFJ ^ey wlbo p_e_c bkihevamxl lZd`_ Zlhfgu_ khhlghr_gby H/C b O/C b fZkkh\uc dhwnnbpb_gl hilbq_kdh]h ih]ehs_gby ijb beb gf [Traiana, 1989; Paolis and Kukkonen, 1997].

63 h[mkeh\e_g aZjZg__ ij_^iheZ]Z_fuf oZjZdl_jhf \aZbfhk\yab f_`^m kljmdlmjgufiZjZf_ljhfbk\hckl\hfLZd\k_hibkZggu_\ur_^_kdjbilhju bkihevah\Zebkv ^ey hibkZgby kh^_j`Zgby ZjhfZlbq_kdbo njZ]f_glh\ \ khklZ\_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl - ihdZaZl_ey ]b^jhnh[ghklb bo m]e_jh^gh]h kd_e_lZ - k p_evx mklZgh\e_gby \aZbfhk\yab kh k\yau\Zxs_c kihkh[ghklvx ]mfmkh\uodbkehlihhlghr_gbxdI:M-\ukhdh]b^jhnh[gufhj]Zgbq_kdbf kh_^bg_gbyf LZdbf h[jZahf \u[hj ^_kdjbilhjh\ kljh_gby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl hkms_kl\eyeky k ihabpbc ij_^iheZ]Z_fhc nbabq_kdhc fh^_eb h[mkeh\eb\Zxs_c\aZbfhk\yavkljmdlmjZ-k\hckl\h ;he__ keh`gZy aZ^ZqZ khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u bf_lv gZ[hj qbke_gguo iZjZf_ljh\ dhlhju_ [u oZjZdl_jbah\Zeb g_ aZjZg__ aZ^Zggmx \aZbfhk\yav kh k\hckl\hf Z g_keb [u \ k_[_ bgnhjfZpbx h kljh_gbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl lZdh]h mjh\gy dhlhjuc g_h[oh^bf ^ey j_r_gby aZ^Zq deZkkbnbdZpbb b ijh]ghaZk\hckl\]mfmkh\uodbkehl GZ hkgh\Zgbb h[jZ[hldb h[rbjgh]h fZkkb\Z ^Zgguo ih kljh_gbx b k\hckl\Zf ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ihq\ >K Hjeh\uf [ueb ij_^eh`_gu \ dZq_kl\_lZdh]hgZ[hjZijbagZdh\ke_^mxsb_[Hjeh\]: we_f_glguc khklZ\ ^ey =D kh^_j`Zgb_ K ^he`gh khklZ\eylv-62% fZkk^eyND- 36-fZkkKh^_j`Zgb_Nijbwlhf^he`ghkhklZ\eylv^eyNDfh`_l[ulvf_gvr_ \uoh^ [_gahedZj[hgh\uo dbkehl ijb hdbke_gbb DFnO4 fZkk - ^eyk_juo=D- 7-^ey[mjuo- 5-8%; gZebqb_ g_]b^jhebam_fh]h ZahlZ dhlhjuc khklZ\ey_l - hl h[s_]h oZjZdl_j we_dljhgguo ki_dljh\ ih]ehs_gby ijb agZq_gbyo =< E l=kfgfihjy^dZ-0.02; oZjZdl_j BD-ki_dljh\ ih]ehs_gby gZebqb_ ki_pbnbqguo ihehk ih]ehs_gby\bgl_j\Ze_hl^hfdf Dhfie_dk mdZaZgguo ijbagZdh\ [_a khfg_gby h[_ki_qb\Z_l ^h\hevgh \ukhdbc mjh\_gv bgnhjfZlb\ghklb h kljmdlmj_ hibku\Z_fuo ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlbfh`_l[ulvbkihevah\Zg\p_eyo^bZ]ghklbdbij_iZjZlh\]mfmkh\uo dbkehlg_ba\_klgh]hijhbkoh`^_gbyH^gZdhhgg_ij_^gZagZq_g^eyj_r_gby aZ^Zq ijh]ghaZ k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl p_ev dhlhjuo g_ h]jZgbqb\Z_lky mklZgh\e_gb_f lh`^_kl\Z f_`^m l_klbjm_fuf \_s_kl\hf b wlZehgguf Z khklhbl \ \uy\e_gbb \gmlj_ggbo \aZbfhk\ya_c f_`^m ki_pbnbdhc kljh_gby b ijhy\ey_fufbk\hckl\Zfb\_s_kl\Z

64 ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Ijb wlhf \ dZq_kl\_ gZb[he__ ijbhjbl_lguo fu jZkkfZljb\Zeb ijh]ghak\yau\Zxsbob^_lhdkbpbjmxsbok\hckl\]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx d jZaebqguf deZkkZf wdhlhdkbdZglh\ IhklZgh\dZ lZdhc aZ^Zqb hij_^_ey_lky ZdlmZevghklvx ijh[e_fu ihbkdZ wnn_dlb\guo ^_lhdkbdZglh\ ijbjh^gh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby ^ey j_dmevlb\Zpbb aZ]jyag_gguo kj_^ bkihevah\Zgb_ dhlhjuo g_ khijh\h`^Zehkv [u hiZkghklvx bo \lhjbqgh]haZ]jyag_gby >ey j_r_gby ^Zgghc ijh[e_fu g_h[oh^bfh [ueh lZd`_ hp_gblv kms_kl\mxsb_ ih^oh^u d dhebq_kl\_gghfm hibkZgbx k\yau\Zxsbo b ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx d ly`_euf f_lZeeZf b hj]Zgbq_kdbf wdhlhdkbdZglZf Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ \ ij_^klZ\e_gghf h[ahj_ m^_eyeb oZjZdl_jbklbd_ dhfie_dkhh[jZamxsbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx d Hg(II) - gZb[he__ lhdkbqghfm ba ly`_euo f_lZeeh\ b bo k\yau\Zxsbo k\hckl\ ih hlghr_gbx d \ukhdh]b^jhnh[guf hj]Zgbq_kdbf wdhlhdkbdZglZf - I:M < h[ahj_ lZd`_ ijb\_^_gu k\_^_gby h \aZbfh^_ckl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k \Z`g_crbf ij_^klZ\bl_e_f]_j[bpb^h\deZkkZkbff-ljbZabgh\-ZljZabghf

1.8 Dhfie_dkhh[jZamxsb_b^_lhdkbpbjmxsb_k\hckl\Z ]mfmkh\uodbkehlihhlghr_gbxdly`_euff_lZeeZf
=mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k ly`_eufb f_lZeeZfb ]eZ\guf h[jZahf aZ kq_l dZj[hdkbevguo b n_ghevguo ]jmii >Stevenson, 1985]. Stevenson, 1985@5DVKLG, 1974; Schmitt et al., 1996; Hgmnjb_ghd Kheh^h\gbdh\Z, 1961; =hgqZjh\Z b ^j@ LZd kh]eZkgh [Schmitt et al., 1996@ g_jZkl\hjbfu_ ]mfZlu )H,,, b &X,, gZqbgZxl \uiZ^Zlv ijb ^h[Z\e_gbb f]-wd\ )H b f]-wd\ &X gZ ] =D ihq\ k h^gh\j_f_gguf ihgb`_gb_f jG jZkl\hjZ <>=hgqZjh\Z b ^j@ ihdZaZgh qlh h[jZah\Zgb_ hkZ^dZ gZ[ex^Z_lky ijb khhlghr_gbb f_lZee=ND b ffhev]^ey1L2+, Co2+b&X2+khhl\_lkl\_ggh H^gZdh ^ey ly`_euo f_lZeeh\ \ ijbjh^guo kj_^Zo oZjZdl_jgu khhlghr_gby f_lZee=ND gZfgh]h f_gvrb_ q_f ffhev] Ijb lZdbo khhlghr_gbyo f_lZeeu k ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb h[jZamxl jZkl\hjbfu_ dhfie_dku DhgklZglZ mklhcqb\hklb ^Zgguo dhfie_dkh\ y\ey_lky hkgh\ghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc \aZbfh^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k ly`_eufb f_lZeeZfb WlZ \_ebqbgZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc \_kvfZ \Z`guc iZjZf_lj ^ey fh^_ebjh\Zgby ih\_^_gby ly`_euo f_lZeeh\ \ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_ H^gZdh

65 aZ^ZqZ __ hij_^_e_gby hkeh`gy_lky jy^hf ki_pbnbq_kdbo hkh[_gghkl_c ]mfmkh\uodbkehlZbf_ggh G_ihklhygkl\h khklZ\Z b iheb^bki_jkghklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb\h^yl d g_\hafh`ghklb dhjj_dlgh]h jZkq_lZ fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpbb =ND dhlhjZy g_h[oh^bfZ ^ey \uqbke_gby l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdhc dhgklZglu jZ\gh\_kbyijhp_kkh\kbomqZklb_f Obfbq_kdZy ]_l_jh]_gghklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb\h^bl d g_\hafh`ghklb mklZgh\e_gby kl_obhf_ljbb \aZbfh^_ckl\by f_lZee-=ND \ k\yab k gZebqb_f \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZo jZaebqZxsboky ih kbe_ f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbop_gljh\ Ihebwe_dljheblgZy ijbjh^Z ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijb\h^bl d aZ\bkbfhklb dhgklZglu mklhcqb\hklb dhfie_dkZ hl dhebq_kl\Z f_lZeeZ k\yaZ\r_]hkyk=NDZlZd`_dhkeh`g_gbxdhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgbydbkehlghc ^bkkhpbZpb_c]mfmkh\uodbkehl MdZaZggu_ hkh[_gghklb ^_eZxl ijZdlbq_kdb g_\hafh`guf ijyfh_ hij_^_e_gb_ l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdhc dhgklZglu dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k f_lZeeZfb Ihwlhfm ^ey jZkq_lZ jZkij_^_e_gby ly`_euo f_lZeeh\ ih nhjfZf \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ijboh^blky hij_^_eylv wnn_dlb\gu_ dhgklZglu dhlhju_ g_ \k_]^Z bf_xl kljh]bc l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdbc kfuke HibkZgb_ bkihevam_fuo \ ebl_jZlmj_ ih^oh^h\ d j_r_gbxmdZaZgguoijh[e_fijb\h^blkygb`_ < h[s_f kemqZ_ j_Zdpby dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby f_lZeeZ F k eb]Zg^hf/ hibku\Z_lkyke_^mxsbfmjZ\g_gb_f[_amq_lZaZjy^h\ (1.11) mM + nL MmLn, ]^_ P b Q - kl_obhf_ljbq_kdb_ dhwnnbpb_glu L_jfh^bgZfbq_kdZy dhgklZglZ wlh]h jZ\gh\_kby ijb mkeh\bb qlh dhgp_gljZpbb jZ\gu Zdlb\ghklyfbf__l\b^

P Q

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(1.12)

]^_ \ d\Z^jZlguo kdh[dZo ijb\_^_gu jZ\gh\_kgu_ fheyjgu_ dhgp_gljZpbbkhhl\_lkl\mxsbodhfihg_glh\ >ey jZkq_l_ dhgklZglu (1.12) g_h[oh^bfh hij_^_eblv P Q >0@ >/@ [MmLn@Ijbwlhfhij_^_e_gb_QbPy\ey_lkyijbgpbibZevgufihkdhevdmhl gbo aZ\bkbl jZaf_jghklv dhgklZglu mklhcqb\hklb >ey ijhkluo eb]Zg^h\P b Q dZd ijZ\beh e_]dh hij_^_ey_lky ihwlhfm ^ey \uqbke_gby dhgklZglu ^hklZlhqgh hij_^_eblv khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZ\gh\_kgu_ fheyjgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb H^gZdh _keb \ dZq_kl\_ eb]Zg^Z \uklmiZxl ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu / = =ND lh dZd mdZau\Zehkv \ur_ gb kl_obhf_ljbx \aZbfh^_ckl\by gb fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx =ND dhjj_dlgh hij_^_eblv g_\hafh`gh Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh g_dhjj_dlgh hij_^_e_ggZy kl_obhf_ljby

66 \aZbfh^_ckl\by fh`_l ijb\_klb d lhfm qlh ihemq_ggu_ agZq_gby dhgklZgl [m^ml g_khihklZ\bfu ^jm] k ^jm]hf b k dhgklZglZfb ihemq_ggufb ^jm]bfb Z\lhjZfb\kbembojZaguojZaf_jghkl_c Djhf_ lh]h ijb keh`ghc kl_obhf_ljbb \aZbfh^_ckl\by \ jZkl\hj_ fh]ml khkms_kl\h\Zlv g_kdhevdh jZaebqguo dhfie_dkh\ ihwlhfm hij_^_e_gb_jZ\gh\_kguodhgp_gljZpbcg_h[oh^bfuo^eyjZkq_lZdhgklZglu (1.12)g_j_^dhij_^klZ\ey_l^hihegbl_evgu_ljm^ghklb

1.8.1 Ih^oh^udhibkZgbxkl_obhf_ljbb\aZbfh^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uodbkehlkly`_eufbf_lZeeZfb
DZd ke_^m_l ba ij_^u^ms_]h jZa^_eZ ^ey hij_^_e_gby dhgklZgl mklhcqb\hklb dhfie_dkh\ f_lZeeh\ k ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb g_h[oh^bfh hij_^_eblv dhgp_gljZpbx =ND b kl_obhf_ljbx bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by k f_lZeehf LZd`_ g_h[oh^bfh mq_klv \ebygb_ dbkehlghc ^bkkhpbZpbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ dhgklZglu mklhcqb\hklb b g_jZ\ghp_gghklv f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl >ey j_r_gby wlbo aZ^Zq bkihevamxlg_kdhevdhih^oh^h\ ћ ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ij_^klZ\eyxl dZd fhgh^bki_jkgmx njZdpbx k FF jZ\ghc kj_^g_c b bkoh^y ba wlh]h hij_^_eyxl fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx =ND>Mantoura et al., 1978; Schnitzer and Hansen, 1970; Bresnahan et al., 1978; FZoZjZ^a_ b^j@; ћ ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ij_^klZ\eyxl dZd gZ[hj l_o nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii \ jZkl\hj_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl dhlhju_ ih fg_gbx Z\lhjZ hl\_lkl\_ggu aZ k\yau\Zgb_ f_lZeeZ b ih^klZ\eyxl bo dhgp_gljZpbx \ dhgklZglm (1.12) \ dZq_kl\_[L] [Gamble et al., 1970; Pinhero et al., 1994]; ћ ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu ij_^klZ\eyxl dZd l\_j^mx nZam b hibku\Zxl \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ f_lZee-=ND \ l_jfbgZo Z^khj[pbb ijbq_f \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ bkihevamxl fZkkh\mx dhgp_gljZpbx =ND]e >Wit, 1996; Benedetti et al., 1996]; dbkehlu ij_^klZ\eyxl dZd gZ[hj g_aZ\bkbfuo ћ ]mfmkh\u_ f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\FKP b ih^klZ\eyxl bo dhgp_gljZpbxhgZ _s_ gZau\Z_lky f_lZee-wd\b\Ze_glghc dhgp_gljZpb_c =ND \ dZq_kl\_ [L] >Ebggbd b GZ[b\Zg_p *X\ and Chackrabarti, 1976; Berg and Kramer, 1979; Ricart et al., 1996; Yin et al., 1997]. ?keb ij_^klZ\eylv =ND dZd fhgh^bki_jkgmx njZdpbx lh kms_kl\m_l ^\Z f_lh^Z iha\heyxsbc mklZgh\blv kl_obhf_ljbx ^Zggh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by -- f_lh^ bahfheyjguo k_jbc >6FKQLW]HU and Hansen, 1970; Gamble et al., 1970; MacCartney and Mark, 1976@ b f_lh^ Rm[_jlZ [Schubert and Richter, 1948; Shubert et al., 1950; Schubert, 1952]. F_lh^ bahfheyjguo k_jbc hq_gv qm\kl\bl_e_g d ih]j_rghklyf hij_^_e_gbyFFijb[hevrhfkhhlghr_gbbm:nZdZd[m^_lihdZaZghgb`_

67 wlh khhlghr_gb_ \_kvfZ \_ebdh Djhf_ lh]h bkihevah\Zgb_ f_lh^Z bahfheyjguo k_jbc hkeh`gy_lky h[jZah\Zgb_f g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlh\ Kh]eZkgh f_lh^m Rm[_jlZ ihklmebjmxl h[jZah\Zgb_ fhghy^_jgh]h dhfie_dkZ khklZ\Z M=NDn qlh dZd [m^_l ihdZaZgh gb`_ g_ \k_]^Z dhjj_dlghbbawdki_jbf_glZevghcaZ\bkbfhklb
OJ >0 =N D >0 @
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= OJ Q + Q OJ>=N D @ .

(1.13)

gZoh^yl n b n. H^gZdh wdki_jbf_glZevgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ n dhlhjh_ \iheg_ fh`_l hdZaZlvky ^jh[guf ijb\h^bl d ihy\e_gbx dhgklZgl k ^jh[gufbjZaf_jghklyfbDjhf_lh]hdZd\f_lh^_bahfheyjguok_jbclZdb \ f_lh^_ Rm[_jlZ \_ebqbgZ n Z agZqbl b jZaf_jghklv dhgklZglu qm\kl\bl_evgZ d hrb[dZf hij_^_e_gby FF dhlhju_ dZd ihdZaZgh \ jZa^_e_ 1.fh]ml[ulv\_kvfZ\_ebdb Ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb =ND dZd gZ[hjZ nmgdpbhgZevguo ]jmii k\yau\Zxsbo f_lZee lh \ kemqZ_ _keb f_lZee k\yau\Z_lky g_kdhevdbfb lZdbfb ]jmiiZfbZ wlh kdhj__ \k_]h lZd ihkdhevdm dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ qbkeZ f_lZeeh\ ij_\urZxl \hagbdZ_l ijh[e_fZ kdhevdh lZdbo ]jmii b kqblZlv eb dZ`^mx ]jmiim hl^_evguf eb]Zg^hf beb kqblZlv bo \k_ \f_kl_ aZ h^bg eb]Zg^ Ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ \b^_ l\_j^hc nZau jZaf_jghklv iZjZf_ljh\ \aZbfh^_ckl\by aZ\bkbl hl \u[jZgghc fh^_eb hibkZgby Z^khj[pbb JZaf_jghklb ihemq_gguo iZjZf_ljh\ jZaebqZxlky qlh ^_eZ_l bo g_khihklZ\bfufb f_`^m kh[hc Z lZd`_ k dhgklZglZfb mklhcqb\hklb dhfie_dkh\kgbadhfhe_dmeyjgufbeb]Zg^Zfb < ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv \ur_i_j_qbke_gghfm jZkkfhlj_gb_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ \b^_ gZ[hjZ f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ aZ^Z_l dZd h^ghagZqgmx kl_obhf_ljbx \aZbfh^_ckl\by lZd b jZaf_jghklv dhgklZglu mklhcqb\hklb dhfie_dkh\efhev Ihwlhfm ^Zggh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ dZ`_lky gZfgZb[he__ij_^ihqlbl_evguf ?keb jZkkfZljb\Zlv =ND dZd gZ[hj f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ lh hkgh\ghc ijh[e_fhc klZgh\blky dhjj_dlgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ bo dhgp_gljZpbb l_ f_lZee-wd\b\Ze_glghc dhgp_gljZpbb =ND < ^Zevg_cr_f fu [m^_f ih \hafh`ghklb bkihevah\Zlv l_jfbg "dhgp_gljZpby f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\" b h[hagZqZlv dZd>FKP@ beb KFKP \ hlebqb_ hl>=ND@ b K=ND --fheyjghcdhgp_gljZpbb=NDjZkkqblZgghcba__fhe_dmeyjghcfZkku

68

1.8.2 MklZgh\e_gb_dhgp_gljZpbbf_lZeek\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ \jZkl\hjZo]mfmkh\uodbkehl
Ba\_klgh ljb kihkh[Z hij_^_e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb FKP \ jZkl\hj_ =ND I_j\uc aZdexqZ_lky \ hij_^_e_gbb fZdkbfZevghc dhfie_dkhh[jZamxs_c kihkh[ghklb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ jZkl\hjZo lhc beb bghc dhgp_gljZpbb >Ebggbd GZ[b\Zg_p @ >ey wlhc p_eb hij_^_eyxl dhgp_gljZpbx k\yaZggh]h f_lZeeZ ijb [hevrbo hlghr_gbyo f_lZee=ND b kqblZxl wlm dhgp_gljZpbx jZ\ghc dhgp_gljZpbb f_lZeek\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ Hkgh\guf g_^hklZldhf wlh]h kihkh[Z y\ey_lky h[jZah\Zgb_ g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlh\ f_lZeeh\ ijb [hevrhf khhlghr_gbb f_lZee=ND K ^jm]hc klhjhgu h[jZah\Zgb_ g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlh\ iha\hey_l fh^bnbpbjh\Zlv mdZaZgguc kihkh[ hij_^_e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb FKP Z bf_ggh hij_^_eylv kh^_j`Zgb_ f_lZeeZ \ gZkus_gguo bf l\_j^uo ]mfZlZo b kqblZlv qlh wlh kh^_j`Zgb_ khhl\_lkl\m_l kh^_j`Zgbx FKP H^gZdh bkihevah\Zgb_ ^Zgghc fh^bnbdZpbb\ebl_jZlmj_g_hlf_q_gh FKP@
. 0&P = > 0 FKP @ . > 0 @ > 0&P @

(1.14)

>ey ihegh]h hibkZgby kbkl_fu g_h[oh^bfh \\_klb mjZ\g_gby fZl_jbZevgh]h[ZeZgkZ K0 = [M] + [MFKP@ (1.15) &FKP = >FKP@ + [MFKP@ (1.16) Kbkl_fZ ba lj_o ihke_^gbo mjZ\g_gbc kh^_j`bl ljb mjZ\g_gby < kemqZ_ _keb ZgZeblbq_kdb_ dhgp_gljZpbb FKP b F ba\_klgu kbkl_fZ kh^_j`bl q_luj_ g_ba\_klguoljb jZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb b dhgklZglm Ihwlhfm qlh[u jZkkqblZlv dhgklZglu ^hklZlhqgh wdki_jbf_glZevgh hij_^_eblv h^gm ba jZ\gh\_kguo dhgp_gljZpbc khdjZlb\ lZdbf h[jZahf qbkeh g_ba\_klguo ^h lj_o b j_rb\ ihemq_ggmx kbkl_fm H^gZdh dZd mdZau\Zehkv \ur_ KFKP qZklh [u\Z_l g_ba\_klgZ Lh]^Z ba kbkl_fu (1.14)-(1.16 dZdmx-eb[h ba dhgp_gljZpbc ZgZeblbq_kdb \ujZ`Zxl q_j_a ^jm]b_ dhgp_gljZpbb b dhgklZglm Ihke_ wlh]h jZkkqblZggmx aZ\bkbfhklv hij_^_eyxl wdki_jbf_glZevgh >Ze__ fbgbfbabjmy hldehg_gby wdki_jbf_glZevghcbZgZeblbq_kdhcaZ\bkbfhklbih^[bjZxl.bKFKP

69 >ey bkihevah\Zgby \ur_hibkZggh]h kihkh[Z g_h[oh^bfh ihemqblv khhl\_lkl\mxsmxaZ\bkbfhklv^ey[hevrh]h^bZiZahgZkhhlghr_gbcf_lZeeeb]Zg^ Wlh y\ey_lky g_^hklZldhf ^Zggh]h kihkh[Z ihkdhevdm \ wlhf kemqZ_ dZd ijZ\beh ijhy\ey_lky g_jZ\ghp_gghklv FKP ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl < j_amevlZl_ ihy\eyxlky hldehg_gby wdki_jbf_glZevghc aZ\bkbfhklb hl ZgZeblbq_kdhc dhlhju_ ljm^gh bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv < jZ[hl_>7DR, 1992@ gZ wlhl kq_l mdZau\Z_lky qlh ihemqZ_fu_ lZdbf h[jZahf dhgklZglu fh`gh kqblZlv kdhj__ hibkZl_evgufb iZjZf_ljZfb q_f j_Zevgufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb p_gljh\ k\yau\Zgby Djhf_ lh]h hibkZgguc kihkh[ gZoh`^_gby KFKP b KFKP lj_[m_l \_kvfZ lhqguo f_lh^h\ hij_^_e_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbodhfihg_glh\jZ\gh\_kguokf_k_c Lj_lbc kihkh[ [ue ijbf_g_g ^ey mklZgh\e_gby f_lZee-wd\b\Ze_glghc dhgp_gljZpbb =ND ijb bo j_Zdpbb k )H,,, Z\lhjZfb >3DQGH\D, 1993@ >ey wlh]h [ueh ijh\_^_gh lbljh\Zgb_ =ND oehjb^hf `_e_aZ ,,, k lmj[b^bf_ljbq_kdhcbg^bdZpb_c dhg_qghc lhqdb 7DQ et al., 1971@k p_evxhij_^_e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb FKPlZd`_lbljh\ZebjZkl\hj=NDkhevx Zexfbgby >Zgguc kihkh[ g_evay ijbagZlv m^Zqguf lZd dZd nehddmeypby ]mfZlh\ lj_o\Ze_glguo f_lZeeh\ fh`_l gZklmiblv ]hjZa^h jZgvr_ q_f [m^ml aZgylu\k_p_gljuk\yau\Zgby Gb`_ ijb\_^_gu ebl_jZlmjgu_ ^Zggu_ ih kh^_j`Zgbx FKP \ =ND hij_^_e_ggu_jZaebqgufbf_lh^Zfb LZ[ebpZ 1.12 Kh^_j`Zgb_FKP\jZaebqguoij_iZjZlZo=ND jG Kh^_j`Zgb_FKP Kihkh[ Bklhqgbd ffhev]=ND hij_^_e_gby 2+ Cu Nbjfu?$OGULFK? ? 2.5 FDK Guy and Chackrabarti,1976 Ijbjh^gu_\h^u 6-8 0.5-ffhev]K Fh^_ebjh- Ryan and Weber, 1982 h[jZaph\ \Zgb_ Ihq\_ggu_ND 5 1.6 FDK Truitt and Weber, 1981 ^bZeba Hg2+ Ihq\_ggu_=ND 4-6 2.6 Fh^_ebjh- Yin et al, 1997 \Zgb_ FZdkbfZevgZydhfie_dkhh[jZamxsZykihkh[ghklv Lbi=ND

70 Ba lZ[e 1.12 \b^gh qlh kh^_j`Zgb_ f_^v-k\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ \ jZaebqguo ij_iZjZlZo =ND jZaebqZ_lky g_ [he__ q_f \ jZaZ ijb lhf qlh hgh hij_^_eyehkv ijbgpbibZevgh jZagufb f_lh^Zfb ^ey jZaguo ij_iZjZlh\ b ijb jZaguo jG Ke_^m_l aZf_lblv qlh kh^_j`Zgb_ f_^v-k\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ \ =ND [ebadh d fZdkbfZevghfm kh^_j`Zgbx f_^b \ g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlZo - ffhev] >Rashid, 1974@ Kh^_j`Zgb_ jlmlv-k\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\e_`bl\lhf`_^bZiZahg_qlhbf_^v-k\yau\Zxsbop_gljh\ >Zggu_ lZ[e 1.12 Z lZd`_ \_ebqbgu kj_^gbo FF ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl lZ[e 1.11 b kh^_j`Zgbx dbkehlguo ]jmii \ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlZolZ[e 1.3) iha\heyxl khihklZ\blv dhgklZglu \ujZ`_ggu_ jZagufb kihkh[Zfb ?keb dhgklZglmjZkkqblZggmxq_j_afZkkh\mxdhgp_gljZpbx=ND]eijbgylvaZ lh ^ey lh]h `_ ij_iZjZlZ =ND dhgklZglZ hij_^_e_ggZy q_j_a kj_^gxx fheyjgmx fZkkm [m^_l \ 3-106 jZa [hevr_ q_j_a f_lZee-wd\b\Ze_glgmx dhgp_gljZpbx =ND - \ 3 jZa [hevr_ q_j_a fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx dZj[hdkbevguo]jmii-\2-104jZa[hevr_ KhihklZ\e_gb_ ^Zgguo ih kh^_j`Zgbx FKP b FF ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl lZ[e 1.11b1.12ihdZau\Z_lqlh\kj_^g_fh^gZfhe_dmeZ=NDkh^_j`bl^h g_kdhevdbo ^_kyldh\ FKP l_ ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu kdhj__ \k_]h [m^ml h[jZah\u\Zlv iheby^_jgu_ dhfie_dku k ly`_eufb f_lZeeZfb K ^jm]hc klhjhgu f_lh^Zfb mevljZnbevljZpbb ihdZaZgh qlh f_lZeeu kihkh[kl\mxl Z]j_]bjh\Zgbx nmev\hdbkehl k F0 < 5000 [Ephraim, Marinsky, 1990@ Wlhl nZdlk\b^_l_evkl\m_leb[h\ihevamkms_kl\h\Zgbyfhghy^_jguodhfie_dkh\ eb[h \ ihevam h[jZah\Zgby Z]j_]Zlh\0m=NDnh[jZah\Zgb_ dhlhjuo bamq_gh \>MacCarthy and Mark, 1975@
1.8.3 Dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ mjZ\g_gb_f jZ\gh\_kby k mqZklb_f =ND \ujZ`Zxlky

(1.17) HL+ H++L, ]^_ / - =ND beb FKP_]h j_Zevguc aZjy^ fh`_l hlebqZlvky hl \Z`ghqlhhggZf_gvr_q_fmHL+)Wlhlijhp_kkhibku\Z_lkydhgklZglhc dbkehlghc^bkkhpbZpbb

71
> + + @ > /@ .D = > +/+ @

(1.18)

Ijb agZq_gbb jG jDZ kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb dbkehlu khklZ\ey_l ijbf_jgh b mf_gvrZ_lky ih f_j_ kgb`_gby jG qlh ijb\h^bl d aZf_lghfm mf_gvr_gbx >/@ < wlhf kemqZ_ gm`gh ijb jZkq_l_ dhgklZglu (1.18 mqblu\Zlv wlh mf_gvr_gb_ beb jZkkqblu\Zlv mkeh\gmx dhgklZglm dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby ^ey ^Zggh]h agZq_gby jG ^Ze__ - jG-mkeh\gmx dhgklZglm < kemqZ_ kl_obhf_ljbb :1 hgZ aZibku\Z_lky ke_^mxsbf \ujZ`_gb_f
.\ = > 0/@ , > 0 @ & I /

(1.19)

]^_Kf(L) -dhgp_gljZpby\k_onhjf/g_k\yaZgguokf_lZeehf ?keb / ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc K-hkgh\gmx dbkehlm lh jG-mkeh\gZy dhgklZglZk\yaZgZkj_Zevghcke_^mxsbf\ujZ`_gb_f
. \ = . +

K

L =

+ > + @

K - L +

M= L

K

.D M

-

,

(1.20)

]^_.a)j -dhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbbdbkehluihM-cklmi_gb < g_dhlhjuojZ[hlZo>FZoZjZ^a_b^j@^eyi_j_kq_lZjG-mkeh\ghc dhgklZglu mklhcqb\hklb nmev\ZlZ f_^b \ j_Zevgmx bkihevah\Zeb ^Zggu_ ih dhgklZglZf ^bkkhpbZpbb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo nmev\hdbkehl hij_^_e_gguf ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdb< k\yabkihebwe_dljheblghcijbjh^hc=NDkfjZa^_e lZdb_ jZkq_lu fh`gh kqblZlv \ ^hklZlhqghc kl_i_gb ijb[eb`_ggufb h^gZdh \ [hevrbgkl\_ jZ[hl \hh[s_ h]jZgbqb\Zxlky hij_^_e_gb_f jGmkeh\ghcdhgklZglu AZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZgl mklhcqb\hklb dhfie_dkh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k f_lZeeZfb hl bhgghc kbeu jZkl\hjZ >Saar and Weber, 1979; Gamble and Schnitzer, 1973@ fh`_l [ulv h[mkeh\e_gZ ^\mfy wnn_dlZfb Dmfhd @ Dmfhd @ h^gZdh lj_[m_l ihemq_gby wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h fZl_jbZeZ ijb jZaguo agZq_gbyo bhgghc kbeu >ey ij_h^he_gby mdZaZgghc ijh[e_fu ijb\_^_gby dhgklZgl mklhcqb\hklb d jZaguf bhgguf kbeZf fh`gh \hkihevah\Zlvky mjZ\g_gb_f >w\bkZ>Dmfhd@>eydhgklZglujZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbb

72 A+B=AB mjZ\g_gb_bf__l\b^ lgK=lgKI+2ZAZBY(I), ]^_
, - 03 , , < , = -05 1+ ,

(1.21) (1.22)

(1.23)

]^_, - bhggZy kbeZ . - dhgklZglZ mklhcqb\hklb$% ijb, = 0, KI - dhgklZglZ mklhcqb\hklb $% ijb ^Zgghc bhgghc kbe_ =A b =B - aZjy^u khhl\_lkl\mxsbobhgh\ >ey mq_lZ ihebwe_dljheblgh]h wnn_dlZ ij_^eh`_g jy^ fh^_e_c >:LW 1996; Marinsky and Ephraim, 1986; Masini, 1993@ h^gZdh \k_ hgb \_kvfZ ]jhfha^dbDjhf_lh]hhgbg_j_^dhjZkkfZljb\Zxl=NDdZdhl^_evgmxnZam ihwlhfm ihemqZ_fu_ dhgklZglu g_khihklZ\bfu k dhgklZglZfb ]hfhnZagh]h dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby K ^jm]hc klhjhgu _keb dhebq_kl\h k\yaZggh]h f_lZeeZ khklZ\ey_l f_g__ hl dhebq_kl\Z bhgbah\Zgguo ]jmiiqlh dZd ijZ\beh kh[ex^Z_lky ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb ly`_euo f_lZeeh\ k ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb \ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_ \deZ^ ihebwe_dljheblgh]h wnn_dlZ fh`gh g_mqblu\Zlv>7DNDPXWVX and Yoshida, 1978].

1.8.4 F_lh^ubkke_^h\Zgbydhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby]mfmkh\uo dbkehlkly`_eufbf_lZeeZfb
< kbkl_f_ f_lZee-=ND kh\j_f_ggu_ ZgZeblbq_kdb_ f_lh^u iha\heyxl gZijyfmx hij_^_eylv eb[h dhgp_gljZpbx k\h[h^gh]h bhgZ >0@ eb[h dhgp_gljZpbx k\yaZggh]h f_lZeeZ >0/@ eb[h bo hlghr_gb_ GZijyfmx hij_^_eylv jZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb =ND beb FKP aZljm^gbl_evgh ih ijbqbgZf baeh`_gguf \ jZa^ G_j_^dh dhgp_gljZpbx =ND aZ^Zxl ihklhygghcijh\h^ywdki_jbf_glu\[hevrhfba[uld_=ND F_lh^u dhlhju_ gZb[he__ qZklh bkihevah\Zebkv ^ey hij_^_e_gby dhgklZgl mklhcqb\hklb dhfie_dkh\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k f_lZeeZfb>Ebggbd b GZ[b\Zg_p@i_j_qbke_gugb`_ (lZ[e. 1.13). =eZ\gufb ijh[e_fZfb fgh]bo f_lh^h\ i_j\hc ]jmiiu y\eyxlky \hafh`guc k^\b] jZ\gh\_kby \ ijhp_kk_ hl^_e_gby k\h[h^guo nhjf hl aZdhfie_dkh\Zgguobihl_jbaZkq_lZ^khj[pbbgZf_f[jZgZobebfZl_jbZeZo ojhfZlh]jZnbq_kdbo dhehghd < mevljZp_gljbnm]bjh\Zgbb mevljZnbevljZpbb b ^bZeba_ lZd`_ keh`gh ^h[blvky iheghlu jZa^_e_gby ld gbdZdb_ f_f[jZgu b mevljZp_gljbnm]b g_ fh]ml iheghklvx hl^_eblv =ND [Weber, 1988@QlhdZkZ_lkyf_lh^Zbhggh]hh[f_gZlhijb_]hbkihevah\Zgbb fh`_lgZ[ex^Zlvkykhj[pby=NDb]mfZlh\gZdZlbhgbl_[Sapek, 1970].

73 LZ[ebpZ 1.13 Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_f_lh^ubkke_^h\Zgbydhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby ]mfmkh\uodbkehlkly`_eufbf_lZeeZfb
F_lh^
WdkdexabhggZy ojhfZlh]jZnby ::K Bhgguch[f_g ::K MevljZnbevljZpb y::K

F_lZe Qlhbaf >hklhbgkl\Z G_^hklZldb e
ex[u_ [ML]/[M] gbadbcij_^_e Z^khj[pbygZ h[gZjm`_gby l\_j^hcnZa_

Ebl_jZlmjZ
Mantoura and Riley, 1975; Mantoura et. al., 1978

ex[u_

>F/@>0@ gbadbcij_^_e Z^khj[pby=NDb Berg and Kramer, 1979; h[gZjm`_gby ]mfZlh\gZ Shubert et al., 1950; wdkij_kkghklv dZlbhgbl_ Schubert, 1952 >F@ gbadbcij_^_e Z^khj[pbygZ h[gZjm`_gby f_f[jZg_ lhqghklv lj_[m_lky\ukhdZy wdkij_kkghklv dhgp_gljZpby f_lZeeZkhj[pby =NDgZwe_dljh^_ \ukhdZy qm\kl\bl_evghklv Z^khj[pby=ND gZwe_dljh^_ Ephraim and Marinsky, 1990; Weber, 1988 Bresnahan et al., 1978; Guy and Chackrabarti, 1976; Yin et al., 1997 Weber, 1988; Pandeya, 1993

ex[u_

Ihl_gpbhf_ljbyk KD&X bhgk_e_dlb\gufb Cd, Pb we_dljh^Zfb Iheyjh]jZnby Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn

>F@

>F@

JZkl\hjbfhklb ex[u_ ::K

ljm^ghklv FZoZjZ^a_b^j ih^[hjZl\_j^hc F@>FL@b>L] -jZ\gh\_kgu_dhgp_gljZpbbk\h[h^gh]hf_lZeeZdhfie_dkZbk\h[h^gh]h eb]Zg^Zkhhl\_lkl\_ggh **
>F/@>0@ lhqghklv

=eZ\guf g_^hklZldhf f_lh^h\ \lhjhc ]jmiiu y\ey_lky h]jZgbq_ggZy ijbf_gbfhklv G_dhlhju_ ba gbo lZd`_ g_ k\h[h^gu hl ijh[e_f Z^khj[pbb =ND Z^khj[bjmxlky gZ bhgk_e_dlb\guo b jlmlguo we_dljh^Zo>Weber, 1988]. BlZd \u[hj f_lh^Z ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby =ND k bhgZfb LF dZd b ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby nmgdpbhgZevgh]h khklZ\Z \k_]^Z y\ey_lky dhfijhfbkkhff_`^mp_eyfbjZ[hlubh]jZgbq_gbyfbf_lh^Z

1.8.5 Dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgb_]mfmkh\uodbkehlk+J,,
DZd b ^ey ^jm]bo f_lZeeh\ ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb =ND k+J2+ gZ[ex^Zeb Z^khj[pbx+J2+ gZ l\_j^uo =ND ffhev] >6DYDQW and Pandey, 1995]), h[jZah\Zgb_ g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]mfZlh\ >Hgmnjb_ghd b Kheh^h\gbdh\Z 1961; Pang and Zhao, 1983@ b dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgb_ Djhf_ lh]h \ k\yab k jy^hf hkh[_gghkl_c +J,, gZjy^m k hibkZggufb ^ey g__ \hafh`gh ijhl_dZgb_ lZdbo ki_pbnbq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ dZd \hkklZgh\e_gb_ b f_lbebjh\Zgb_ Ijb wlhf dZd ihdZau\Zxl fgh]hqbke_ggu_ bkke_^h\Zgby Z[bhlbq_kdh_ f_lbebjh\Zgb_+J,,]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfbg_b]jZ_lijbgpbibZevghcjheb ih kjZ\g_gbx k [bhlbq_kdbf >Aujbg b H[moh\kdZy, 1980@ Ihwlhfm gb`_

74 [m^ml ih^jh[gh jZkkfhlj_gu lhevdh ijhp_kku dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby b \hkklZgh\e_gby Dhebq_kl\_ggu_ iZjZf_lju ijhp_kkZ dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlk+J,,ijb\_^_gu\lZ[e 1.14). LZ[ebpZ 1.14 DhgklZglumklhcqb\hklbdhfie_dkh\]mfmkh\uodbkehlkHg(II) ebl_jZlmjgu_^Zggu_
=ND
=Dfhjkdbo hleh`_gbc Fhjkdb_=ND J_qgu_=ND Ha_jgu_=ND Lhjnygu_ND NDFhkd\uj_db Ihq\_ggu_ =NDnbjfu "Aldrich" 6.5 4-6 7 0.1 0.1 ? fheveba JZkl\hjbfhklb MwND HgO FKP ffhev]K Ihl_gpbhf_ljbq_kdbc 1:1 1:1 1:1

jG
5 8

ч
?

=ND@

F_lh^

Kl_obhf_ljby
(1:n) (1:1)

lgK

Bklhqgbd

=NDl\_j^u_ Bhghh[f_gguc fhevd]j-jZba =_evnbevljZpbb Mw =4600ч32000

5.2 (2) Strohal and Huljev, 1970 Mantoura et al., 19.3-19.7 1978 18.4-20.1 18.3 11
4.7 Yin et al, 1997 kj_^g 13.7-15.0 Heiden and Aikens, 1983*

FKP Khj[pbbgZ ffhev]=ND ihebwlbe_g_

DhgklZglZ mklhcqb\hklb jZkkqblZgZ gZfb ih ^Zgguf h \ebygbb =ND Z^khj[pbx +J,, gZ ihebwlbe_g_ \ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^_ ijb\_^_gguf \>Heiden, Aikens, 1983]. Kh^_j`Zgb_ jlmlv-k\yau\Zxsbo p_gljh\ \ =ND nbjfu ?$OGULFK? [ueh hij_^_e_gh gZ hkgh\_ gZrbo wdki_jbf_glh\jZa^ jG \ kbkl_f_ kh^_j`Zs_c =ND b +J,, Z\lhju g_ hij_^_eyeb ihwlhfm _c [ue ijbibkZg jG ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u KqblZeb qlh gZ ihebwlbe_g_ khj[bjm_lky +J2+2 b jZkkqblu\Zeb>+J.JKP@>+J2+2@ ]^_ JKP - jlmlvk\yau\Zxsbc p_glj ZgZeh]bqgh jZa^ GZ hkgh\Zgbb ^Zgguo ih jG b &JKP jZkkqblu\Zeb dhgklZglm mklhcqb\hklb ]mfZlZ jlmlb DhgklZglZ mf_gvrZeZkv ih f_j_ m\_ebq_gby khhlghr_gby =ND+J,, qlh fh]eh [ulv h[mkeh\e_gh dZd g_jZ\ghp_gghklvx p_gljh\k\yau\ZgbylZdbaZdbke_gb_fjZkl\hjZaZkq_l\\_^_gby=NDkhijh\h`^Zxsbfky m\_ebq_gb_f>+J2+]/[Hg(OH)2@ Ijh\_^_ggu_ gZfb fh^_evgu_ jZkq_lu ihdZaZeb qlh aZ kq_l wlh]hwnn_dlZijbkgb`_gbbjGk^hdZ`msZykydhgklZglZmklhcqb\hklb]mfZlZjlmlb ^he`gZ[ueZkgbablvkygZihjy^dZ

DZd \b^gh ba lZ[e. 1.14 ijb\h^bfu_ \ ebl_jZlmj_ ^Zggu_ jZaebqZxlky gZ ihjy^dh\ Wlhl nZdl lj_[m_l ih^jh[gh]h ZgZebaZ \k_o jZ[hl k l_f hp_gblvZ^_d\Zlghklvihemq_gguodhgklZglijhp_kkZfdhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby ]mfmkh\uodbkehlk+J,,

75 ijhp_kkZf ijhl_dZxsbf \ jZkl\hjZo J_amevlZlu jZ[hlu>$OODUG and Arsenie, 1991@ ihdZaZgh gZebqb_ Z[bhlbq_kdh]h \hkklZgh\e_gby +J,, =ND ^h we_f_glZjghc dhlhjh_ h^gZdh ijhl_dZ_l hq_gv f_^e_ggh ijb .10-6F jlmlb ,, b f]e =ND \ l_q_gb_ q \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky g_ [he__ \\_^_gghc jlmlb ijbq_f oehjb^u ih^Z\eyxlwlhlijhp_kk

76 < hlebqb_ hl ij_^u^ms_c jZ[hlu ^Zggu_ >6NRJHUERH and Wilson, 1981; Matthiessen, 1996@ mdZau\Zxl gZ hq_gv [ukljh_g_kdhevdh ^_kyldh\ ^_kyldb k_dmg^ \hkklZgh\e_gb_ +J,, H^gZdh wlb ^Zggu_ ijhlb\hj_qZl jZ[hlZf [Mantoura et al., 1978] b [Heiden and Aikens, 1983@ \ dhlhjuo g_ gZ[ex^Zehkv ihl_jv jlmlb ba jZkl\hjh\ k ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb ijbq_f \ ihke_^g_c jZ[hl_ jZkl\hj kh^_j`Zsbc f]e =ND \u^_j`b\Zeky \ l_q_gb_ ^g_c Djhf_ lh]h ij_^klZ\ey_lky fZeh\_jhylguf qlh hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZy j_Zdpby \ hq_gv jZa[Z\e_gguo jZkl\hjZo k mqZklb_f \_kvfZ keZ[h]h \hkklZgh\bl_ey kihkh[gZ iheghklvx ijhclb aZ g_kdhevdh ^_kyldh\k_dmg^ LZdbf h[jZahf g_kfhljy gZ gZebqb_ ^Zgguo h [ukljhf \hkklZgh\e_gbb +J,, ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb ijhl_dZgb_ lZdh]h ijhp_kkZ ij_^klZ\ey_lky fZeh\_jhylguf b _]h fh`gh g_ mqblu\Zlv ijb hibkZgbb \aZbfh^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uodbkehlkHg(II).

1.8.6 Bkke_^h\Zgb_^_lhdkbpbjmxsbok\hckl\]mfmkh\uo dbkehlihhlghr_gbxdly`_euff_lZeeZff_lh^hf [bhl_klbjh\Zgby
Lhl nZdl qlh =ND kihkh[kl\mxl kgb`_gbx lhdkbqghklb b gZdhie_gby [hevrbgkl\Z ly`_euo f_lZeeh\ ih^l\_j`^Z_lky fgh]hqbke_ggufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb >:LQQHU, 1984; Vymazal, 1984; Gjessing, 1981; Winner, 1985; Buchwalter et al., 1996@ MdZaZgguc wnn_dl h[tykgy_lky kgb`_gb_f jZ\gh\_kghcdhgp_gljZpbbk\h[h^guobhgh\f_lZeeh\>%XFKZDOWHUet al., 1996; Pommery et al., 1985]. D kh`Ze_gbx ijyfuo bkke_^h\Zgbc \ebygby =ND gZ lhdkbq_kdh_ ^_ckl\b_ +J,, ihqlb g_l H^gZdh kms_kl\m_l jy^ ihe_\uo bkke_^h\Zgbc ihk\ys_gguo \ebygbx p\_lghklb \h^uh[mkeh\e_gghc \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v kh^_j`Zgb_f=NDgZ[bhgZdhie_gb_jlmlb>Zggu_ihwlhfm\hijhkm\_kvfZ ijhlb\hj_qb\u LZd Z\lhju >0DQQLR et al., 1986@ ml\_j`^Zxl qlh kms_kl\m_l ijyfZy\aZbfhk\yavf_`^mdhgp_gljZpb_c=NDbkh^_j`Zgb_f+J,,\ju[Zo >Kl_iZgh\Z b Dhfh\, 1996; Simonin et al., 1994@ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu Z\lhju [Nilsson and +DNDQVRQ @ \uy\beb gZebqb_ \_kvfZ mf_j_gguo dhjj_eypbc f_`^m kh^_j`Zgb_f +J,, \ ju[Zo b p\_lghklvx lhevdh ^ey ]em[hdbo kj_^gyy ]em[bgZ ! f ha_j >ey f_edbo ha_j \aZbfhk\yav ijZdlbq_kdb hlkmlkl\h\ZeZ H^gZdh ba ijb\_^_gguo ^Zgguo g_ykgh \ dZdhc f_j_ kh^_j`Zgb_ +J,, \ ju[Zo dhjj_ebjm_l k __ dhgp_gljZpb_c \ \h^_ b g_ h[mkeh\e_gh eb \ebygb_=ND m\_ebq_gb_fdhgp_gljZpbbjZkl\hj_gguonhjf +J,, LZdbf h[jZahf jhev =ND \ ijhp_kkZo gZdhie_gby +J,, \ ju[Zo hklZ_lkyg_\uykg_gghc J_amevlZlu eZ[hjZlhjguo bkke_^h\Zgbc gZijZ\e_gguo gZ bamq_gb_ \ebygby =ND gZ lhdkbqghklv b [bhgZdhie_gb_ +J,, ]h\hjyl h kgb`_gbb

77 h[hbo wnn_dlh\ LZd =ND kgb`Zeb lhdkbqghklv +J,, ih hlghr_gbx d Daphnia magna [Oikari et al., 1992@ < wdki_jbf_glZo k ju[Zfb [ueh ihdZaZgh iZ^_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ[bhZddmfmeypbb203+J \2U\]LDVODWLSHV\ jZaaZ kq_l \\_^_gby f]e =ND f]e +J,, q wdkihabpby >2K HW DO, 1986]. Koh^gu_ j_amevlZlu ihemqbeb Z\lhju >5DPDPRRUWK\ and Blumhagen, 1984] ^eyju[Salmo gairdneri. LZdbf h[jZahf bf_xsb_ky ^Zggu_ k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h lhf qlh ]mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu h[eZ^Zxl ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbfb k\hckl\Zfb ih hlghr_gbx d +J,, h^gZdh wlh [ueh ihdZaZgh gZ \_kvfZ h]jZgbq_gghf gZ[hj_ l_klh[t_dlh\ Djhf_ lh]h fh^gh dhgklZlbjh\Zlv b hlkmlkl\b_ jZajZ[hlZgguo ih^oh^h\ d ij_^kdZaZgbx ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gZ hkgh\ZgbbbgnhjfZpbbh[bokljh_gbb

1.9 K\yau\Zxsb_b^_lhdkbpbjmxsb_k\hckl\Z]mfmkh\uo dbkehlihhlghr_gbxdhj]Zgbq_kdbfwdhlhdkbdZglZf
=mfmkh\u_ dbkehlu hdZau\Zxl kms_kl\_ggh_ \ebygb_ gZ nhjfu kms_kl\h\Zgby hj]Zgbq_kdbo wdhlhdkbdZglh\WL \ wdhkbkl_fZo K\yau\Zgb_ WL ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb jZ\ghkbevgh ijhp_kkm _]h \u\_^_gby ba k\h[h^gh jZkl\hj_ggh]h khklhygby Wlh fh`_l ijb\h^blv d baf_g_gbx jZ\gh\_kby f_`^m \a\_r_gghc b jZkl\hj_gghc nhjfZfb WL>Herbes, 1977; Landrum et al., 1994; Wilcke and Zech, 1997; Nam et al., 1998; Voice and Weber, 1983; Karickhoff et al., 1979; Suffet and MacCarthy, 1989] khijh\h`^Zlvky m\_ebq_gb_f bo jZkl\hjbfhklb \ \h^_>Chiou et al., 1986; Chiou et al., 1987], mf_gvr_gb_f e_lmq_klb>Swan and Eschenroeder, 1983@ mkdhj_gb_f nhlhebaZ [Guna et al., 1998; Wang et al., 1995@ b [bh^hklmighklb >6XIIHW DQG 0DF&DUWK\; 1989, Guna et al., 1998@ < k\yab k baeh`_gguf ^ey jZkq_lZ nhjf kms_kl\h\Zgby WL \ wdhkbkl_fZo b ijh]ghaZ bo hiZkghklb g_h[oh^bfh ihemq_gb_ dhebq_kl\_gguo oZjZdl_jbklbd bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by k ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb

1.9.1 K\yau\Zgb_hj]Zgbq_kdbowdhlhdkbdZglh\ ]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfb
K\yau\Zgb_ hj]Zgbq_kdbo wdhlhdkbdZglh\WL ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb fh`ghmijhs_gghhibkZlvke_^mxsbfmjZ\g_gb_fj_Zdpbb>Johnsen, 1987]: WL-=ND (1.24). WL=ND Dhebq_kl\_gghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc lZdh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by y\ey_lky dhgklZglZk\yau\Zgby

78 .=

[WL - [WL][

=ND ] =ND ]

(1.25),

]^_>WL-=ND@ - jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby fhe_dmeyjgh]h Z^^mdlZ WL=ND >=ND@ b>WL@ - jZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb k\h[h^ghjZkl\hj_gguo =ND bWLkhhl\_lkl\_ggh <\b^m klhoZklbq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl j_Zdpby1.24) g_ hljZ`Z_l bklbgghc kl_obhf_ljbb bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by k WL <_kvfZ \_jhylgh qlh h^gZ fZdjhfhe_dmeZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl kihkh[gZ k\yau\Zlv g_kdhevdh fhe_dme WL Ihwlhfm mjZ\g_gb_1.24 hibku\Z_l kdhj__ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ h^ghcfhe_dmeuWLkh^gbfj_Zdpbhggufp_gljhf]mfmkh\uodbkehl < k\yab k l_f qlh dhebq_kl\h j_Zdpbhgguo p_gljh\ ijboh^ys__ky gZ _^bgbpm fZkku ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl g_ba\_klgh lh h[uqgh ^ey jZkq_lZ dhgklZglu k\yau\Zgby bkihevamxl g_ fheyjgmx Z fZkkh\mx dhgp_gljZpbx ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ujZ`_ggmx \ d] hj]Zgbq_kdh]h m]e_jh^Z d] K gZ e jZkl\hjZ < wlhf kemqZ_ ijhp_kk1.24 fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd khj[pbx WL ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb LZdmx dhgklZglm h[hagZqZxl k ihfhsvx ih^kljhqgh]hbg^_dkZHKKOCijbwlhf__jZaf_jghklv-ed] Kkh\iZ^Z_lk jZaf_jghklvx dhgklZglu khj[pbb >.KDQ 1978; Gauthier et al., 1986@ DZd ijZ\beh \ ijbjh^guo kj_^Zo h[sZy dhgp_gljZpby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehlK=ND) gZfgh]h [hevr_ dhgp_gljZpbb WL KWL Ihwlhfm jZ\gh\_kgmx dhgp_gljZpbx ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl fh`gh ijbgylv jZ\ghc h[s_c >=ND@ K=ND Lh]^Z \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey dhgklZglu k\yau\Zgby ij_h[jZam_lky d ke_^mxs_fm\b^m Ч . OC = (1.26) K =ND ]^_.OC - dhgklZglZ k\yau\Zgby WL ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb \ jZkq_l_ gZ fZkkh\mx dhgp_gljZpbx =ND \ujZ`_ggmx \ d] hj]Zgbq_kdh]h m]e_jh^Z d] KgZe >WL@&WL-^heyk\h[h^gh]hWL DZd \b^gh ba mjZ\g_gby 1.26 ^ey hij_^_e_gby KOC g_h[oh^bfh hij_^_eblv ^hex k\h[h^ghjZkl\hj_ggh]h WL \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl>eywlhcp_eb\ebl_jZlmj_hibkZghijbf_g_gb_ke_^mxsbof_lh^h\ ]_ev-ojhfZlh]jZnbb >6XIIHW DQG 0DF&DUWK\ 1989; Hasset and Milicic, 1985], mevljZnbevljZpbb >:DQJ HW DO 1990; Wang et al., 1991; Suffet and MacCarthy, @ lhgdhkehcghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb >6XIIHW DQG 0DF&DUWK\ 1989], h[jZs_ggh-nZah\hc \ukhdhwnn_dlb\ghc `b^dhklghc ojhfZlh]jZnbb HNLandrum et al., 1984; Morehead et al., 1986@ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ^bZebaZ [Hesketh et al., 1996; Devitt and Weisner, 1998; McCarthy et al., 1989; McCarthy, 1985@ `b^dhklghc wdkljZdpbb >Carlberg and Martinsen, 1982; Johnsen, 1987; Johnsen and Gribbestad, 1991]. < jy^_ kemqZ_\ dh]^Z dhgp_gljZpby ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ^hklZlhqgh \ukhdZ^_kyldb]jZffh\gZeblj

79 b [hevr_ \hafh`gh jZa^_e_gb_ k\h[h^gh]h b k\yaZggh]h WL p_gljbnm]bjh\Zgb_fijbf_g_gb_ ^Zgghc f_lh^bdb hibkZgh ^ey ZljZabgZ [Celis et. al., 1997]>eyI:M\hafh`ghlZd`_bkihevah\Zgb_f_lh^h\lmr_gby [Gauthier et al., 1986; Morra et al., 1990@ b iheyjbaZpbb nemhj_kp_gpbb [Roemelt and Seitz, 1982@ Djhf_ lh]h ijbf_gyxl f_lh^u hkgh\Zggu_ gZ j_]bkljZpbb baf_g_gby \h^ghc jZkl\hjbfhklb >Danielsen et al., 1995@ b [bhmk\hy_fhklb >/DQGUXP et al., 1985; Landrum et al., 1987@ I:M \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl Z lZd`_ baf_g_gbb dhgp_gljZpbb I:M \ ]Zah\hcnZa_gZ^jZkl\hjhfI:M-=ND>6XIIHWDQG0DF&DUWK\@ < lZ[e 1.15 b 1.16 ijb\_^_gu ebl_jZlmjgu_ agZq_gby dhgklZgl k\yau\Zgby I:M b ZljZabgZ - wdhlhdkbdZglh\ gZ ijbf_j_ dhlhjuo ijh\h^behkv bkke_^h\Zgb_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k hj]Zgbq_kdbfb wdhlhdkbdZglZfb \ ij_^klZ\e_gghc jZ[hl_ hij_^_e_ggu_ k ihfhsvxjZaebqguof_lh^h\ LZ[ebpZ 1.15 DhgklZgluk\yau\ZgbyI:M]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfbhij_^_e_ggu_ jZaebqgufbf_lh^Zfb =ND lg K
OC

F_lh^hij_^_e_gby.OC

Bklhqgbd
Gauthier et al., 1986 "-" Landrum et al., 1984 "-" Gauthier et al., 1986 Kopinke and Lebelt, 1997 Kukkonen and Oikari, 1991 Paolis and Kukkonen, 1997 Morehead et al., 1986 Bakhus and Gschwend, 1990 Black and McCarthy, 1988 Morra et al., 1990 Kukkonen and Pellinen, 1994 Kopinke and Lebelt, 1997

:gljZp_g NDihq\ 4.21; 4.51 Lmr_gb_nemhj_kp_gpbb =Dihq\ 4.57; 4.93; 4.81 "-" =D$OGULFK 4.15; 3.95 HN-bZeba 4.72 Lmr_gb_nemhj_kp_gpbb 3.75 L\_j^hnZagZywdkljZdpby ;_gaZibj_g 6.56 =D$OGULFK >bZeba 6.21 5.23 5.95 6.30 =Dihq\ NDihq\ =D$OGULFK 4.45 3.10 3.5 "-" HN-bZeba L\_j^hnZagZywdkljZdpby

80 =ND
NDihq\ =Dihq\ =D$OGULFK

lg K

OC

F_lh^hij_^_e_gby.OC
Ibj_g M\_ebq_gb_jZkl\hjbfhklb Lmr_gb_nemhj_kp_gpbb

Bklhqgbd
Danielsen et al., 1995 Gauthier et al., 1986 "-" Danielsen et al., 1995 Gauthier et al., 1986 Traina et al., 1988 Gauthier et al., 1986 "-" Landrum et al., 1984 Gauthier et al., 1986 Bakhus and Gschwend, 1990 Chen et al., 1994 Danielsen et al., 1995 Traina et al., 1988

4.01 4.51; 5.10

4.81; 4.57; 5.23 "-" 4.33 M\_ebq_gb_jZkl\hjbfhklb 5.01 4.6 4.88 4.70 3.92 4.78 3.92; 3.99 Lmr_gb_nemhj_kp_gpbb L\_j^hnZagZywdkljZdpby N_gZglj_g Lmr_gb_nemhj_kp_gpbb "-" "-" "-" HN-
NDihq\ =Dihq\ =D$OGULFK

=Dihq\ ND\h^

4.96 4.59 3.80; 3.90

Lmr_gb_nemhj_kp_gpbb M\_ebq_gb_jZkl\hjbfhklb L\_j^hnZagZywdkljZdpby

LZ[ebpZ 1.16 DhgklZgluk\yau\Zgby.OCZljZabgZ]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfb =ND =DNDihq\u =DNDk_^bf_glh\ NDihq\u =Dihq\u lgK
OC

F_lh^jZa^_e_gby p_gljbnm]bjh\Zgb_ p_gljbnm]bjh\Zgb_ mevljZnbevljZpby mevljZnbevljZpby ^bZeba p_gljbnm]bjh\Zgb_

Bklhqgbd Grover and Hance, 1970 Brown and Flagg, 1981 Wang et al., 1990 Gamble and Khan, 1988 Clapp et al., 1997 Celis et. al., 1997

1.61 2.33 1.40

2.24 2.11* 2.49

)OXND=D 2.78 p_gljbnm]bjh\Zgb_ "-" * lgKOC jZkkqblZg Z\lhjhf ^bkk_jlZpbb gZ hkgh\Zgbb ]jZnbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZij_^klZ\e_ggh]h\jZ[hl_ DZd \b^gh ba ij_^klZ\e_gguo j_amevlZlh\ \_ebqbgu lgKOC ^ey I:M \Zjvbjmxl \ ij_^_eZo hl ^h b kms_kl\_ggh jZaebqZxlky \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl bkihevam_fh]h f_lh^Z hij_^_e_gby >ey ZljZabgZ agZq_gby lgKOC ijb\h^bfu_ \ ebl_jZlmj_ khklZ\eyxl hl ^h qlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h gbadhf kjh^kl\_ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl d ZljZabgm < k\yab k

81 l_f qlh ebl_jZlmjZ ih dhebq_kl\_gguf Zki_dlZf \aZbfh^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k ZljZabghf \_kvfZ kdm^gZ lh \ ^Zevg_cr_f fu h]jZgbqbfky h[km`^_gb_f f_lh^heh]bq_kdbo ijh[e_f \hagbdZxsbo ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb \aZbfh^_ckl\bc\kbkl_f_I:M-=ND

1.9.2 F_lh^bq_kdb_Zki_dluhij_^_e_gbydhgklZglk\yau\Zgby hj]Zgbq_kdbowdhlhdkbdZglh\]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfb
Kh]eZkgh ijb\_^_gguf ^Zgguf lZ[e 1.15 gZb[he__ qZklh bkihevam_fufb f_lh^Zfb hij_^_e_gby dhgklZgl k\yau\Zgby I:M ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb y\eyxlky ^bZeba lmr_gb_ nemhj_kp_gpbb b HN/DQGUXP HW DO @ k\h[h^guc I:M iheghklvx khj[bjm_lky \ lh \j_fy dZd I:M k\yaZgguc k =ND ijhoh^bl q_j_a dhehgdm g_ khj[bjmykv F_lh^u ^bZebaZ b mevljZnbevljZpbb iha\heyxl jZa^_eblv k\h[h^gmx b k\yaZggmx nhjfu I:M k ihfhsvx f_f[jZg H^gZdh kh]eZkgh ^Zgguf >/DQGUXP HW DO 1984; Kukkonen and Pellinen, 1994@ wlb f_lh^u g_ijbf_gbfu ^ey \ukhdh]b^jhnh[guo I:Mk \ukhdbfb agZq_gbyfb dhwnnbpb_glh\ jZkij_^_e_gby hdlZghe-\h^Z \ke_^kl\b_ ihl_gpbZevghc khj[pbb gZ f_f[jZgZo Wlh fh`_l ijb\h^blv d aZ\ur_gbxagZq_gbchij_^_ey_fuoKOC [Suffet and MacCarthy, 1989]. ;he__ ij_^ihqlbl_evgufb ^ey hij_^_e_gby KOC y\eyxlky f_lh^u iha\heyxsb_ hij_^_eylv dhgp_gljZpbx k\h[h^gh]h b k\yaZggh]h k ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb I:M [_a bo ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h jZa^_e_gby Bkihevah\Zgb_ ih^h[guo f_lh^h\ bkdexqZ_l ihy\e_gb_ Zjl_nZdlh\ \uau\Z_fuokf_s_gb_fjZ\gh\_kby\kbkl_f_I:M-=ND H^gbf ba gZb[he__ rbjhdh ijbf_gyxsboky ^ey wlhc p_eb f_lh^h\ y\ey_lky f_lh^ lmr_gby nemhj_kp_gpbb hkgh\Zgguc gZ baf_j_gbb mf_gvr_gby bgl_gkb\ghklb nemhj_kp_gpbb nemhjhnhjZ I:M \ ijbkmlkl\bb lmrbl_ey =ND < kemqZ_ klZlbq_kdh]h lmr_gby f_`^m nemhjhnhjhf b lmrbl_e_f \ hkgh\ghf khklhygbb h[jZam_lky dhfie_dk dhlhjucg_nemhj_kpbjm_l

82 Bkke_^h\Zgbx f_oZgbafh\ lmr_gby I:M ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb ihk\ys_g p_euc jy^ jZ[hl>0RUUDHW DO 1990; Danielsen et al., 1995, Chin and Gschwend, 1992; Chen et al., 1994; Kumke, 1994; Bakhus and Gschwend, 1990]. <\b^mkeh`ghklbbamqZ_fhc kbkl_fubo \u\h^uaZqZklmxijhlb\hj_qb\ugh [hevrbgkl\h Z\lhjh\ ijboh^bl d \u\h^m h ij_h[eZ^Zgbb klZlbq_kdh]h f_oZgbafZ ]bihl_a_ lmr_gby I:M ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb>&KHQHW DO 1994, Gauthier et al., 1986; Morra et al., 1990, Kumke, @ Wlbfb `_ bkke_^h\Zl_eyfb [ueh ihdZaZgh qlh d\Zglh\uc \uoh^ nemhj_kp_gpbb Z^^mdlh\ I:M-=ND ijZdlbq_kdb jZ\_g gmex ^ey rbjhdh]h gZ[hjZ bkke_^h\Zgguo ij_iZjZlh\ >*DXWKLHU HW DO 1986; Kumke, 1994; Shlautman and Morgan, 1993]. < k\yab k wlbf ^ey dhebq_kl\_gghc hp_gdb dhgklZglu k\yau\Zgby I:M ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb k bkihevah\Zgb_ f_lh^Z lmr_gby nemhj_kp_gpbb ijbf_gyeb mjZ\g_gb_ Rl_jgZ-Nhevf_jZ >*DXthier et al., @ dhlhjh_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey dhgklZglu k\yau\Zgby1.26 ijb mkeh\bb qlh aZibku\Z_lky \ \b^_ hlghr_gby nemhj_kp_gpbb jZkl\hjZ I:M \ ijbkmlkl\bbbhlkmlkl\b_]mfmkh\uodbkehl:
)0 = 1+ . )
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]^_ )0 b ) - bgl_gkb\ghklb nemhj_kp_gpbb I:M \ hlkmlkl\b_ b \ ijbkmlkl\bb=NDkhhl\_lkl\_ggh Ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb dbg_lbdb \aZbfh^_ckl\by ZgljZp_gZ ibj_gZ b i_jbe_gZ k =ND f_lh^hf lmr_gby nemhj_kp_gpbb Z\lhjZfb >6KODXWPDQ DQG Morgan, @ [ueh ihdZaZgh qlh jZ\gh\_kb_ f_`^m I:M b =ND mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky \ l_q_gb_- fbgml qlh iha\hey_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv ^Zgguc f_lh^dZdwdkij_kkguc Ijb\_^_ggu_ ^Zggu_ iha\heyxl hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv f_lh^ lmr_gby nemhj_kp_gpbb dZd gZb[he__ i_jki_dlb\guc ^ey hij_^_e_gby dhgklZgl k\yau\Zgby I:M ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb GZ wlhf hkgh\Zgbb bf_ggh ^Zgguf f_lh^hf ijh\h^bebkv \k_ hij_^_e_gby DHK ^ey I:M \ ij_^klZ\e_gghc jZ[hl_

1.9.3 Bkke_^h\Zgb_^_lhdkbpbjmxsbok\hckl\]mfmkh\uo dbkehlihhlghr_gbxdhj]Zgbq_kdbfwdhlhdkbdZglZf
Bamq_gb_^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo\ebygby]mfmkh\uodbkehlihhlghr_gbxd hj]Zgbq_kdbf WL ij_^klZ\ey_l [hevrhc bgl_j_k dZd ^ey ihemq_gby ijh]ghklbq_kdbo hp_ghd hiZkghklb WL \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl lZd b ^ey ihbkdZ gh\uo ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo Z]_glh\ ijbjh^gh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby bkihevah\Zgb_ dhlhjuo g_ khijy`_gh k hiZkghklvx \lhjbqgh]h aZ]jyag_gby GZdhg_p khihklZ\e_gb_ k\yau\Zxsbo b ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl iha\hebeh [u \iehlgmx ih^hclb d bkke_^h\Zgbx

83 f_oZgbafZ ^_lhdkbdZpbb wdhlhdkbdZglh\ ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb ih^ dhlhjuf \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ihgbfZxl ]eZ\guf h[jZahf i_j_oh^ WL \ g_lhdkbqgmxnhjfmijb_]hk\yau\Zgbbk]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfb Kihkh[ghklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl gb\_ebjh\Zlv hljbpZl_evgh_ ^_ckl\b_ p_eh]hjy^Zhj]Zgbq_kdboWL\dexqZyI:Mbi_klbpb^ujZaebqguodeZkkh\ ihdZaZgZ fgh]bfb Z\lhjZfb >%HQGHU HW DO 1970; Gachrer et al., 1978; Fisher and Frood, 1980; Luoma, 1983; Landrum et al., 1985; McCarthy and Jimenez, 1985; Pommery et al., 1985; Winner, @ LZd \ gZklhys__ \j_fy mklZgh\e_gh qlh \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ =ND k I:M y\ey_lky h^gbf ba hkgh\guo nZdlhjh\ \ebyxsbo gZ [bhZddmfmeypbx I:M \h^gufb hj]ZgbafZfb H kgb`_gbb gZdhie_gby I:M Zfnbih^Zfb ju[Zfb ^Zngbyfb \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl jZaebqgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby b JH< khh[sZ_lky \ jZ[hlZo >/DQGUXP HW al., 1985; Landrum et al., 1987; Leversee, 1983; McCarthy, 1983 McCarthy, 1985; Grainer et al., 1999; Kukkonen and Oikari, 1997; Maruya, 1997@ :\lhju [Weinstein and Oris, 1999@ khh[sZxl h[ mf_gvr_gbb dhwnnbpb_glZ [bhZddmfmeypbb %&) hlghr_gb_ jZ\gh\_kguo dhgp_gljZpbc I:M \ ldZgyo ]b^jh[bhglh\ b \ \h^ghc kj_^_ nemhjZgl_gZ ju[Zfb hl ^h \ ijbkmlkl\bb jZaebqguo dhgp_gljZpbc JH< -5.0 f] Ke GZ jbk 1.10 ihdZaZgZ lbibqgZy aZ\bkbfhklv kgb`_gby %&) \ ijbkmlkl\bb =ND ^ey jZaebqguoI:M
%&)

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Jbk 1.10. Dhwnnbpb_glu [bhZddmfmeypbb g_dhlhjuo I:M \ ijbkmlkl\bb =D Aldrichl_kl-h[t_dl - ^Zngbb - [_gaZibj_g - [_gaZgljZp_g z - ZgljZp_g z - gZnlZebg - [_gaZibj_g \ ijbkmlkl\bb JH< lhjnyguo[hehlIh^Zgguf [McCarthy, 1985]. DZd \b^gh ba jbk. 1.10, BCF mf_gvrZ_lky ih f_j_ m\_ebq_gby dhgp_gljZpbb =ND Ijb wlhf kl_i_gv \ha^_ckl\by =ND gZ gZdhie_gb_ I:M l_f \ur_ q_f [hevr_ ]b^jhnh[ghklv bkke_^m_fh]h I:M >ey gZbf_g__ ]b^jhnh[guo gZnlZebgZ b ZgljZp_gZ g_ gZ[ex^Z_lky baf_g_gby %&) \

84 ijbkmlkl\bb =D$OGULFK \h \k_f ^bZiZahg_ dhgp_gljZpbc =D H[jZsZ_l gZ k_[y \gbfZgb_ lhl nZdl qlh ijbkmlkl\b_ =D$OGULFK \uau\Z_l \ ljb jZaZ [hevr__ mf_gvr_gb_ %&) [_gaZibj_gZ ih kjZ\g_gbx k JH< [hehlguo \h^ :\lhju >/DQGUXP HW DO 1987; McCarthy, @ lZd`_ hlf_qZeb kgb`_gb_ Zddmfmeypbb gZnlZebgZ ^Zngbyfb \k_]h gZ - \ ijbkmlkl\bb b 60 f] Ke =D$OGULFK lh]^Z dZd ^ey [_gaZibj_gZ wnn_dl khklZ\eye ijb 20 f] Ke=D IhdZaZghb^_lhdkbpbjmxs__^_ckl\b_]mfmkh\uodbkehlihhlghr_gbx d I:M LZd Z\lhju jZ[hlu >2ULV et al., 1990@ hlf_qZeb mf_gvr_gb_ lhdkbqghklb ZgljZp_gZ ^ey ^Zngbc b g_dhlhjuo \b^h\ ju[ \ ijbkmlkl\bb jZaebqguo dhgp_gljZpbc =ND Ijb wlhf wnn_dl ijhy\eyeky ^Z`_ ijb lZdbo gbadbodhgp_gljZpbyo=NDdZd-f] KeMf_gvr_gb_/750km\_ebq_gb_f kh^_j`Zgby =D$OGULFK hl ^h f] Ke [ueh hlf_q_gh \ jZ[hl_>:HLQVWHLQ and Oris, @ ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb \ebygby ^Zgguo =D gZ lhdkbqghklv nemhjZgl_gZ ^ey ju[ \ ^bZiZahg_ dhgp_gljZpbc ^Zggh]h I:M hl ^h 34 fd]e >_lhdkbpbjmxs__^_ckl\b_]mfmkh\uodbkehlihhlghr_gbxdZljZabgm ]_j[bpb^ deZkkZ kbff-ljbZabgh\ ki_pbnbq_kdbc bg]b[blhj nhlhkbgl_aZ lZd`_ y\ey_lky ^hklh\_jgh mklZgh\e_gguf Ijb wlhf bkke_^h\Zgby ijh\h^beb g_ lhevdh \ \h^guo kj_^Zo >*HQHYLQL HW DO @ gh b g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh gZ ihq\_>Dmebd b =hjh\Zy Ijboh^vdh b ^j 1980; ;me]Zdh\Z b Ijboh^vdh @ < jZ[hl_ [Ijboh^vdh b ^j, 1980] bkke_^h\Zeb lZd`_ \hafh`ghklv ijbf_g_gby ]mfbgh\uo b fbg_jZevguo m^h[j_gbc ^ey kgb`_gby lhdkbq_kdh]h ^_ckl\by b ihke_^_ckl\by ZljZabgZ \ ihq\_ ih hlghr_gbx d dmevlmjZf h\kZ yqf_gy b dmdmjmau J_amevlZlu ijh\_^_gguo wdki_jbf_glh\ ihdZaZeb wnn_dlb\ghklv ij_^eZ]Z_fuo Z\lhjZfb kihkh[h\ hqbkldbihq\ulZ[e 1.17). DZd \b^gh ba lZ[e 1.17 \g_k_gb_ ]mfhnhkZ hdZaZehkv [he__ wnn_dlb\guf q_f fbg_jZevguo m^h[j_gbc

85 LZ[ebpZ 1.17
25.9 0.215 0.089 * m^h[j_gb_ ij_^klZ\eyxs__ kh[hc kf_kv ]mfZlZ Na k fbg_jZevgufb ^h[Z\dZfb LZdbf h[jZahf ^_lhdkbpbjmxsZy kihkh[ghklv ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx dZd d I:M lZd b ZljZabgm ^hklh\_jgh mklZgh\e_gZ < dZq_kl\_ g_ihkj_^kl\_gghcijbqbgugZ[ex^Z_fh]hkgb`_gbywnn_dlb\ghklb^_ckl\by WL \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [hevrbgkl\hf Z\lhjh\ \ukdZau\Z_lky ]bihl_aZhk\yau\ZgbblhdkbdZglh\]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfb[Khan, 1978; Giesy et al., 1983; Vymazal, 1984; Landrum et al., 1985; McCarthy and Jimenez, 1985; Ebggbd b GZ[b\Zg_p 1986; Oris et al., 1990] < gZklhys__ \j_fy iheh`_gb_ h g_^hklmighklb dhfie_dkZ WL-=ND ^ey `b\uo hj]Zgbafh\ h[s_ijbgylh qlh k\yau\Zxl k g_\hafh`ghklvx ijhgbdgh\_gb_ \ `b\u_ hj]Zgbafu Z]j_]Zlh\ klhev [hevrh]h jZaf_jZ Wlh ih^l\_j`^Z_lky jZ[hlZfb ih kgb`_gbx [bhZddmfmeypbb I:M \h^gufb hj]ZgbafZfb \ ijbkmlkl\bb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl [McCarthy and Bartell, 1988; Servos et al., 1989; Landrum et al., 1985]., ]^_ Z\lhjZfb [ueZ ijh^_fhgkljbjh\ZgZ ijyfZy \aZbfhk\yav f_`^m k\yau\Zxsbfb k\hckl\Zfb ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx d bkke_^h\ZggufI:Mbbo^_lhdkbpbjmxs_ckihkh[ghklvx H^gZdh kms_kl\m_l p_euc jy^ jZ[hl Z\lhjZfb dhlhjuo ihdZaZgh qlh ]mfmkh\u_dbkehluihdjZcg_cf_j_bonjZdpbykFFf_gvr_ >Zfh]ml ijhgbdZlv q_j_a [bheh]bq_kdb_ f_f[jZgu [Eh]bgh\ b DhfbkkZjh\ 1971; Dell'Agnola and Nardi, 1986]Wlhk\b^_l_evkl\m_lh\hafh`ghklbihklmie_gby k\yaZggh]hk]mfmkh\ufbdbkehlZfblhdkbdZglZ\hj]ZgbafuLZd\[Khdheh\ b =Zebmebg, 1987] ihdZaZgh qlh h[jZah\Zgb_ dhfie_dkZ i_klbpb^-]mfmk ijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx i_jkbkl_glghklb b khojZg_gbx lhdkbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ij_iZjZlZ < jZ[hl_ KlxZjlZ [Stewart, 1984] ijb\h^ylky ^Zggu_ h[ m\_ebq_gb_ lhdkbqghklb h-dj_aheZ -^bgbljhn_gheZ b -

86 ljbgbljhn_gheZ \ ijbkmlkl\bb gbadhfhe_dmeyjguo \h^hjZkl\hjbfuo ]mfmkh\uodbkehl Hldjuluf hklZ_lky \hijhk h ijbjh^_ ^_lhdkbpbjmxs_]h ^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z agZqbl_evgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k lhdkbdZglhf gZijbf_j ZljZabghf g_ ijhbkoh^bl Ojbkl_\hc [Ojbkl_\Z ] [ueZ \ukdZaZgZ ]bihl_aZ qlh "nbabheh]bq_kdb Zdlb\gu_ ]mfbgh\u_ dbkehlu ih\urZxl khijhlb\ey_fhklv jZkl_gbc g_ d dZdbf-lh hij_^_e_gguf nZdlhjZf \g_rg_c kj_^u Z ih^gbfZxl bo h[smx j_abkl_glghklv Beb ^jm]bfb keh\Zfb - nbabheh]bq_kdb Zdlb\gu_ =< ih\urZxl h[smx g_ki_pbnbq_kdmx khijhlb\ey_fhklv hj]ZgbafZ" Hkgh\hc lZdh]h ij_^klZ\e_gby ihkem`beb wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ h lhf qlh klbfmebjmxs__ ^_ckl\b_ =< gZ `bag_^_yl_evghklv jZkl_gbc wnn_dlb\g__ ijhy\ey_lky \ wdklj_fZevguo mkeh\byo < ^Zevg_cr_f [ueb him[ebdh\Zgu fgh]hqbke_ggu_ jZ[hlu ih^l\_j`^Zxsb_ wlm ]bihl_am [Ojbkl_\Z b ^j Ojbkl_\Z LdZq_gdhb^j 1977]. LZdbf h[jZahf ijhp_kk ^_lhdkbdZpbb WL ]mfmkh\ufb dbkehlZfb fh`_l [ulv h[mkeh\e_g ih djZcg_c f_j_ ^\mfy ijbqbgZfb g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf k\yau\Zgb_f WL b ih\ur_gb_f h[s_c khijhlb\ey_fhklb hj]Zgbafh\ \ ijbkmlkl\bb =ND >ey mklZgh\e_gby b ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z f_oZgbafZ ^_lhdkbdZpbb g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_^_gb_ dhfie_dkguo bkke_^h\Zgbc \dexqZxsbo hp_gdm dZd ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo lZd b k\yau\Zxsbo k\hckl\ ih hlghr_gbx d \u[jZgghfm WL Z lZd`_ bo khihklZ\e_gb_ D kh`Ze_gbx \ gZklhys__ \j_fy kh]eZkgh ij_^eh`_gghc ko_f_ [ueb ijh\_^_gu lhevdh _^bgbqgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby >0F&DUWK\ DQG %artell, 1988; Servos et al., 1989; Landrum et al., @ Ijb wlhf ^ey dhjj_dlgh]h khihklZ\e_gby ihemqZ_fuo hp_ghd ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo b k\yau\Zxsbo k\hckl\ =ND g_h[oh^bfZ lZd`_ jZajZ[hldZ ih^oh^Z qbke_ggh]h hibkZgby ijhp_kkZ ^_lhdkbdZpbb k p_evx ihemq_gby dhebq_kl\_gguo oZjZdl_jbklbd ZgZeh]bqguo dhgklZglZf k\yau\Zgby *** LZdbf h[jZahf jZkkfhlj_gb_ kms_kl\mxsbo ih^oh^h\ d bkke_^h\Zgbx kljh_gby b k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl b kihkh[h\ ij_^klZ\e_gby ihemqZ_fuo j_amevlZlh\ iha\hebeh \uy\blv hlkmlkl\b_ _^bghc f_lh^heh]bb ZgZebaZ b qbke_ggh]h hibkZgby kljh_gby b k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl dhlhjh_ iha\hebeh [u j_rZlv aZ^Zqb deZkkbnbdZpbb b ijh]ghabjh\Zgby k\hckl\ ^Zggh]h deZkkZ kh_^bg_gbc Djhf_ lh]h knhjfmebjh\Zg p_euc jy^ g_j_r_gguoijh[e_ff_lh^bq_kdh]hieZgZ < k\yab k baeh`_gguf \ ij_^klZ\e_gghc jZ[hl_ \ dZq_kl\_ ih^oh^Z Z^_d\Zlgh]h klhoZklbq_kdhc ijbjh^_ h[t_dlZ ij_^eh`_gh qbke_ggh_ hibkZgb_ kljmdlmju ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl k ihfhsvx dhfie_dkZ

87 bgl_]jZevguo^_kdjbilhjh\khklZ\ZoZjZdl_jbamxs_]hljbb_jZjobq_kdbo mjh\gy kljmdlmjghc hj]ZgbaZpbb hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc we_f_glguc kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\hc b fhe_dmeyjgh-fZkkh\uc Ih^ bgl_]jZevgufb ^_kdjbilhjZfb ihgbfZeb ^ey we_f_glgh]h khklZ\Z - ijhp_glgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ hl hj]Zgbq_kdh]h \_s_kl\Z hkgh\guo we_f_glh\ - K G N, O, S b bo Zlhfgu_ khhlghr_gby ^ey kljmdlmjgh-]jmiih\h]h khklZ\Z - ijhp_glgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ K b G\ ijhp_glZo hl h[s_]h kh^_j`Zgby K b G \ \_s_kl\_ \ khklZ\_ hkgh\guo kljmdlmjguo ]jmii ^ey fhe_dmeyjgh-fZkkh\h]h khklZ\Z - kj_^gb_fhe_dmeyjgu_fZkkubbohlghr_gbyiheb^bki_jkghklb Bkihevah\Zgb_ bgl_]jZevguo ^_kdjbilhjh\ khklZ\Z ^ey hibkZgby [_kdhg_qgh]h jZaghh[jZaby iZjpbZevguo kljmdlmj fhe_dmeyjgh]h ZgkZf[ey ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl bf_eh k\h_c p_evx h[_ki_qblv nmg^Zf_glZevghklv h[sghklv oZjZdl_jbam_fh]h ijbagZdZ b \hkijhba\h^bfhklv khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h iZjZf_ljZ Z bkihevah\Zgb_ bo dhfie_dkZ - ih\ukblv mjh\_gv ki_pbnbqghklb hibkZgby kljmdlmju \ l_jfbgZo khklZ\Z JZkq_lm mdZaZgguo ^_kdjbilhjh\ ij_^r_kl\h\Ze wlZi hilbfbaZpbb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo wdki_jbf_glZevguo f_lh^bd ZgZebaZ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl \_jbnbdZpbb ihemq_gguo ^Zgguo k bkihevah\Zgb_f g_aZ\bkbfuo f_lh^h\ b k\_jldZ bgnhjfZpbb Dhfie_dk ihemq_gguo bgl_]jZevguo ^_kdjbilhjh\ khklZ\Z bkihevah\Zeb aZl_f ^ey j_r_gby aZ^Zq deZkkbnbdZpbb b ijh]ghaZ k\yau\Zxsbo b ^_lhdkbpbjmxsbo k\hckl\ ]mfmkh\uo dbkehl ih hlghr_gbx djZaebqgufwdhlhdkbdZglZf