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Magna Charta Universitatum Bologna, Italy September 18, 1988

PREAMBLE The undersigned Rectors of European Universities, gathered in B ologna for the ninth centenary of the oldest University in Europe, four years before the definitive abolition of boundaries between the countries of the European C ommunity; looking forward to far-reaching co-operation between all European natio ns and believing that peoples and States should become more than ever aware of t he part that universities will be called upon to play in a changing and increasingly international society, Consider: 1) that at the approaching end of this millenium the future of mankind depends, largely on cultural, scientific and technical development; and that this is built up in centres of culture, knowledge and research as represented by true universities; 2) that the universities' task of spreading knowledge among the younger generations implies that, in today's world, they must also serv e society as a whole; and that the cultural, social and economic future of society re quires, in particular, a considerable investment in continuing education; 3) that universities must give future generations education and training that will teach them, and through them others, to respect the great harmo nies of their natural environment and of life itself The undersigned Rectors of European universities proclaim to all States and to the conscience of al l nations the fundamental principles which must, now and always, support the vocation of universities. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES


1. The university is an autonomous institution at the heart of societies differently organized because of geography and historical heritage; it prod uces, examines, appraises and hands down culture by research and teaching. To m eet the needs of the world around it, its research and teaching must be morally and intellectually independent of all political authority and intellectually independent of all political authority and economic power. 2. Teaching and research in universities must be inseparable if their tuition is not to lag behind changing needs, the demands of society, and advances in scientific knowledge. 3. Freedom in research and training is the fundamental principl e of university life, and governments and universities, each as far as in them lies, must ensure respect for this fundamental requirement. Rejecting intolerance and alw ays open to dialogue, the university is an ideal meeting-ground for teacher s capable of imparting their knowledge and well equipped to develop it by research and innovation and students entitled, able and willing to enrich their minds with that knowledge. 4. A university is the trustee of the European humanist traditi on; its constant care is to attain universal knowledge; to fulfil its vocation it tra nscends geographical and political frontiers, and affirms the vital need for different c ultures to know and influence each other. THE MEANS To attain these goals by following such principles calls for ef fective means, suitable to present conditions. 1. To preserve freedom in research and teaching, the instrument s appropriate to realize that freedom must be made available to all members of the university community.


2. Recruitment of teachers, and regulation of their status, mus t obey the principle that research is inseparable from teaching. 3. Each university must - with due allowance for particular cir cumstances - ensure that its students' freedoms are safeguarded and that they enjoy conditions in which they can acquire the culture and training which it is their purpose to possess. 4. Universities - particularly in Europe - regard the mutual ex change of information and documentation, and frequent joint projects for the advancem ent of learning, as essential to the steady progress of knowledge. Therefore, as in the earliest years of their history, they encourage mobility among teachers and stude nts; furthermore, they considere a general policy of equivalent status, titles, e xaminations(without prejudice to national diplomas) and award of scholarships essential to the fulfilment of their mission in the conditions prevailing today. The undersigned Rectors, on behalf of their Universities, undertake to do everything in their power to encourage each State, as well as the supranat ional organizations concerned, to mould their policy sedulously on this Magna Chart a, which expresses the universities' unanimous desire freely determined and declared.