Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.students.chemport.ru/materials/zzad/zzad21.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Thu Jan 15 18:10:09 2009 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Oct 1 21:15:50 2012 Êîäèðîâêà:

Fhkdh\kdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l bf_gbF Obfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_l DZn_^jZZgZeblbq_kdhc obfbb

AZqzlgZyaZ^ZqZihZgZeblbq_kdhcobfbb

Klm^_glZ]jmiiu

Ij_ih^Z\Zl_ev NZ^__\Z

Kh^_j`Zgb_
P_evjZ[hlu DZq_kl\_ggucZgZeba Ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_bkiulZgby Kbkl_fZlbq_kdbcoh^ZgZebaZ H[ahjebl_jZlmju F_lh^ujZaeh`_gbybjZa^_e_gby F_lh^ujZkl\hj_gby F_lh^ujZa^_e_gby =jZ\bf_ljbq_kdb_f_lh^uhij_^_e_gbyZexfbgby G_hj]Zgbq_kdb_hkZ^bl_eb Hj]Zgbq_kdb_hkZ^bl_eb 3.3. Lbljbf_ljbq_kdb_f_lh^uhij_^_e_gbyZexfbgby Ijyfh_dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_ 3.H[jZlgh_dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_ 3.3.3. Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_aZf_klbl_ey Bkihevah\Zgb_^jm]bodhfie_dkhgh\ Hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgh_lbljh\Zgb_ Dbkehlghhkgh\gh_lbljh\Zgb_ 1

2 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 19 20


P_evjZ[hlu
P_evx gZklhys_c jZ[hlu y\ey_lky dZq_kl\_gguc ZgZeba ijbjh^gh]h beb ijhfure_ggh]h h[t_dlZ b hij_^_e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby h^gh]h ba we_f_glh\ \oh^ysbo \ khklZ\ ^Zggh]h h[t_dlZ

2


DZq_kl\_ggucZgZeba
Ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ bkiulZgby H[jZa_p ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kljm`db k_j_[jbklh]h p\_lZ lh _klv \_jhylgh y\ey_lky kieZ\hf H[jZa_p qZklbqgh jZkl\hjy_lky \ szehqb k \u^_e_gb_f ]ZaZ g_jZkl\hjb\rbcky hkZ^hdhdjZr_g\dhjbqg_\ucp\_l Ihwlhfm fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv qlh ZgZebabjm_fuc h[t_dl± wlh kieZ\ h^gbf ba hkgh\guo dhfihg_glh\ dhlhjh]h y\ey_lky Zexfbgbc HklZlhd hl jZkl\hj_gby \ szehqb iheghklvx jZkl\hjy_lky \ F HNO3. >Zevg_crbc ZgZeba ijhba\h^bekyihf_lh^bd_hibkZgghc\[1]. Kbkl_fZlbq_kdbc oh^ZgZebaZ

:gZeba ijh\h^beb ih ko_f_ ijb\_^zgghc \ur_ H[jZa_p bkke_^m_fh]h h[t_dlZ jZkl\hjbeb\ ghfjZkl\hj_NaOH; ihemq_ggZy \uly`dZ [ueZ hl^_e_gZ hl hkZ^dZ Wlhl hkZ^hd \ k\hx hq_j_^v jZkl\hjbeb \ F Zahlghc dbkehl_ SzehqgmxjZkl\hj b ZahlghdbkemxjZkl\hj\uly`dbZgZebabjh\Zebhl^_evgh J_amevlZluZgZebaZijb\_^_gu\lZ[ebp_

3


LZ[ebpZKbkl_fZlbq_kdbcoh^dZq_kl\_ggh]hZgZebaZh[t_dlZ :gZebabjm_fuc h[t_dl JZkl\hj JZkl\hj JZkl\hj 3 J_Z]_glu GZ[ex^_gby HkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_l

Ij_^iheZ]Z_fuckhklZ\nZa JZkl\hj Al(III), Sn(II), Zn(II), Cr(III) JZkl\hj3: Zn(II), Cr(III) Cr(III) HkZ^hd -- HkZ^hd2: Al(III), Sn(II) --

1.

Na2CO3

2.

NH4Cl HCl, (NH4)2Hg(SCN) NaOH, H2O2, ^bn_-

3.

iZ^Z_l Hj]Zgbq_kdZy nZaZhdjZr_gZ \a_ezgucp\_l
4.

JZkl\hj3

gbedZj[Zab^bahZfbeh\uckibjl

Hlkmlkl\m_lCr

--

--

5.

HkZ^hd2

HCl, Hg(NO3)2 HCl, ZebaZjbgh\uc

Ijbkmlkl\m_lSn

Sn(II), Al(III)

--

6.

HkZ^hd2

djZkgucNH3, CH3COOH NH3 ^hpH = 5,

Ijbkmlkl\m_l$O

Sn(II), Al(III)

--

Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Ijbkmlkl\m_l)H Mn(II), Cu(II), Cd, Mg, Hg(I), Ag, Pb(II) Fe(III), Ni(II), Mn(II), Hlkmlkl\m_l&R Cu(II), Cd, Mg, Hg(I), Ag, Pb(II)
4

7.

JZkl\hj

KSCN, bahZfbeh\uckibjl NaF, NH3^hpH = 5,

--

8.

JZkl\hj

KSCN, bahZfbeh\uckibjl

--


9.

JZkl\hj

NaBiO3 NH3 ^hpH = 6, ^bf_lbe]ebhdkbf HCl (1:4) NH3 ^hpH = 5, Na2S2O3 Na2HPO4, NH3 ^h pH = 9 HCl ^hpH = 0.5, Na2S HNO3 (6 M), K4Fe(CN)6

JZkl\hj[_kp\_l_g HkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_l HkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_l
Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Hlkmlkl\m_lMn Cd, Mg, Hg(I), Ag, Pb(II) Hlkmlkl\m_l1L Hlkmlkl\mxlAg, Pb(II), Hg(I) <_jhylghijbkmlkl\m_lCu Hlkmlkl\m_lMg Hlkmlkl\m_lCd <_jhylghijbkmlkl\b_ Cu Ijbkmlkl\m_lKX Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd, Mg, Hg(I), Ag, Pb(II) Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd, Mg -- --

10.

JZkl\hj JZkl\hj

11.

--

12.

JZkl\hj

JZkl\hj5: Cd, Mg

HkZ^hd4: Cu, Fe

13.

JZkl\hj5 JZkl\hj5 HkZ^hd

Cd

--

14.

-- KX

--

15.

--

16.

HkZ^hd

HNO3 (6 M), NH3

Cu

--

LZdbf h[jZahf bkke_^m_fuc h[t_dl y\ey_lky kieZ\hf hkgh\gu_ dhfihg_glu± Zexfbgbc b f_^v LZd`_ ijbkmlkl\mxl heh\h b \ hq_gvg_[hevrbodhebq_kl\Zo`_e_ah

5


H[ahjebl_jZlmju
F_lh^ujZaeh`_gbybjZa^_e_gby
F_lh^ujZkl\hj_gby JZaeh`_gb_ kieZ\h\ y\ey_lky ^hklZlhqgh ijhklhc aZ^Zq_c ihkdhevdm ex[hc kieZ\ fh`_l[ulvjZkl\hjzg\kf_kbdbkehlbebs_ehq_c>eyjZkl\hj_gbykieZ\h\gZhkgh\_ Zexfbgbyih^oh^yldZddbkehlulZdbszehqbH[uqgh[_jml^hklZlhqghdhgp_gljbjh\Zgguc jZkl\hj szehqb~ 30 %-guc lZdhc kihkh[ jZaeh`_gby bkihevamxl ^ey kieZ\h\ Zexfbgby b fZ]gby [2] L_f g_ f_g__ \>@ b>@ g_ mdZaZgZ \hafh`ghklv jZkl\hj_gby ^jm]bo kieZ\h\ gZijbf_j Zexfbgby k f_^vx \ szehqb Ohly \>@ ^ey hij_^_e_gby f_^b \ Zexfbgb_\hf kieZ\_bkihevam_lkybf_gghwlhlf_lh^ @ mdZau\Z_l gZ g_ijb]h^ghklv ^Zggh]h f_lh^Z ^ey hl^_e_gby Zexfbgby hl f_^b;he__ m^h[ghhkZ`^_gb_ ]b^jhdkb^Z f_^b \ kbevghs_ehqghc kj_^_ ]b^jhdkb^ Zexfbgby iheghklvx jZkl\hjy_lky k h[jZah\Zgb_f ]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkh\ H^gZdh a^_kv lh`_ kms_kl\mxl ijh[e_fu \ kbevghs_ehqghc kj_^_ f_^v fh`_l h[jZah\u\Zlv ]b^jhdkhdhfie_dku
6


ohly bo dhebq_kl\h g_\_ebdh Ihwlhfm mdZaZggu_ f_lh^u fZeh bkihevamxlky gZ ijZdlbd_ ohly[3] \kz`_j_dhf_g^m_li_j_hkZ`^_gb_ijbpH ~ 6,0. ;he__ p_e_khh[jZaguc f_lh^ jZa^_e_gby± bkihevah\Zgb_ hkZ^bl_e_c kh^_j`Zsbo k_jmLZd\[4]ij_^eh`_gh^h[Z\eylvdkbevghs_ehqghfmjZkl\hjm ijh[u kmevnbl gZljby^ey hkZ`^_gby jZkl\hjzgghc f_^b @ d ZgZebabjm_fhfm jZkl\hjm ^h[Z\eyxl \bggmx dbkehlm g_cljZebamxl jZkl\hj ih bg^bdZlhjm ijbeb\Zxl Zahlgmx dbkehlm hij_^_ezgghc dhgp_gljZpbb Z aZl_f±guc wlZghevguc jZkl\hjhdkbobghebgZ < wlbo mkeh\byo k_e_dlb\gh \uiZ^Z_l hkZ^hdhdkbobghebgZlZ f_^b Z [hevrbgkl\h ^jm]bo dZlbhgugZijbf_jAl, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn) g_h[jZamxlhkZ^dh\
=jZ\bf_ljbq_kdb_f_lh^uhij_^_e_gbyZexfbgby
G_hj]Zgbq_kdb_ hkZ^bl_eb HkZ`^_gb_ \ \b^_ ]b^jhdkb^Z gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZgzgguf hkZ^bl_e_f bkihevam_fuf ^eyihemq_gby]b^jhdkb^ZZexfbgbyy\ey_lkyjZkl\hjZffbZdZ>Zggu_h[hilbfZevghfjG hkZ`^_gby ijhlb\hj_qZl ^jm] ^jm]m \ [3] mihfygmlu bgl_j\Zeu ± ± HkZ`^_gb_ ij_^eZ]Z_lky ijh\h^blv ba fZeh]h h[tzfZ ^ey mf_gvr_gby jZkl\hjbfhklb Al2O3·xH2O; ijhfu\Zgb_ \h^hc g_^himklbfh ke_^m_l bkihevah\Zlv ]hjyqbcguc jZkl\hj NH4NO3 k ^h[Z\e_gb_f ZffbZdZ IjhdZeb\Zgb_ hkZ^dZ ijh\h^yl ijb l_fi_jZlmjZo g_ gb`_ 0 K h^gZdh ihke_ ijhdZeb\Zgby ijb lZdhc l_fi_jZlmj_ hdkb^ Zexfbgby hklZzlky ]b]jhkdhibqguf HilbfZevgZy l_fi_jZlmjZ ijhdZeb\Zgby ± 0 K ihkdhevdm ihke_ ljzoqZkh\h]h hl`b]Zijbwlhcl_fi_jZlmj_hkZ^hdklZgh\blkyiheghklvxg_]b]jhkdhibqguf[3]. HkZ`^_gb_ jZkl\hjhf ZffbZdZ g_k_e_dlb\gh \ wlbo mkeh\byo g_ hkZ`^Zxlky lhevdh s_ehqgu_ b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_ f_lZeeu Z lZd`_ Mg. H^gZdh fgh]b_ we_f_glu fh]ml [ulv hl^_e_gu i_j_hkZ`^_gb_f ijb hij_^_ezgguo agZq_gbyo jG < [5] lZd`_ ij_^eh`_gh ]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdh_ hij_^_e_gb_ kmffu Zexfbgby b ^jm]bo f_lZeeh\ ]b^jhdkb^u dhlhjuo hkZ`^Zxlky \ l_o `_ mkeh\byo hij_^_e_gb_ ijbf_k_c bgufb kihkh[Zfb b ihke_^mxs__ hij_^_e_gb_ZexfbgbyihjZaghklb ;he__ p_e_khh[jZagh hkZ`^_gb_ keZ[ufb hj]Zgbq_kdbfb hkgh\Zgbyfb lZdbfb dZd ibjb^bg-ibdhebgbebmjhljhibgIj_bfms_kl\ZfbwlbohkZ^bl_e_cy\eyxlky[he__ieZ\gh_ baf_g_gb_ jG Z lZd`_ h[jZah\Zgb_ dhfie_dkh\ kh fgh]bfb i_j_oh^gufb f_lZeeZfb \_^m7


s__ d bo fZkdbjh\Zgbx LZdbf h[jZahf agZqbl_evgh ih\urZ_lky k_e_dlb\ghklv f_lh^Z [3]. Ohlyba^_kv_klvk\hbg_^hklZldbgZijbf_jijbbkihevah\ZgbbwlbohkZ^bl_e_cihemqZxlky h[tzfgu_ hkZ^db Z hkZ`^_gb_ ZffbZdhf ijb\h^bl d ihemq_gbx [he__ dhfiZdlguo hkZ^dh\f_g__ih^\_j`_gguoaZ]jyag_gbx[7]. ?sz h^bg ijbzf hkZ`^_gby ]b^jhdkb^Z Zexfbgby± bkihevah\Zgb_ khe_c keZ[uo g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo dbkehl gZijbf_j lbhkmevnZlZ gZljby gbljblZ Zffhgby dZj[hgZlh\ Ijb ^h[Z\e_gbb jZkl\hjh\ wlbo khe_c d ZgZebabjm_fhfm jZkl\hjm ih\urZ_lky jG \uau\Zy hkZ`^_gb_ ]b^jhdkb^Z Zexfbgby Ij_bfms_kl\h wlbo hkZ^bl_e_c± h[jZah\Zgb_ [he__ iehlguo hkZ^dh\ [3]. HkZ`^_gb_ \ \b^_ djbheblZ [3]: lbibqguf hkZ^bl_e_f \ wlhf f_lh^_ y\ey_lky nlhjb^ gZljbyIjb_]hkms_kl\_gghfba[uld_bajZkl\hjh\kh^_j`ZsboZexfbgbcdhebq_kl\_ggh hkZ`^Z_lky dhfie_dk khklZ\Z Na3AlF6; ijb f_gvrbo ba[uldZo dhfie_dk bf__l bghc khklZ\ F_lh^ \ukhdh k_e_dlb\_g b iha\hey_l hij_^_eylv Zexfbgbc \ ijbkmlkl\bb fgh]bo ^jm]bo f_lZeeh\ h[jZamxsbo [he__ jZkl\hjbfu_ nlhjb^gu_ dhfie_dku D g_^hklZldZf f_lh^Z ke_^m_l hlg_klb ijh^he`bl_evghklv\ qZklghklb hq_gv f_^e_ggh_ nbevljh\Zgb_ hkZ^dZ Z lZd`_g_lhqghklvh[mkeh\e_ggmxg_kl_obhf_ljbqghklvx\uiZ^Zxs_]hhkZ^dZ 8


CH3COONH4. Ijb lZdhf ihjy^d_ ijb[Z\e_gby j_Z]_glh\ h[jZamxlky [he__ djmigu_ djbklZeeu g_`_eb \ h[jZlghf kemqZ_ HkZ`^_gb_ ke_^m_l ijh\h^blv ba oheh^gh]h jZkl\hjZ Z aZl_f gZ]j_\Zlv kbkl_fm. Hdkbobghebg fh`gh ijbf_gylv \ \b^_ jZkl\hjh\ \ mdkmkghc beb jZa[Z\e_gghckheyghcdbkehlZo [3]. >ey ijhfu\Zgby hkZ^dZ p_e_khh[jZagh bkihevah\Zlv,guc jZkl\hj hdkbobghebgZ bebguc jZkl\hj Zp_lZlZ Zffhgby Fh`gh lZd`_ bkihevah\Zlv \h^m gh lhevdh oheh^gmx >Zggu_ ih l_fi_jZlmj_ ^hklb`_gby ihklhyggh]h \_kZ hkZ^dhf hdkbobghebgZlZ Zexfbgby lZd`_ jZagylky hl ^h 0 K [3] j_dhf_g^m_l \ukmrb\Zgb_ ijb 0 K =jZ\bf_ljbq_kdZynhjfZ±hdkbobghebgZlZexfbgby DZd m`_ hlf_qZehkv \ur_ f_lh^ g_k_e_dlb\_g hkZ`^_gbx g_ f_rZxl ebrv Mg, Be, s_ehqgu_bs_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeuL: \ ZffbZqghf jZkl\hj_ ijb jG ±[3]. LZd`_ kms_kl\m_l jy^ f_lh^h\ ]hfh]_ggh]h hkZ`^_gby \hafh`gh f_^e_ggh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ hkZ^bl_eybkihevamxlZp_lhdkbobghebg ihkl_i_ggh_ mklZgh\e_gb_ jGbkihevamxl Zp_lZfb^ mjhljhibg fhq_\bgm beb hkZ`^_gb_ ba kf_kb jZkl\hjbl_e_cwlhl ijbzf hkgh\Zg gZ aZf_^e_gbb h[jZah\Zgby g_dhlhjuo hkZ^dh\ \ ijbkmlkl\bb [hevrbo dhebq_kl\ jZkl\hjbl_eykh\j_f_g_fjZkl\hjbl_evme_lmqb\Z_lkybgZqbgZ_lky\uiZ^_gb_hkZ^dZ [3]. HkZ`^_gb_ \ \b^_ [_gahZlZ [7] wlh h^bg ba gZb[he__ lhqguo ]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdbo f_lh^h\ hij_^_e_gby Zexfbgby < dZq_kl\_ hkZ^bl_ey bkihevamxl [_gahcgmx dbkehlm hilbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ jG hkZ`^_gby± F_lh^ fZeh k_e_dlb\_g gh fgh]b_ f_rZxsb_ dZlbhgufh]ml[ulvfZkdbjh\Zgulbh]ebdhe_\hc dbkehlhc
9


kheb L_f g_ f_g__ ljzo\Ze_glgu_ f_lZeeu hkZ`^Zxlky kh\f_klgh k Zexfbgb_f ihwlhfm lj_[m_lkyboij_^\Zjbl_evgh_hl^_e_gb_ =jZ\bf_ljbq_kdZynhjfZ±Al2O3. HkZ`^_gb_ \ \b^_ kheb dhjbqghc dbkehlu [3] dhjbqgZy dbkehlZ lZd`_ h[jZam_l jZkl\hjbfu_ kheb k ^\mo\Ze_glgufb f_lZeeZfb ?z ij_bfms_kl\Zfb dZd hkZ^bl_ey y\eyxlky \hafh`ghklv hl^_e_gby g_dhlhjuo dhebq_kl\ lblZgZ b pbjdhgby aZ kqzl hkZ`^_gby ijb [he__ gbadbo jG kh\iZ^_gb_ hkZ`^Z_fhc b ]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdhc nhjf± Zexfbgb_\Zy khev dhjbqghc dbkehlu bf__l ihklhygguc khklZ\ b ohjhrh \ukmrb\Z_lky ijb \_kvfZ gbadbo l_fi_jZlmjZo~ 110 0K =jZ\bf_ljbq_kdZynhjfZ±Al(C9H7O2)3. HkZ`^_gb_ \ \b^_ dmin_jhgZlZ: dmin_jhg hkZ`^Z_l fgh]b_ f_lZeeu h^gZdh \Zjvbjmy jG fh`gh ^h[blvky ^hklZlhqgh \ukhdhc k_e_dlb\ghklb hkZ`^_gby Zexfbgby wlbf j_Z]_glhf L_f g_ f_g__ hkZ^hd dmin_jhgZlZ h[uqgh hdZau\Z_lky aZ]jyagzg ke_^Zfb hdbke_gby dmin_jhgZ Djhf_ wlh]h kZf dmin_jhgZl Zexfbgby g_ bf__l ihklhyggh]h khklZ\Z Ihwlhfm [he__ rbjhdh_ ijbf_g_gb_ bf__l k_e_dlb\gZy wdkljZdpby Zexfbgby \ \b^_ dmin_jhgZlZ Zp_lbeZp_lhghf beb oehjhnhjfhf [5] H^gZdh kms_kl\mxl b ZgZeh]b dmin_jhgZ ^Zxsb_ ih^oh^ysb_ hkZ`^Z_fu_ b ]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdb_ nhjfu Wlh gZijbf_j ljbwlZghZfbggZy khev klbev[_gbegbljhah]b^jhdkbeZfbgZ ba\_klgZy dZd©kljbedmin_jhgª Hg iha\hey_l k g_iehohc k_e_dlb\ghklvx hkZ^blv Zexfbgbc Z aZl_f \ukmrblv ihemq_gguc hkZ^hd b bkihevah\Zlv_]h\dZq_kl\_]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdhcnhjfu[3]. JZg__ lZd`_ ijbf_gyebkv f_lh^u hkZ`^_gby \ \b^_ Zp_lZlZ beb nhjfbZlZ H^gZdh \ wlbo kemqZyo h[jZamxlky klm^g_h[jZagu_ ljm^ghnbevljmxsb_ky hkZ^db BaaZ wlh]h lhqghklvlZdbof_lh^h\g_\ukhdZbgug_hgbihqlbg_ijbf_gyxlky [3].

3.3. Lbljbf_ljbq_kdb_f_lh^uhij_^_e_gbyZexfbgby
Ijyfh_dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_ lbljh\Zgb_[3]. GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZgzgguf kihkh[hf y\ey_lky lbljh\Zgb_ k I:G b g_[hevrbfb dhebq_kl\Zfb dhfie_dkhgZlZ f_^b :exfbgbc lbljmxl \ gZ]j_luo ^h dbi_gby jZkl\hjZo k jG Hg \ul_kgy_l f_^v ba dhfie_dkhgZlZ \u^_eb\rZyky f_^v h[jZam_l djZkgu_ dhfie_dku k I:GIhke_k\yau\Zgby\k_]hZexfbgbykW>L:hggZqbgZ_l\ul_kgylvf_^vbadhfie_dkZk I:G±hdjZkdZjZkl\hjZbadjZkghci_j_oh^bl \ `zelmx GZ lhqghklv lbljh\Zgby \eby_l ihjy^hd ijb]hlh\e_gby lbljm_fh]h jZkl\hjZ± gZb[he__ lhqgu_ j_amevlZlu fh]ml [ulv ihemq_gu ijb g_cljZebaZpbb Zp_lZlhf Zffhgby dbkeuo jZkl\hjh\ ^h jG k ihke_^mxsbf ^h[Z\e_gb_f mdkmkghc dbkehlu ^h jG Ijb h[jZlghf ihjy^d_g_cljZebaZpby dbkeh]h jZk10


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12


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GZhkgh\_ZgZebaZebl_jZlmjguo^Zgguo[uehj_r_ghbkihevah\Zlv^\_f_lh^bdbjZkl\hj_gbykieZ\Z±\szehqbih[4]) b\kf_kbZahlghcbkheyghcdbkehlih [2]). >hklhbgkl\hfi_j\h]hf_lh^Zy\ey_lky\hafh`ghklvihqlbihegh]hhl^_e_gbyf_^bg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ijbjZkl\hj_gbbg_^hklZldhf±\hafh`ghklvg_ihegh]hi_j_oh^ZZexfbgby\jZkl\hjIj_-

13


bfms_kl\h\lhjh]hf_lh^Z±ihegh_jZkl\hj_gb_h[jZapZF_lh^jZa^_e_gby±hkZ`^_gb_ ZffbZdhfkihke_^mxsbfi_j_hkZ`^_gb_f. >ey dhebq_kl\_ggh]h hij_^_e_gby j_r_gh [ueh bkihevah\Zlv ^\Z kihkh[Z h[jZlgh_ dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_ lbljh\Zgb_ jZkl\hjZ h[jZapZ \ szehqb jZkl\hjhf kheb f_^b k I:G b ]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdh_ hij_^_e_gb_ hkZ`^_gb_f ]b^jhdkb^Z Zexfbgby ZffbZdhf ba jZkl\hjZh[jZapZ\dbkehlZo

14


4. Wdki_jbf_glZevgZyqZklv
=jZ\bf_ljbq_kdh_hij_^_e_gb_Zexfbgby
Ko_fZZgZebaZ

JZkqzlb\a\_rb\Zgb_gZ\_kdbh[jZapZ Ijb[ebabl_evgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ Zexfbgby \ kieZ\_± HkZ^hd ]b^jhdkb^Z Zexfbgby Zfhjnguc ihwlhfm hilbfZevgZy fZkkZ ]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdhc nhjfu m = 0,07 ­ ] =jZ\bf_ljbq_kdbc nZdlhj F = <_ebqbgm gZ\_kdb jZkkqblu\Zxl ih nhjfme_ g= mF 0,1 0, 5292 100 = 100 0, 0962 ] 55 P
15


F_lh^bdZjZkl\hj_gby Lhqgh \a\_r_ggmx gZ\_kdm kieZ\Z i_j_ghkyl \ obfbq_kdbc klZdZg gZ fe b ^h[Z\eyxl kf_kv fe dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc HCl b fe F HNO3. Hklhjh`gh gZ]j_\Zxl ijb ihklhygghf i_j_f_rb\Zgbb ^h ij_djZs_gby \u^_e_gby ]ZaZ b ihegh]h jZkl\hj_gby h[jZapZ AZl_fhoeZ`^ZxlbjZa[Z\eyxl\h^hc^hfe F_lh^bdZboh^hij_^_e_gby F_lh^bdZ hij_^_e_gby bkke_^m_fuc jZkl\hj gZ]j_\Zxl ihqlb ^h dbi_gby \\h^yl g_kdhevdh dZi_ev f_lbeh\h]h djZkgh]h b ba [xj_ldb ^h[Z\eyxl ih dZieyf jZkl\hj ZffbZdZ ^hbaf_g_gbyhdjZkdbbadjZkghc\`zelmx 2O3

FZkkZlb]eyk \_s_kl\hf] 12,5429 12,5421 12,5421 FZkkZimklh]hlb]ey699] FZkkZlb]eyk\_s_kl\hf2] FZkkZAl2O3: 0,1723]

= 0, 5292 0,1723 = 0, 0912 ]



Al

=

0, 0912 100% 57, 07%. 0,1598

16


4.2. Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_hij_^_e_gb_Zexfbgby
Ko_fZZgZebaZ

JZkqzlb\a\_rb\Zgb_gZ\_kdb Ijb[ebabl_evgh kh^_j`Zgb_ Zexfbgby Zexfbgby \ kieZ\_± JZkl\hj m^h[gh kh[jZlv \ f_jgmx dhe[m gZ fe dhgp_gljZpby bhgh\ Zexfbgby g_h[oh^bfZy ^ey dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh]hlbljh\Zgbyk FIhwlhfmfZkkZgZ\_kdb g= cVM P
Al

100 =

0, 04 0, 2 26, 98154 100 0, 3925 ] 55


4F_lh^bdZjZkl\hj_gby Lhqgh \a\_r_ggmx gZ\_kdm kieZ\Z i_j_ghkyl \ obfbq_kdbc klZdZg gZ fe b ^h[Z\eyxl fe ghc szehqb. Hklhjh`gh gZ]j_\Zxl ijbihklhygghf i_j_f_rb\Zgbb ^h ij_djZs_gby \u^_e_gby ]ZaZ Ihemq_gguc jZkl\hj jZa[Z\eyxl \h^hc ^h fe hlnbevljh\u-

17


\Zxl gZ nbevlj_©[_eZy e_glZª NbevljZl kh[bjZxl \ f_jgmx dhe[m gZ fe b ^h\h^yl ^h f_ldbijbeb\ZyHCl (1:1). F_lh^bdZboh^hij_^_e_gby F_lh^bdZ Zebd\hlm fe ihemq_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ i_j_ghkyl \ dhgbq_kdmx dhe[m ^ey lbljh\ZgbygZfe^h[Z\eyxlfeklZg^Zjlgh]hjZkl\hjZW>L:k ~ 0,05 FZp_lZlguc[mn_j^hpH b gZ]j_\Zxl \ l_q_gb_ fbg g_ ^h\h^y ^h dbi_gby D ]hjyq_fm jZkl\hjm ^h[Z\eyxl g_kdhevdh dZi_ev]h wlZghevgh]h jZkl\hjZ I:G b lbljmxl klZg^Zjlguf jZkl\hjhfCuSO4 ^hi_j_oh^ZhdjZkdbba`zelhc\qbklhnbhe_lh\mx J_amevlZlulbljh\Zgby 1 2 3 4 V (CuSO4), fe 12,87 12,98 12,92 12,90 JZkqzlkh^_j`Zgby kKuSO4) = F kW>L: F ihwlhfm h[tzf W>L: hllbljh\Zgguc jZkl\hjhf CuSO4 khklZ\ey_l V1 = ihr_^rbcgZ lbljh\Zgb_ Al
3+

Kj_^gbch[tzfjZkl\hjZCuSO4, ihr_^rbcgZ lbljh\Zgb_V = fe

c(CuSO 4 ) V (CuSO 4 ) 0, 02 12, 91 = 5, 23 fe H[tzf W>L: c(W>L: 

khklZ\ey_l V2 = V0 - V1 = 15,00 - 5, 23 = 9,77 fe LZdbf h[jZahf V2 c (W>L:  9, 77 0, 04937 = 0, 0483 M. V (Al3+ ) 10, 00

dhgp_gljZpbyZexfbgby\jZkl\hj_khklZ\beZ cAl =

fe ijb]hlh\e_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zeb mAl = cAl V M Al = 0, 0483 0, 2 26, 98154 0, 2608 ] Al = 0, 2608 100 53, 27%. 0, 4896

18


AZdexq_gb_
< oh^_ jZ[hlu ijh\_^zg dZq_kl\_gguc ZgZeba h[jZapZ Z lZd`_ dhebq_kl\_ggh_ hij_^_e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby h^gh]h ba hkgh\guo dhfihg_glh\ IhdZaZgh qlh ZgZebabjm_fuc h[t_dl y\ey_lky kieZ\hf Zexfbgby b f_^b k g_[hevrbfb ijbf_kyfb `_e_aZ b heh\Z Kh^_j`Zgb_ Zexfbgby\kieZ\_khklZ\ey_l ­ ­ ihj_amevlZlZf]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ ihj_amevlZlZflbljbf_ljbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ

19


Kibkhdebl_jZlmju
1. Hkgh\uZgZeblbq_kdhcobfbbIjZdlbq_kdh_jmdh\h^kl\h/Ih^j_^X:Ahehlh\Z Fufh\:FL_ogbq_kdbcZgZebajm^bf_lZeeh\FF_llZemj]ba^Zlk 5. =bee_j[jZg^ < N E_g^_ev = W ;jZcl = : =hnfZg > B IjZdlbq_kdh_ jmdh\h^kl\hihg_hj]Zgbq_kdhfmZgZebamF=hkobfba^Zlk 6. Pbg[_j]KEAZ\h^kdZyeZ[hjZlhjbyLK± 7. RZjeh = F_lh^u ZgZeblbq_kdhc obfbb Dhebq_kl\_gguc ZgZeba g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbcQFObfbyk

20