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, 2010, 89, 7, . 871881

599.735.3

(ALOPEX LAGOPUS LAGOPUS) (A. L. BERINGENSIS, A. L. SEMENOVI)
© 2010 . . .
, 125009, e mail: nanova@mail.ru
10.06.2009 .

(Alopex lagopus lagopus), (Alopex lagopus beringensis), (Alopex lagopus semenovi). , , . , . , , . . , , , , , . .

(Alopex lago pus beringensis, A. l. semenovi) (A. l. lagopus) ( ., 2007). (, 1931; , 1944; , , 1967; , 2000; , , 2006; , 2008; , 2008; , , 2008), (Goltsman et al., 2005) . , , . , (, 2008; , , 2008). , , , ( , 2000). . , , ( )

(, , 1976; , 2008). (, ) , , (O'Higgins, Jones, 1998). , .. , / , " " (, , 2009). " ", , .. , (O'Higgins, Jones, 1998). , , (, , 2009).

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(Cheverud, 1982; Klingenberg, 1996), . , , , . . , , , ( ) . , , , : , , , , (Klingenberg, 1996). , . , : , , , . , . , . : 1) , 2) , , 3) , , 4) . 390 , : (78 .), (80), . (76), (80), (76). , , , . .

(Sylvac) 32 (. 1). ( ), (), () . . , (, 1944; , , 1966; , 2000), : (0+, 7 8 ) (>1+, ). ( 20 ). (ln) (Pimentel, 1979; Rey ment, 1991; Klingenberg, 1996). . "" "" . "" , "" . . , Burnaby (1966) , , . (MANOVA III). , , (MANO VA III). . post hoc (MANOVA), Newman Keuls . . (MANO VA III). , (Klingenberg, 1996; Drake, Klingenberg, 2008; , 1968; , , 2008).
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. . . , ,
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. , , . , ( )

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(Efron, Tibshirani, 1993; Klingenberg, 1996). . . , (MANOVA III). , , . (., , NTSYS pc 2.1, Rohlf, 2000) , , . . , , . , 1000 , (Klingenberg, 1996). 95% ( ) , . p , , (Bonferroni, 1935). . . . , 1000 . , , . . ,

. , , (MANOVA III). , . , , . . (MANOVA III) . . (MANOVA III). . . (PC1, PC2). (CBL). CBL t (MANOVA III). , . Sta tistica 6.0 (StatSoft, 2001) R 2.7.0. (2008). R .. .. . Burnaby (Wilks = 0.58, F = 1.63, p < 0.00). Post hoc
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1. . . . . () 0.40 0.58 0.45 0.48 0.71 0.70 0.36 0.79 0.39 0.93 95% 0.54 0.59 0.52 0.51 0.72 0.60 0.40 0.67 0.45 0.72 p 0.393 0.054 0.159 0.086 0.054 0.023 0.110 0.027 0.177 0.013

875

. 95% (1000 ), p ( ). , p = 0.05.

, (p < 0.00). (p = 0.230.88). (p = 0.0010.049), . (p = 0.030.7). . 1 , , , . (. 1). , 0.05. . . . 2, , , .
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, . , . , , (. 2). , .. (. 2). (. 2) . . 2 , , . , , , F = 0.54, p = 0.58, .. .

876

4 2 3 1

PC2 14.01%

4 3 1 2

5 5

PC1 72.20%

2M 4M 3M 1M 3F 4M 5M 5M 5F 5F 4F 2F 3F 2F 1F

PC2 14.88%

2M 1M 3M1F 4F

PC1 71.30%
. 2. (PC1, PC2), : , . . : 1 , 2 , 3 ., 4 , ; M , F .

F = 2.87, p = 0.02, .. . Burnaby (Wilks = 0.48, F = 1.51, p = 0.10), . (Wilks = 0.47, F = 1.51, p = 0.11),

(Wilks = 0.47, F = 1.66, p = 0.06), (Wilks = 0.63, F = 0.78, p = 0.76) (Wilks = 0.39, F = 2.32, p < 0.00). (. 3). , ,
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2. (1000 ) . 95% (), 0.270.66 0.210.48 0.230.60 0.160.34 0.270.81 STD 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.15 0.0059 0.0088 0.0069 0.0169 0.0039

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3. . () 0.8 0.63 0.67 0.52 0.68 95% 1.17 0.72 0.97 0.68 1.08 p 0.255 0.124 0.294 0.178 0.428 0.0115 0.0141 0.0124 0.0324 0.007 0.0033 0.0063 0.0034 0.0081 0.0032

. 95% (1000 ), p ( ), .

, (. 3). , (. 2). , . , , , F = 17.43, p < 0.00, .. . ( ) (t = 1.78, p = 0.08). (t = 2.13, p = 0.04), (t = 1.27, p = 0.21). (t = 2.06,
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p = 0.04). (t = 1.63, p = 0.11) (t = 1.23, p = 0.23) , . : (F = 0.33, p = 0.72), (F = 0.09, p = 0.92), (F = 0.41, p = 0.67), (F = 1.06, p = 0.35), (F = 1.28, p = 0.29), (F = 1.22, p = 0.30). , ( F = 15.42, p < 0.00, F = 13.88, p < 0.00), ( F = 24.19, p < 0.00, F = 16.03, p < 0.00) , . ( , 2000) (, 2008;

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, , 2009; ) , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , (, , 1967). , .. , . . , . : Burnaby , . , , , . . Burnaby / / . / post hoc / . , , , post hoc

. . Burnaby . , , , , . , , , , .. . . , Cercocebus torquatus , (O'Higgins, Jones, 1998). , , , . . , . 1, 3. , . , . . , , : , ? , , .
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, . , . . , , . , , , . , (, 2008; , , 2008) . , (, ) . , . PC1 PC2 (. 2). / , . . , , , , (, 2000). , . , , . ,
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/ . . . . , . , . , , . , / , . (, , 2009) , / . (, , 2009). : . 2 , , , . , ( "" O'Higgins, Jones, 1998), . . , , , , (, , 2006). (, , 2008). , , , , (Prestrud, Nils sen, 1992; Frafjord, 1994).

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. , . . . . , . , . , , . , (, ) . . , . , . , . . .. .. , .. , .. , . .. (. . ). (09 04 00283 ).

.., 1968. // . .: . . 248273. .., .., 1967. . . 2. . 1. .: . 1003 . .., .., .., .., .., 2007. (Alopex lagopus semenovi Ognev, 1931, Alopex lagopus beringensis Merriam, 1902) // . . 43. 9. . 12391245. .., .., 1966. (Alopex la gopus L.) // . . . 45. 7. . 2743. .., 2000. (Alopex lagopus beringensis Merriam, 1902 Alopex la gopus semenovi Ognev, 1931): . . ... . . . . 166 . .., .., 2006. Alopex lagopus beringensis, A. l. semenovi A. l. lagopus (Carnivora, Canidae) // . . . 85. 8. . 10071023. .., .., 2008. . 2. // . . . T. 69. 6. . 508514. .., .., 1976. ( ). .: . 291 . .., 2008. (Mammalia: Canidae) // . . . 49. . 413427. .., .., 2009. (Mammalia, Carnivora) // . . . 88. 7. . 19. .., 1931. . . 2. ..: . 776 . .., 2008. : // . . . 49. . 343389. .., .., 2008. (Alopex la gopus, Canidae) // . . . 87. 3. . 344347. .., .., 2008. (Alopex lagopus, Carnivora, Canidae) // . . . 87. 9. . 11061123. .., 1944. // . . . 23. 4. . 156169.
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Bonferroni C.E., 1935. Il calcolo delle assicurazioni su grup pi di teste // In Studi in Onore del Professore Salvatore Ortu Carboni. Rome. P. 1360. Burnaby T.P., 1966. Growth invariant discriminant func tions and generalized distances // Biometrics. V. 22. P. 96110. Cheverud J.M., 1982. Relationship among ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry // Amer. J. Physical Anthropology. V. 59. P. 139149. Drake A.G., Klingenberg C.P., 2008. The pace of morpho logical change: historical transformation of skull shape in St Bernard dogs // Proc. R. Soc. B. V. 275. P. 7176. Efron B., Tibshirani R.J., 1993. An introduction to the boot strap. Chapman, Hall. 436 p. Frafjord K., 1994. Growth rates and energy demands in cap tive juvenile arctic foxes Alopex lagopus in Svalbard // Polar Biol. V. 14. P. 355358. Goltsman M.E., Kruchenkova E.P., Sergeev S.N., Volodin I.A., Macdonald D.W., 2005. "Island syndrom" in a popula tion of Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) from Mednyi Island // J. Zool. Lond. V. 267. P. 114. Klingenberg C.P., 1996. Multivariate allometry // Adv. in Morphometrics. P. 2349.

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Mardia K.V., Jupp P., 2000. Directional Statistics. Wiley, Chichester. P. 350. O'Higgins P., Jones N., 1998. Facial growth in Cercocebus torquatus: an application of three dimensional geomet ric morphometric techniques to the study of morpho logical variation // J. Anat. V. 193. P. 251272. Pimentel R.A., 1979. Morphometrics: The multivariate analysis of biological data. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dobuque, Iowa, USA. P. 276. Prestrud P., Nilssen K., 1992. Growth, size and sexual di morphism in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Svalbard // Arctic foxes in Svalbard: Population ecology and rabies. Dr. Phil. Thesis, Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo. P. 100121. R. The R Project for Statistical Computing, version 2.7.0. 2008. http://www.R project.org/. Reyment R.A., 1991. Multidimensional palaeobiology. Per gamon Press: Oxford. P. 377. Rohlf F.J., 2000. NTSYS pc. Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 2.1. Exeter Soft ware (program). StatSoft, 2001. STATISTICA (data analysis software sys tem), version 6.0. http://www.statsoft.com

AGE VARIABILITY OF MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES IN SKULLS OF THE MAINLAND ARCTIC FOX (ALOPEX LAGOPUS LAGOPUS) AND THE COMMANDER ARCTIC FOX (A. L. BERINGENSIS, A. L. SEMENOVI)
O. G. Nanova
Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, Moscow 125009, Russia e mail: nanova@mail.ru The direction and scale of late age variations for the mainland arctic fox (Alopex lagopus lagopus) from three localities and the Commander arctic fox (A. l. beringensis, A. l. semenovi), for males and females from each population were studied. Some new original tests for the morphometric analysis were first used to reveal dif ferences in the direction and length of the vectors and differences in angles from zero between them. Young animals of these subgenera significantly differ in the size and shape of their skulls. The age vector direction in the arctic fox from Mednyi Island is different from that in the arctic foxes from the mainland and Bering Island. The age vector directions in the arctic foxes from the mainland and from Bering Island are the same. Age vectors of the mainland arctic fox, Bering arctic fox and arctic fox from Mednyi Island are different in length due to specific features of the growth of these populations. Sexual dimorphism is explained by hyper morphosis in males both in the mainland and in island populations of the arctic fox. Some methodical prob lems are considered. Parametric and nonparametric tests for the direction of the vectors are compared. The necessity to take into account a bias of the angular estimator is shown.

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