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Russian Entomol. J. 17(1): 7172

ї RUSSIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL JOURNAL, 2008

An unusual larval habitat for Culicoides arboricola (Root & Hoffman) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Florida Keys, USA Необычное местообитание личинок Culicoides arboricola (Root & Hoffman) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) на островах Флорида Киз, США Lawrence J. Hribar Лоуренс Дж. Хрибар
Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, 506, 106th Street, Marathon, Florida 33050, USA, and Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida 32614, USA. E-mail: gringo1122@hotmail.com

KEY WORDS: Culicoides arboricola, Ceratopogonidae, larval habitats, new record, Florida. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: Culicoides arboricola, Ceratopogonidae, местообитания личинок, новые находки, Флорида ABSTRACT. Larvae of the biting midge Culicoides arboricola Root & Hoffman which normally develop in tree holes were detected in an unusual habitat (artificial containers) in the Florida Keys, USA. Specimens from Key Largo and Plantation Key represent new locality records for this species. Possibilities for tree-hole Culicoides to colonize other habitat types are discussed. РЕЗЮМЕ. Личинки кровососущего мокреца Culicoides arboricola Root & Hoffman, обычно проходящие развитие в дуплах деревьев, были обнаружены в необычном искусственном местообитании (контейнеры) на островах Флорида Киз (Флорида, США). C. arboricola впервые отмечен с островов Ки Ларго и Плантейшн Ки. Обсуждаются возможности заселения видами Culicoides, развивающимися в дуплах, других типов биотопов. use of half-pint (236.59 ml) dippers or turkey basters [Hribar et al., 2004]. Along with larvae of mosquitoes, larvae of ceratopogonid species such as Dasyhelea pseudoincisurata Waugh & Wirth, 1976 and Forcipomyia bromelicola (Lutz, 1914) commonly are collected in artificial and natural container habitats [Hribar et al., 2004; Grogan & Hribar, 2006]. Occasionally larvae of another ceratopogonid species were seen in artificial container habitats. These larvae were believed to be a species of Culicoides based on their swimming behavior. Comparison with material recovered from tree hole has allowed their identification as Culicoides arboricola Root & Hoffman, 1937.

Material and methods
MATERIAL. USA, Florida, Monroe County: 2 larvae Plantation Key, 6.VIII.2007, G. Bynum coll., ex: tree hole; 2 larvae Key Largo, 7.VIII.2007, J. Davis coll., ex: bird bath; 1 larva Key Largo, 20.VIII.2007, D. Miller coll., ex: tree hole; 10 larvae Key Largo, 22.VIII.2007, D. Miller coll., ex: metal container.

Introduction
The biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) fauna of Florida is diverse, with 212 species reported from the state [Wilkening et al., 1985; Hribar & Grogan, 2005; Grogan & Hribar, 2006; Borkent & Grogan, in press]. Fifty-eight of them belong to the genus Culicoides that contains many human-biting species [Blanton & Wirth, 1979]. The Florida Keys are a chain of islands that lie east and south of the Florida Peninsula, being part of the South Florida rockland ecosystem, with a flora derived from both temperate and tropical components [Stern & Brizicky, 1957; Snyder et al., 1990]. The Florida Keys Mosquito Control District regularly collects adult and larval mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as part of routine surveillance. Larval mosquitoes, along with a sample of water, are collected daily from their habitats by

A total of 15 Culicoides larvae were detected in water samples taken from a bird bath and a discarded metal container, as well as from two tree holes. Four larvae were removed for microscopic study. The remaining larvae were placed into plastic mosquito rearing chambers and allowed to develop in a laboratory. Almost all of them died in the pupal stage, except for one adult male that emerged. Larvae, pupae and the sole adult were slide-mounted according to Wirth & Marston [1968] and Epler [2001]. Larvae and pupae were identified to species by use of the keys and illustrations in Blanton & Wirth [1979], Linley [1970], and Murphree & Mullen [1991]. The adult male was compared to illustrations in


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of the North American Benthological Society. Vol.20. No.1. P.109117. Epler J.H. 2001. Identification manual of the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including Florida. Special Publication SJ2001-SP13. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, and St.Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida. P.1526. Grogan W.L., Jr. & Hribar L.J. 2006. The bromeliad-inhabiting biting midge, Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) bromelicola (Lutz), new to the fauna of the United States (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) // Entomological News. Vol.117. No.3. P.319 322. Hribar L.J. & Grogan W.L., Jr. 2005. New records of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and frog-biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from the Florida Keys // Florida Scientist. Vol.68. No.4. P.227235. Hribar L.J. & Vlach J.J. 2001. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collections from Florida Keys state parks // Florida Scientist. Vol.64. No.3. P.219223. Hribar L.J., Vlach J.J., DeMay D.J., James S.S., Fahey J.S. & Fussell E.M. 2004. Mosquito larvae (Culicidae) and other Diptera associated with containers, storm drains, and sewage treatment plants in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida // Florida Entomologist. Vol.87. No.2. P.199203. Jenkins B., Kitching R.L. & Pimm S.L. 1992. Productivity, disturbance, and food web structure at a local spatial scale in experimental container habitats // Oikos. Vol.65. No.2. P.249255. Linley J.R. 1970. The immature stages of Culicoides arboricola Root and Hoffman (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) // Journal of Medical Entomology. Vol.7. No.6. P.717 721. Mercer D.R., Spinelli G.R., Watts, D.M. & Tesh R.B. 2003. Biting rates and developmental substrates for biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Iquitos, Peru // Journal of Medical Entomology. Vol.40. No.6. P.807812. Mullen G.R. & Hribar L.J. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America // Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology. Vol.13. No.1. P.6081. Murphree C.S. & Mullen G.R. 1991. Comparative larval morphology of the genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America with a key to species // Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology. Vol.16. No.2. P.369399. Ryckman R.E. 1952. Ecological notes on mosquitoes of Lafayette County, Wisconsin (Diptera: Culicidae) // American Midland Naturalist. Vol.47. No.2. P.469470. Snow W.E. 1958. Stratification of arthropods in a wet stump cavity // Ecology. Vol.39. No.1. P.8388. Snyder J.R., Herndon A. & Robertson W.B., Jr. 1990. South Florida Rockland // Myers R.L. & Ewel J.J. (Eds.). Ecosystems of Florida. Orlando, Florida: University of Central Florida Press. P.230277. Stern W.L. & Brizicky G.K. 1957. The woods and flora of the Florida Keys. Introduction // Tropical Woods. No.107. P.3665. Wada Y. 1990. The verbosus group of the genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Japan, with descriptions of three new species and one hitherto unknown male // Tropical Medicine. Vol.32. No.2. P.4972. Wilkening A.J., Kline D.L. & Wirth W.W. 1985. An annotated checklist of the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of Florida with a new synonymy // Florida Entomologist. Vol.68. No.4. P.511 537. Wirth W.W. & Blanton F.S. 1967. The North American Culicoides of the guttipennis group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) // Florida Entomologist. Vol.50. No.3. P.207232. Wirth W.W. & Marston N. 1968. A method for mounting small insects on microscope slides in Canada balsam // Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Vol.61. No.3. P.783784.

Wirth & Blanton [1967] and Blanton & Wirth [1979], and to specimens in the authors collection. 6DACulicoides larvae collected from the metal container were observed to feed on cadavers of mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762). Voucher specimens of C. arboricola were deposited in the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Results and discussion
Culicoides midges are common in tree holes in eastern United States [Barrera, 1996], but they are not common in artificial containers [Mullen & Hribar, 1988]. Culicoides arboricola normally is found in tree holes and stump holes in the southern United States [Snow, 1958]. Linley [1970], however, collected C. arboricola from enamel bowls filled with dead leaves and water and placed in an oak hammock in Vero Beach, Indian River County, Florida. Culicoides dendrophilus Amosova, 1957 has been collected from tree holes, bamboo stumps and artificial containers [Wada, 1990]. However, the tree hole species Culicoides rabauli Macfie, 1939 did not colonize artificial container habitats in Australia [Jenkins et al., 1992 (as C. angularis Lee & Reye, 1953)], nor did C. insinuatus Ortiz & Leуn, 1955 and C. paraensis (Goeldi, 1905) [Mercer et al., 2003] in Brazil. Tree holes differ from artificial containers, especially in nutrient input; e.g., Daugherty & Juliano [2001] reported that abandoned tires receive mainly leaf litter, whereas tree holes also receive nutrients via stemflow. This may provide a more nutrient-rich environment in the tree hole habitat. Specimens of Culicoides arboricola in the laboratory fed on cadavers of mosquitoes, a feeding habit long known for tree hole Culicoides [Ryckman, 1952]. C. arboricola is widespread in Florida [Beck, 1952]. However, it was not previously known from Key Largo or Plantation Key [Blanton & Wirth, 1979; Hribar & Vlach, 2001].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I thank G. Bynum, J. Davis, and D. Miller for their collections.

References
Barrera R. 1996. Species concurrence and the structure of a community of aquatic insects in tree holes // Journal of Vector Ecology. Vol.21. No.1. P.6680. Beck E.C. 1952. Notes on the distribution of Culicoides in Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) // Florida Entomologist Vol.35. No.3. P.101107. Blanton F.S. & Wirth W.W. 1979. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) // Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Vol.10. P.1204. Borkent A. & Grogan W.L., Jr. (in press). Catalog of the New World biting midges north of Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) // Myia. Daugherty M.P. & Juliano S.A. 2001. Factors affecting the abundance of scirtid beetles in container habitats // Journal