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501. The /var filesystem
The Linux System Administrators' Guide . ... A cache for man pages that are formatted on demand. ... Files that change while the system is running normally. /var/local . ... var/lock . ... Other programs will notice the lock file and won't attempt to use the device or file. /var/log . Log files from various programs, especially login ( /var/log/wtmp , which logs all logins and logouts into the system) and syslog ( /var/log/messages , where all kernel and system program message are usually stored). ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x531.html -- 6.0 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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502. The /proc filesystem
... The /proc filesystem contains a illusionary filesystem. ... Instead, the kernel creates it in memory. It is used to provide information about the system (originally about processes, hence the name). Some of the more important files and directories are explained below. ... Each process has a directory below /proc with the name being its process identification number. /proc/cpuinfo . ... Shows which DMA channels are being used at the moment. /proc/filesystems . ... proc/kmsg . ... proc/ksyms . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x595.html -- 6.9 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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503. Hard disks
... This relieves the rest of the computer from knowing how to use the drive, since the controllers for different types of disks can be made to use the same interface towards the rest of the computer. ... Usually the number of sectors is the same for all tracks, but some hard disks put more sectors in outer tracks (all sectors are of the same physical size, so more of them fit in the longer outer tracks). ... For example, a hard disk might have 8 heads, 2048 tracks, and 35 sectors per track. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x747.html -- 10.4 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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504. Floppies
... Using Disks and Other Storage Media . ... A floppy disk consists of a flexible membrane covered on one or both sides with similar magnetic substance as a hard disk. ... A floppy drive can usually use several different types of disks; for example, a 3.5 inch drive can use both 720 kB and 1.44 MB disks. Since the drive has to operate a bit differently and the operating system must know how big the disk is, there are many device files for floppy drives, one per combination of drive and disk type. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x787.html -- 5.5 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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505. CD-ROM's
... A CD-ROM drive uses an optically read, plastic coated disk. ... CD-ROM drives are slow compared to hard disks. ... The slowness means that CD-ROM drives are not as pleasant to use instead of hard disks (some Linux distributions provide `live' filesystems on CD-ROM's, making it unnecessary to copy the files to the hard disk, making installation easier and saving a lot of hard disk space), although it is still possible. ... The most popular one is specified by the international standard ISO 9660. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x801.html -- 5.6 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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506. Tapes
... Prev . ... Using Disks and Other Storage Media . Next . A tape drive uses a tape, similar [1] to cassettes used for music. A tape is serial in nature, which means that in order to get to any given part of it, you first have to go through all the parts in between. ... The serial access of tapes makes them slow. ... This makes tapes very suitable for things like archiving and backups, which do not require large speeds, but benefit from low costs and large storage capacities. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x811.html -- 3.6 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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507. Formatting
... Using Disks and Other Storage Media . ... The terminology is a bit confusing here: in MS-DOS, the word formatting is used to cover also the process of creating a filesystem (which will be discussed below). ... During formatting one might encounter bad spots on the disk, called bad blocks or bad sectors . ... Total capacity 1440 kB. ... Formatting ... done Verifying ... read: Unknown error $ The badblocks command can be used to search any disk or partition for bad blocks (including a floppy). ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x817.html -- 9.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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508. Partitions
The Linux System Administrators' Guide . ... A hard disk can be divided into several partitions . ... The idea is that if you have one hard disk, and want to have, say, two operating systems on it, you can divide the disk into two partitions. Each operating system uses its partition as it wishes and doesn't touch the other one's. This way the two operating systems can co-exist peacefully on the same hard disk. Without partitions one would have to buy a hard disk for each operating system. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x876.html -- 16.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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509. The Linux System Administrators' Guide
... An introduction to system administration of a Linux system for novices. ... Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. ... Graphical user interface . ... The filesystem layout . ... Using Disks and Other Storage Media . ... Which filesystem should be used? ... Allocating disk space . ... Adding more disk space for Linux . ... Using a swap space . ... Single user mode . ... Backups ....
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/book1.html -- 11.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
[ Сохраненная копия ] Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/index.html -- 11.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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[ Сохраненная копия ] Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/index.html -- 11.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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510. Overview of the Directory Tree
The Linux System Administrators' Guide . ... This chapter describes the important parts of a standard Linux directory tree, based on the FSSTND filesystem standard. ... This chapter is loosely based on the Linux filesystem standard , FSSTND, version 1.2 (see the bibliography), which attempts to set a standard for how the directory tree in a Linux system is organized. ... The intention is not to describe every file, but to give an overview of the system from a filesystem point of view. ... Home . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/c212.html -- 9.9 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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511. Introduction
The Linux System Administrators' Guide . ... This manual, the Linux System Administrators' Guide, describes the system administration aspects of using Linux. It is intended for people who know next to nothing about system administration (as in ``what is it?''), but who have already mastered at least the basics of normal usage. ... See below for more information about Linux manuals. ... Plenty of the rest of the Linux documentation is also important for system administrators. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/c31.html -- 10.6 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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512. Overview of a Linux System
The Linux System Administrators' Guide . ... This chapter gives an overview of a Linux system. First, the major services provided by the operating system are described. ... The kernel does very little by itself, but it provides tools with which all services can be built. ... The system programs use the tools provided by the kernel to implement the various services required from an operating system. ... An operating system provides many more services than a plain kernel. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/c63.html -- 6.0 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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513. Dedication
. The Linux System Administrators' Guide . Prev . Next . This place is dedicated to a future dedication. Prev . Home . Next . The Linux System Administrators' Guide . Source and pre-formatted versions available
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/f23.html -- 2.7 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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514. Source and pre-formatted versions available
. The Linux System Administrators' Guide . Prev . Next . The source code and and other machine readable formats of this book can be found on the Internet via anonymous FTP at the Linux Documentation Project home page http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/ , or at the home page of this book at http://www.iki.fi/liw/linux/sag/ . Available are at least PostScript and TeX .DVI formats. Prev . Home . Next . Dedication . Introduction
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/f26.html -- 3.0 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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515. The root filesystem
... The root filesystem should generally be small, since it contains very critical files and a small, infrequently modified filesystem has a better chance of not getting corrupted. ... The root directory generally doesn't contain any files, except perhaps the standard boot image for the system, usually called /vmlinuz . ... Loadable kernel modules, especially those that are needed to boot the system when recovering from disasters (e.g., network and filesystem drivers). /dev . Device files. /tmp . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x267.html -- 5.8 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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516. The /etc directory
The Linux System Administrators' Guide . ... The /etc directory contains a lot of files. ... See the chapter on init for further information. /etc/passwd . ... See the setfdprm manual page for more information. /etc/fstab . Lists the filesystems mounted automatically at startup by the mount -a command (in /etc/rc or equivalent startup file). ... See the magic and file manual pages for more information. /etc/motd . ... Files executed at login or startup time by the Bourne or C shells. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x338.html -- 8.8 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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517. The /dev directory
The Linux System Administrators' Guide . Prev . ... Overview of the Directory Tree . ... The /dev directory contains the special device files for all the devices. ... The device files are created during installation, and later with the /dev/MAKEDEV script. The /dev/MAKEDEV.local is a script written by the system administrator that creates local-only device files or links (i.e., those that are not part of the standard MAKEDEV , such as device files for some non-standard device driver). ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x463.html -- 3.4 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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518. Important parts of the kernel
... Overview of a Linux System . ... The Linux kernel consists of several important parts: process management, memory management, hardware device drivers, filesystem drivers, network management, and various other bits and pieces. ... Probably the most important parts of the kernel (nothing else works without them) are memory management and process management. Memory management takes care of assigning memory areas and swap space areas to processes, parts of the kernel, and for the buffer cache. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x83.html -- 4.9 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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519. Major services in a UNIX system
... This section describes some of the more important UNIX services, but without much detail. ... The single most important service in a UNIX system is provided by init . ... One of the more useful things that can be done with networking services is sharing files via a network file system . The one usually used is called the Network File System, or NFS, developed by Sun. With a network file system any file operations done by a program on one machine are sent over the network to another computer. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/sag-0.6.1.html/x94.html -- 14.8 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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520. Numeric Capabilities
. Next: String Capabilities Up: 8.2.4 Termcap Capabilities Previous: Boolean Capabilities . Converted on: . Fri Mar 29 14:43:04 EST 1996
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/lpg-0.4/node95.html -- 2.4 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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