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621. The named.boot File
Next: The DNS Database Files Up: Running named Previous: Running named . The named.boot file is generally very small and contains little else but pointers to master files containing zone information, and pointers to other name servers. ... Figure: The named.boot file for vlager. ; ; /etc/named.boot file for vlager.vbrew.com ; directory /var/named ; ; domain file ;--------------------------------------------------- cache . ... This takes a domain and a file name as arguments. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node87.html -- 8.0 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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622. The DNS Database Files
Next: Writing the Master Files Up: Running named Previous: The named.boot File . Master files included by named, like named.hosts, always have a domain associated with them, which is called the origin . ... All data contained in a master file is split up in resource records , or RRs for short. ... Each resource record has a type. ... Resource record representations in master files share a common format, which is [domain] [ttl] [class] type rdata Fields are separated by spaces or tabs. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node88.html -- 12.0 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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623. Writing the Master Files
... Figures- , , , and give sample files for a name server at the brewery, located on vlager. ... Figure: The named.hosts file. ; ; /var/named/named.hosts Local hosts at the brewery ; Origin is vbrew.com ; @ IN SOA vlager.vbrew.com. ( janet.vbrew.com. 16 ; serial 86400 ; refresh: once per day 3600 ; retry: one hour 3600000 ; expire: 42 days 604800 ; minimum: 1 week ) IN NS vlager.vbrew.com. ; ; local mail is distributed on vlager IN MX 10 vlager ; ; loopback address localhost. ... 1 IN PTR localhost. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node89.html -- 7.7 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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624. Ethernets
Next: Other Types of Hardware Up: TCP/IP Networks Previous: Introduction to TCP/IP-Networks . The type of hardware most widely used throughout LANs is what is commonly known as Ethernet . ... Ethernets come in three flavors, called thick and thin , respectively, and twisted pair . Thin and thick Ethernet each use a coaxial cable, differing in width and the way you may attach a host to this cable. ... One or more hosts can then be connected to the transceiver. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node9.html -- 5.1 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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625. Verifying the Name Server Setup
... There's a fine tool for checking the operation of your name server setup. ... Name Server : fb0430.mathematik.th-darmstadt.de Address : 130.83.2.30 Non-authoritative answer: ( root ) nameserver = NS.INTERNIC.NET ( root ) nameserver = AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL ( root ) nameserver = C.NYSER.NET ( root ) nameserver = TERP.UMD.EDU ( root ) nameserver = NS.NASA.GOV ( root ) nameserver = NIC.NORDU.NET ( root ) nameserver = NS.NIC.DDN.MIL Authoritative answers can be found from: ( ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node90.html -- 7.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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626. Other Useful Tools
... There are a few tools that can help you with your tasks as a BIND administrator. ... Please refer to the documentation that comes with these tools for information on how to use them. hostcvt is a tool that helps you with your initial BIND configuration by converting your /etc/hosts file into master files for named. ... Still, it may help you save a few aspirins. hostcvt is part of the BIND source, but can also be found as a standalone package on a few FTP servers. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node91.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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627. Serial Line IP
Next: General Requirements Up: The Network Administrators' Guide Previous: Other Useful Tools . The serial line protocols, SLIP and PPP, provide the Internet connectivity for the poor. Apart from a modem and a serial board equipped with a FIFO-buffer, no hardware is needed. ... There are both SLIP and PPP drivers available for . ... General Requirements . ... Using dip . ... The Modem Commands . ... The get Command . The print Command . ... The if and goto Commands . ... mode and default . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node92.html -- 3.4 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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628. General Requirements
Next: SLIP Operation Up: Serial Line IP Previous: Serial Line IP . ... At the least, you have to set up the loopback interface, and provide for name resolution. ... The simplest option is to put the address of some name server into your resolv.conf file; this server will be queried as soon as the SLIP link is activated. The closer this name server is to the point where you dial in, the better. ... If you worry about the bandwidth this consumes, you can also set up a caching-only name server. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node93.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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629. Configuring a Gateway
Next: The PLIP Interface Up: Interface Configuration for IP Previous: Routing through a Gateway . ... It is quite useful to add information on the two interfaces to the hosts file in the way shown below, so we have handy names for them, too: 191.72.1.1 vlager vlager.vbrew.com 191.72.1.1 vlager-if1 191.72.2.1 vlager-if2 The sequence of commands to set up the two interfaces is then: # ifconfig eth0 vlager-if1 # ifconfig eth1 vlager-if2 # route add brew-net # route add wine-net Andrew Anderson . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node69.html -- 2.5 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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630. TCP/IP Networks
Next: Introduction to TCP/IP-Networks Up: Introduction to Networking Previous: How to Use UUCP . ... Typically, you would want to share files between these hosts, or run distributed applications on different machines. These tasks require a completely different approach to networking. ... This type of network is called a packet-switched network. Among other things, this allows to run interactive applications over the network. ... Introduction to TCP/IP-Networks . ... The Internet Protocol . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node7.html -- 3.5 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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631. The PLIP Interface
Next: The SLIP and PPP Up: Interface Configuration for IP Previous: Configuring a Gateway . ... To activate the link, you have to configure the plip1 interface using the following commands: # ifconfig plip1 vlite pointopoint vlager # route add default gw vlager The first command configures the interface, telling the kernel that this is a point-to-point link, with the remote side having the address of vlager. The second installs the default route, using vlager as gateway. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node70.html -- 4.7 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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632. The SLIP and PPP Interface
Next: The Dummy Interface Up: Interface Configuration for IP Previous: The PLIP Interface . Although SLIP and PPP links are only simple point-to-point links like PLIP connections, there is much more to be said about them. Usually, establishing a SLIP connection involves dialing up a remote site through your modem, and setting the serial line to SLIP mode. ... The tools required for setting up a SLIP or PPP link will be described in chapters- and- . Andrew Anderson . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node71.html -- 2.3 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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633. The Dummy Interface
... Its main benefit is with standalone hosts, and machines whose only IP network connection is a dial-up link. ... The dilemma with standalone hosts is that they only have a single network device active, the loopback device, which is usually assigned the address 127.0.0.1. ... An application on vlite may now want to send some data to another application on the same host. Looking up vlite in /etc/hosts yields an IP-address of 191.72.1.65, so the application tries to send to this address. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node72.html -- 3.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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634. All About ifconfig
... A sample invocation for the Ethernet interface eth0 may look like this: # ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap 10Mbps Ethernet HWaddr 00:00:C0:90:B3:42 inet addr 191.72.1.2 Bcast 191.72.1.255 Mask 255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MTU 1500 Metric 0 RX packets 3136 errors 217 dropped 7 overrun 26 TX packets 1752 errors 25 dropped 0 overrun 0 The MTU and Metric fields show the current MTU and metric value for that interface. ... If a broadcast address has been set, ifconfig displays the BROADCAST flag.) . ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node73.html -- 8.8 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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635. Checking with netstat
. Next: Displaying the Routing Table Up: Configuring TCP/IP Networking Previous: All About ifconfig . Next, I will turn to a useful tool for checking your network configuration and activity. It is called netstat and is, in fact, rather a collection of several tools lumped together. We will discuss each of its functions in the following sections. Displaying the Routing Table . Displaying Interface Statistics . Displaying Connections . Andrew Anderson . Thu Mar 7 23:22:06 EST 1996
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node74.html -- 2.2 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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636. Displaying the Routing Table
Next: Displaying Interface Statistics Up: Checking with netstat Previous: Checking with netstat . When invoking netstat with the -r flag, it displays the kernel routing table in the way we've been doing this with route above. ... The second column of netstat's output shows the gateway the routing entry points to. ... The Ref column of netstat's output shows the number of references to this route, that is, how many other routes (e.g. through gateways) rely on the presence of this route. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node75.html -- 3.8 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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637. Displaying Interface Statistics
Next: Displaying Connections Up: Checking with netstat Previous: Displaying the Routing Table . When invoked with the -i flag, netstat will display statistics for the network interfaces currently configured. If, in addition, the -a option is given, it will print all interfaces present in the kernel, not only those that have been configured currently. ... These are one-character versions of the long flag names the are printed when you display the interface configuration with ifconfig. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node76.html -- 3.3 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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638. Displaying Connections
... The options -t, -u, -w, and -x show active TCP, UDP, RAW, or UNIX socket connections. ... Invoking netstat -ta on vlager produces: $ netstat -ta Active Internet connections Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (State) tcp 0 0 *:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:time *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *: smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 vlager: smtp vstout:1040 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 *: telnet *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:1046 vbardolino: telnet ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 *:chargen *:* ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node77.html -- 3.5 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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639. Checking the ARP Tables
... On some occasions, it is useful to view or even alter the contents of the kernel's ARP tables, for example when you suspect a duplicate Internet address is the cause for some intermittent network problem. ... This is a special technique where a host, say gate, acts as a gateway to another host named fnord, by pretending that both addresses refer to the same host, namely gate. ... Now when a host sends out an ARP query for fnord, gate will return a reply containing its own Ethernet address. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node78.html -- 6.1 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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640. The Future
... Another change to come soon is the additional mtu flag to the route command which will set the Maximum Transmission Unit for a particular route. ... You will typically use this option for routes through a gateway, where the link between the gateway and the destination host requires a very low MTU. ... The SLIP link, on the other hand, is operated with an MTU of 296, so the network layer on vlager would have to break up the IP packets into smaller fragments that fit into 296 bytes. ...
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Ссылки http://itpm.msu.su/LDP/nag/node79.html -- 3.3 Кб -- 18.04.1999
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