... Anonymous The way in which a spacecraft increases or decreases its kinetic energy by swinging around a moving planet is very similar to the way a certain type of water turbine, the Pelton Wheel, extracts energy from a fast jet of water. ... What is the connection with planetary gravity-assist maneuvers ? ... Pelton wheel In particular, if the water overtakes a vane moving at half its speed, then (neglecting friction) it loses all its velocity and just dribbles out of the moving vane. ...

... Anonymous The way in which a spacecraft increases or decreases its kinetic energy by swinging around a moving planet is very similar to the way a certain type of water turbine, the Pelton Wheel, extracts energy from a fast jet of water. ... What is the connection with planetary swing-by maneuvers? ... The paddle does not move at all. ... Though the steam jet converts heat energy very efficiently, to efficiently extract energy from the jet, the turbine wheel should match half the jet's velocity. ...

... In FOS polarimetry mode the incoming beam was split into orthogonal polarization components by a Wollaston prism behind the entrance aperture. ... As with non-polarimetric observations, no concurrent WAVECAL exposure was routinely taken with polarimetry data, so the limiting accuracies of the default pipeline polarimetry wavelength calibration are the same as for the non-polarimetry case described earlier ( See "Wavelength Calibration" on page 32-49. ...

Allows you to specify a drift scan: motion at a constant velocity along a great circle. ... The path starts at the new object position (though the telescope actually intersects the path later, see Subtleties ). ... Note that the units are always /sec for both axes. ... The velocity along the path is 0.01 /sec. ... The path is assumed to start when you hit the Slew button (more precisely, when the TCC parses the command). However, it takes the telescope awhile to slew to meet the specified path. ...

... Hale-Bopp in Stereo . ... Earth, Clouds, Sky, Comet . ... Does a comet's dust tail always orbit behind it? ... Which is closer: the comet or the galaxy? ... Presently, for denizens of the Earth's northern hemisphere, this bright comet is certainly a lovely and inspiring sight -- visible here crowning the sky above Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy on March 20. ... Undaunted by the artificial glow from one of the most famous urban skylines on Earth, comet Hale-Bopp shines above the city of New York, USA. ...

... Magnetic fields, subatomic particles, etc., traveling in different directions fill the universe. Do they deflect or otherwise affect one another? If so, isnт??t the information we get from them distorted? ... Neutrino astronomy, which is still in its infancy, is attractive because neutrinos interact so weakly with matter that few of these distorting effects occur. Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ...

... 2005 December 21 . Sunrise by Season . ... Explanation: Does the Sun always rise in the same direction? ... As the seasons change, the direction toward the rising Sun will change, too. The Sun will always rise and set furthest to the south during the day of Winter Solstice , and furthest to the north during Summer Solstice. ... In many countries, the Winter Solstice brings a change in season , as it is the first day of winter in the North. ... About APOD | ...

Next: Generation from In-Orbit Data Up: COLORTRANS Previous: Description Contents . During the ground calibration campaign no absolute photometric measurements were made at CSL. Therefore the CCF component was initially filled based on simulated data by SCISIM. ... OM count rates of different spectral types in different passbands were simulated with OSIM. ... The pre-launch colour transformation coefficients and the associated errors are calculated using the methode described by Harris et al. ...

To main of Laboratory . The research work and design of optical and optical-electronic devices are carries out by laboratory staff: . ... Lens: . ... In the layout 1 prism systems perform functions of dispersive element, corrector of aberrations, optical reducer. ... Spectral range 200 - 400 nm; . ... Back Forward . ... The main corrector's function are compensation of field aberrations of the main spherical mirror of a telescope (diameter of 600 mm, f'=1200 mm) and increase aperture ratio. ...

... St Petersburg 23, September 2014 1 Motivation · Origin of Martian moons? ... Considered error sources: ­ Phobos a priori ephemerides; ­ Phobos a priori GM value; ­ measurements noise; ­ different strategies; · Methods: ­ real data analysis; ­ simulations. ... St Petersburg 23, September 2014 8 Simulations: sensitivity of the measurements to the a priori GM value Simulations: zero noise+ IMCCE a priori ephemerides +GMPH = 7.16 * 105 m3/sec2. ... St Petersburg 23, September 2014 14 Thank you! ...

Astronotes Armagh Planetarium's Stellar Blog! ... Space Flight . ... Concept Spacecraft . ... By admin September 24, 2010 Posted in: Concept Spacecraft . One of the most grandiose of the vehicles suggested by Cole was the Aldebaran concept, a gigantic nuclear-powered launch vehicle he proposed in 1959. ... Scott Lowther has recently added fascinating scale drawings of this and other nuclear space propulsion concepts at his blog (the Unwanted Blog). ... The Amazing Aldebaran Spacecraft | ...

... Voyager Spacecraft Introduction (This Page) . ... The twin Voyager spacecraft, over the course of a dozen years, drew back the curtain on nearly half of the solar system . From launch in 1977 through the spectacular parting shots in 1989 of Neptune at the outer reaches of the solar system, this pair of gangly, instrument-laden spacecraft explored four planets -- Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune -- as well as tens of moons, and the rings and magnetic environments of those planetary systems. ...

Next: Star Formation Rate and Up: No Title Previous: Calculation of Evolutionary Tracks . To start calculations, we choose the distributions of the initial binary parameters: the mass of the primary ZAMS component, , binary mass ratio, , orbital separation a . ... whereas the mass ratio distribution is not. ... The zero assumption often made is that the mass ratio distribution has a flat shape, that is binaries with a high mass ratio occur as frequently as those with equal masses. ...

... Like a last gasp of breath, Sun-like stars puff away their outer layers of gas at the end of their lives. This gas floats away into space and forms beautiful and striking clouds, which are called planetary nebulae (although they have nothing to do with planets). ... Yet, astronomers looking at 100 planetary nebulae in the bulging centre of our Galaxy, the Milky Way have found that most of the bipolar planetary nebulae in this region are acting in the same, strange, way. ...

... comet nucleus. ... Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Near Earth Objects (NEOs), cometary families , terrestrial type planets, collidings, transition of a comet nucleus , initial heliocentric parabolic orbit, heliocentric elliptical trajectory, a pairwise three dimensional two-body problem, the Sun - comet nucleus , terrestrial planet - comet nucleus , orbital parameters of a nucleus , sphere of influence of a ...

... Under conditions of the Earth gravitation we are using the method of semi-natural simulation of linear accelerations in the centrifuges with a mobile cab for simulation of G-loads, originating in a space flight. ... The major factor of the orbital flight, affecting a cosmonaut, is a weightlessness state, which causes essential changes in cardiovascular and vestibular systems operation. ... Under the Earth conditions you can "execute" a short-term space flight according to the following cyclogram: . ...

LIPSKIY-RODIONOVA' LUNAR ANTIPODES AS PRECURSORS OF A REGULAR WAVE PLANETOLOGY G.G.Kochemasov IGEM of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia kochem@igem.ru / Fax: (009)(095)230 21 79 The first observations of the lunar far side allowed to compare it with the near side and draw very important conclusions in the very beginning of planetary studies based on spacecrafts. ... Celestial bodies are dichotomic. ... The concept of celestial bodies includes Sun (a star) as one of them. ...

Where and how are we looking for evidence of life? ... Because the universe is an immense place, it makes sense to search for evidence of life in more than one way. In addition to focusing on what we know about life on Earth, especially in extreme environments, astrobiology currently comprises three basic types of searches in space, each employing different technologies, looking in different places, and expecting to find different kinds of data: . ... The search types ? ... Extrasolar Planets vs. ...

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GRANAT is the Russian x-ray sattelite launched to the high apogee orbit (200,000 km) and operated almost for 10 years (1989 -1999) , carrying out four major instruments: French SIGMA coded-mask hard x-ray telescope (30-1000 keV), Soviet ART-P coded-mask telescope (2??-60?? keV), all-sky monitor WATCH (6-150 keV), and a gamma-burst detector PHEBUS . ... Since September 1994, GRANAT is in the survey mode. ... Explore pages devoted to individual GRANAT instruments (including main scientific results): . ...